Inclusion Of Different Levels Research Articles

Effects of inclusion Aspergillus niger fermented shrimp waste meal in broiler diets on live performance and digestive organ weight.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of different levels of shrimp waste meal fermented with Aspergillus niger (LUF) in diets on growth performance and digestive organ weight of broilers. A total of 75 d-old chicks were randomly allocated to 5 (five) treatments in 3 replication pens of 5 birds each. Treatments consisted of LUF inclusion of 0 (control), and 5, 7.5, 10 and 12,5% (P0, P1, P2, P3 and P4) in the diets. Birds were raised under standard condition and provided with feed and water ad-libitum . Feed and birds were weighed weekly up to 35 days to determine body weight, feed intake and feed conversion. At the end of experimental period, the birds were slaughatered and dressed up to determine carcass percentage and digestive organ weight. There was a significant negative linear response in body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion with increase of LUF more than 7.5% in the diets until 35 days of age, but % carcass was almost the same for all treatment. There was no significant response in digestive organ weight with increasing levels of LUF. The present result indicated that LUF could be considered as a potential feed ingredient as protein source of broiler but its inclusion should be limited until 7.5% of the diet to maintain growth performance and digestive organ weight. Key words : Shrimp Waste Meal, Broiler, Growth Performance, Digestive Organ Weight

PSEUDOFRUTO DO CAJUEIRO (Anacardium occidentale L.) PARA SUÍNOS EM CRESCIMENTO: METABOLISMO DE NUTRIENTES E DESEMPENHO

These researches was planned to evaluate the digestibility and metabolizability of nutrient and nitrogen balance of the cashew pulp for growing pigs, as well as to evaluate the performance of these animals fed with different levels of inclusion of this by-product in the diets. The physiological aspects of the animal and economic viability of the diets was evaluated. In the metabolism assay, four pigs were fed with a standard ration and others four received a test ration, with 30% of substitution of the standard ration for the cashew pulp. In the performance assay, forty animals were distributed in a randomized block design, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of the experimental rations with the levels 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of inclusion of the cashew pulp. The values obtained for the digestibility and metabolizability coefficients of the protein and energy of the cashew pulp meals were 12.30% and 11.38%; 23.43% and 21.91%, respectively. The digestible and metabolizability energy of cashew pulp meals is 1.123 and 1.051 kcal/kg. The cashew pulp meals can be included in diets until the level of 20% of the ration, and this inclusion of the by-product increases the financial yield of the production . KEY WORDS: Alternative feed, nitrogen balance, temperature, weight gain.

Function, Impairment, and Long-term Outcomes in Children with ADHD and How to Measure Them

<P>The title of this article portends a complicated perspective on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Function, impairment, long-term outcomes, and measurement are each topics for extensive discussion. But there is uniformity among them that allows straightforward discussion of the topics and their applications to practice and research. By disentangling some of the interrelated notions of ADHD that have become so standard as to be unquestioned — namely the inclusion of different levels of function in the characteristics used to define the diagnosis of ADHD — clinicians and researchers will understand that there is a great need for clearer distinctions within our diagnostic criteria and intervention strategies, so that long-term positive outcomes can be achieved by those living with ADHD.</P><H4>ABOUT THE AUTHOR</H4><P>Donald J. Lollar, EdD, is Senior Research Scientist, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities.</P><P>Address correspondence to Donald J. Lollar, EdD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, M/S E-87, Atlanta, GA 30333; fax 404-498-3070.</P><P>Dr. Lollar has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.</P>

Function, Impairment, and Long-term Outcomes in Children with ADHD and How to Measure Them

<h4>EXCERPT</h4> <P>The title of this article portends a complicated perspective on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Function, impairment, long-term outcomes, and measurement are each topics for extensive discussion. But there is uniformity among them that allows straightforward discussion of the topics and their applications to practice and research. By disentangling some of the interrelated notions of ADHD that have become so standard as to be unquestioned — namely the inclusion of different levels of function in the characteristics used to define the diagnosis of ADHD — clinicians and researchers will understand that there is a great need for clearer distinctions within our diagnostic criteria and intervention strategies, so that long-term positive outcomes can be achieved by those living with ADHD.</P> <h4>ABOUT THE AUTHOR</h4> <P>Donald J. Lollar, EdD, is Senior Research Scientist, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities.</P> <P>Address correspondence to Donald J. Lollar, EdD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, M/S E-87, Atlanta, GA 30333; fax 404-498-3050.</P> <P>Dr. Lollar has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.</P>

Triguilho na alimentação da tilápia do nilo (Oreochromis niloticus L.): digestibilidade e desempenho

No presente experimento objetivou-se determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDa) da proteína bruta (PB) e da energia bruta (EB) do triguilho para a tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) e avaliar a inclusão do triguilho sobre o desempenho de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo. Para a determinação dos CDa, foram utilizadas 40 tilápias com peso e comprimento médios de 80,00g e 15,9cm, respectivamente, submetidas à coleta das fezes por sedimentação. Para a avaliação do desempenho, foram utilizados 125 alevinos de tilápia do Nilo, com peso inicial médio de 0,80g, distribuídos em 25 aquários com capacidade de 30L, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. As rações experimentais continham níveis de inclusão de 0,00; 7,97; 14,94; 23,91 e 31,88% de triguilho substituindo até 100% do milho. Os CDas da PB e EB do triguilho foram de 91,03 e 78,72%, respectivamente, apresentando 11,92% de proteína digestível e 3134Kcal kg-1 de energia digestível. Não foi observada diferença (P>0,05) no desempenho dos peixes alimentados com as rações contendo os diferentes níveis de inclusão do triguilho. O triguilho é um alimento com bons CDa da PB e EB e pode ser incluído em até 31,88% em rações para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo sem causar prejuízo no desempenho.

Effect of type and level of basal fat and level of fish oil supplementation on yolk fat composition and n-3 fatty acids deposition efficiency in laying hens

Yolk fat fatty acid (FA) concentrations and laying hen performance were evaluated with respect to the inclusion of different levels of fish oil (FO) in diets varying in basal fat. Twelve diets were arranged factorially, with three levels of FO addition (0, 15 and 30 g/kg) and four types of basal diets (no fat added or 50 g/kg of soybean oil, linseed oil or lard). Type of diet did not affect egg production traits, although yolk colour increased (by 8.7%, P<0.001) with inclusion of fat in the basal diet and decreased linearly (P=0.011) with FO supplementation. An increase of dietary inclusion of FO from 0 to 30 g/kg increased linearly (P<0.001) egg yolk content of C 20:5 n-3 (EPA) and linear and quadratically (P<0.001) those of C 22:5 n-3 (DPA) and C 22:6 n-3 (DHA) and decreased those of C 20:4 n-6 and C 22:4 n-6. An interaction was found between the level of inclusion of FO and the type of basal diet, as the effects of FO addition on EPA, DPA and DHA yolk fat deposition were greater in the control and lard-added than in the linseed and soybean- added diets. Soybean and linseed oil addition to the basal diet increased (P<0.001) respectively the level of total n-6 FA (from 127 to 226 g/kg total yolk FA) and total n-3 FA (from 33 to 108 g/kg, mainly of C 18:3 n-3), at the expense primarily of monounsaturated FA. Inclusion of 50 g lard/kg only increased slightly the monounsaturated FA content (by 3.3%) and had little effect on the rest of the FA profile with respect to the control diets with no fat added.

Effect of Roughage Source and Roughage to Concentrate Ratio on Animal Performance and Rumen Development in Veal Calves

Sixty-four male Holstein-Friesian×Dutch Friesian veal calves (46±3.0kg) were used to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of different levels and sources of dietary roughage on animal performance and rumen development. Treatments consisted of 1) C100 = concentrate only; 2) C70-S30 = concentrate (70%) with straw (30%), 3) C70-G30 = concentrate (70%) with dried grass (30%), 4) C70-G15-S15 = concentrate (70%) with dried grass (15%) and straw (15%), 5) C70-CS30 = concentrate (70%) with corn silage (30%), 6) C40-CS60 = concentrate (40%) with corn silage (60%), 7) C70-CS30-AL = concentrate (70%) with corn silage (30%) ad libitum, 8) C70-G15-S15-AL = concentrate (70%) with dried grass (15%) and straw (15%) ad libitum. All dietary treatments were provided in addition to a commercial milk replacer. Concentrate was provided as pellets and roughage was chopped. The dietary treatments 1 to 6 were supplied restrictedly to a maximum of 750g of dry matter (DM) per day, whereas treatments 7 and 8 were offered ad libitum in combination with a reduced amount of milk replacer. Calves were euthanized after 10 wk. Straw supplementation (C70-S30 vs. C70-G30 and C70-CS30) reduced DM intake, and ad libitum supply of concentrate and roughage increased DM intake. Roughage addition did not affect growth performance. Rumen fermentation was characterized by low pH and high total volatile fatty acids and reducing sugar concentrations. Calves fed ad libitum showed lower ruminal lactate concentrations than calves fed restrictedly. Ammonia concentrations were highest in calves fed C-100 and lowest in calves fed ad libitum. The recovery of CoEDTA (added to milk replacer) varied between 20.5 and 34.9%, indicating that significant amounts of milk entered the rumen. Roughage addition decreased the incidence of plaque formation (rumen mucosa containing focal or multifocal patches with coalescing and adhering papillae covered by a sticky mass of feed, hair and cell debris) and the incidence of calves with poorly developed rumen mucosa. However, morphometric parameters of the rumen wall were hardly influenced by the type and level of roughage. Ruminal polysaccharide-degrading enzyme activities reflected the adaptation of the microorganisms to the dietary concentrate and roughage source. Results indicated that in veal calves, the addition of roughage to concentrate diets did not affect growth performance and positively influenced the macroscopic appearance of the rumen wall.

Effect of the combined supplementation of diets with increasing levels of fish and linseed oils on yolk fat composition and sensorial quality of eggs in laying hens

Yolk fatty acid (FA) concentrations and egg quality were evaluated with respect to the inclusion of different levels of marine fish oil (MFO) and linseed oil (LO) in a basal diet. Ten diets were arranged factorially with two levels of MFO addition (15 and 17 g/kg) and five levels of linseed oil (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 g/kg). Two commercial feeds with no n-3 FA sources added, or containing 15 g MFO/kg served as controls for egg sensorial quality traits. Type of diet did not affect egg production traits, nor total fat content in yolk or saturated and monounsaturated FA concentration in yolk fat. An increase in the inclusion of MFO from 15 to 17 g/kg increased (P<0.05) egg yolk content of total n-3 FA, C 20:5 n-3 and C 22:6 n-3 by 3.3, 9.8 and 3.5%, respectively. Linseed oil addition increased linearly (P<0.001) the level of total n-3 FA and the proportion of C 18:3 n-3, C 20:5 n-3, C 22:5 n-3 and C 22:6 n-3 retained in yolk fat by respectively 131, 12.0, 6.9 and 20.7% between extreme diets. Efficiency of retention of n-3 FA decreased (P<0.001) with dietary level of n-3 FA, and with the dietary ratio of MFO to LO. Both MFO and LO addition decreased (P<0.001) C 20:4 n-6 to C 18:2 n-6 ratio in yolk. Sensorial quality of eggs was not affected by treatments and did not differ with respect of that obtained in commercial n-3 FA enriched eggs. No interaction was found between LO and MFO addition for any of the traits studied. Regression equations have been calculated in order to predict efficiency of retention and yolk fat content of LC n-3 and n-6 FA from dietary characteristics.

Chemical composition, dry matter and protein degradability coefficients of pistachio hulls silage treated with urea and molasses

Pistachio hulls are pistachio processing by-products produced during de-hulling of pistachio nuts soon after harvesting. Total pistachio by-products in Iran have been increased at an average rate of about 300000 Tons per year. Chemical composition of Pistachio hulls contained 12%CP, 5%EE, 34% NDF, 21% ADF, and 9% ash (DM basis). The dry matter content of fresh Pistachio hulls is about 28%. Reducing the moisture content of this by-product with dryer systems is a cost effective process and can not be applied by most of the producers. Finding other alternative methods for preserving and using this by-product is highly required. The objective of the present study was to assess changes in Pistachio hulls silage (PHS) quality associated with the inclusion of different levels of urea (U) and molasses (M), and to compare in situ DM and protein degradability of PHS with dried pistachio hulls (DPH).

Estimation of shallow subsurface shear-wave velocity by inverting fundamental and higher-mode Rayleigh waves

Shear (S)-wave velocity measurement of a shallow subsurface with a velocity reversal (e.g., roadbed soils) is challenging. The present study first evaluates the effects of the inclusion of different levels of noise in the fundamental mode phase velocities on the inverted models. Advantages of incorporating higher modes (up to the third mode) into the inversion process are then investigated. Our modeling results demonstrate that the ability to reveal low-velocity layers is degraded with increasing noise. An inversion performed with only fundamental mode data with a high degree of error may yield an unrealistic model. They also indicate that higher modes are relatively more sensitive to changes in S-wave velocity than is the fundamental mode. A better-behaved model can be obtained when the second mode data are inverted simultaneously with the fundamental mode data. A closer match with the true model can be achieved by simultaneously inverting three modes of phase velocities. We verify our modeling results with a real-world example from a roadbed site in Henan, China.

The Multiplicity of Taxpayer Identities and Their Implications for Tax Ethics

It is argued that many social factors (ethics, norms, legitimacy) affecting tax compliance derive their meaning and potency from taxpayers’ identities—the way they position themselves socially, relative to other taxpayers and the tax authority. Based on survey data from 965 Australians, the present study investigates taxpayers’ identities at three different levels of inclusiveness (personal, subgroup, and national identity) and their implications for tax‐ethical attitudes. An inclusive identity in terms of one's nation was related to attitudes most conducive to tax compliance. It is concluded that the concept of identity is key to responsive regulation.

Crystallization Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Regiodefective, Highly Stereoregular Isotactic Polypropylene: Effect of Regiodefects versus Stereodefects and Influence of the Molecular Mass

Highly isotactic polypropylene samples, containing a very low amount of rr stereodefects (0.1−0.2%) and slightly higher concentration of defects of regioregularity (0.8−0.9% of 2,1 erythro units), with different molecular masses have been prepared with an isospecific but not fully regioselective metallocene catalyst. The effects of the presence of rr defects and of 2,1 regiodefects and the effect of the molecular mass on the mechanical properties and crystallization behavior of polypropylene have been analyzed. Samples containing 2,1 regiodefects are very stiff and much more fragile than the samples containing only rr stereodefects. The presence of rr defects, even for low concentrations, produces instead increase of ductility and improvement of drawability at room temperature. The different effect of stereo- and regiodefects is probably related to their different levels of inclusion inside the crystalline phase. The uniform inclusion of rr defects in the crystals makes the stereodefective and regioregular samples more homogeneous, where crystalline and amorphous phases have the same composition. The study of the crystallization behavior has shown that the molecular mass strongly influences the amount of α and γ forms that crystallize from the melt. Samples containing regiodefects and with high molecular masses (higher than 200 000) show the same amount of γ form and the same crystallization rate. A lower amount of γ form and higher crystallization rates are instead observed for the sample having similar microstructure but lower molecular mass. This indicates that the crystallization of the γ form is favored over the α form when the crystallization is slow, that is, for samples with high molecular mass. When the molecular mass is lower than 100 000, the crystallization is faster and the formation of the α form is kinetically favored. The comparison with regioregular samples containing only rr stereodefects has shown that the effects of rr stereodefects and 2,1 regiodefects on the crystallization properties of polypropylene are very similar, at least when the concentration of defects is small (1% of rr stereodefects or 2,1 erythro units). Both defects produce a shortening of the regular crystallizable isotactic and regioregular sequences, inducing crystallization of the γ form.

Effect of calcium soaps of tallow on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Pelibuey lambs

The effects of diets with different levels of calcium soaps of tallow (CST), given as rumen-protected lipids, were examined on growth performance and carcass characteristics by Pelibuey lambs. Twenty intact male Pelibuey lambs weighing 19.0 ± 2.1 kg were allocated in individual pens for a 60-day feeding trial, and were assigned randomly into four treatment diets (five lambs per diet): diets contained 0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5% CST, respectively. All diets were formulated to contain 14% CP and 2.6 Mcal ME/kg DM. At the end of the trial, carcass images were recorded in the last intercostal space (12th–13th left ribs) using ultrasound to measure the area of the Longissimus dorsi muscle and subcutaneous fat. Daily dry matter intake (1010, 1096, 1094 and 1012 g, respectively), average daily gain (219, 270, 245 and 212 g, respectively) and feed efficiency (4.7, 4.2, 4.7 and 4.8, respectively) were similar ( P > 0.05) between lambs fed all diets. Moreover, subcutaneous fat (0.5, 0.5, 0.5 and 0.5 cm, respectively) and L. dorsi area (6.2, 6.5, 5.8 and 5.8 cm 2, respectively) showed no significant difference ( P > 0.05) between lambs fed the four diets. In conclusion, growth performance or carcass characteristics of Pelibuey lambs were not influenced by the inclusion of different levels of calcium soaps of tallow in diets. Because of this, calcium soaps of tallow represent an alternative high-energy ingredient for use in sheep feedlot diets.

Valores de energia metabolizável de farinhas de penas e de vísceras determinados com diferentes níveis de inclusão e duas idades das aves

Os valores de energia metabolizável das farinhas de vísceras e de penas com vários níveis de inclusão dos alimentos e em diferentes idades das aves foram determinados em um experimento com dez tratamentos, constituídos de uma ração-referência e de dez rações-teste, obtidas mediante a substituição da ração-referência por cinco níveis (5, 10, 20, 30 e 40%) de farinhas de vísceras e de penas. Os ensaios de metabolismo (coleta total de excretas) foram realizados em dois períodos (duas idades das aves); o primeiro iniciou-se com aves de 16 dias de idade e o segundo, quando as aves tinham 30 dias de idade. Com o aumento da inclusão do alimento-teste na ração, houve diminuição nos valores de energia do alimento. Os valores energia metabolizável aparente corrigida (EMAn) da farinha de vísceras foram de 3.442 e 3.209 kcal/kg e da farinha de penas, 3.219 e 3.323 kcal/kg, quando determinados com aves de 16 a 23 dias e 30 a 38 dias de idade, respectivamente.

Dressing Percentage of Broilers Fed Graded Levels of Sweet Potato Meal

This study examined the effect of the inclusion of different levels of Sweet potato meal (SPM) on the dressing percentage of broiler birds from day old to 49days.Six rations A,B C D E and F with 10%,20%,30%,40% and 50% inclusion of Sweet Potato meal(SPM) were compounded. The highest Dressing percentage without giblet 88.40%,was obtained from birds fed ration F(50% SPM), while the lowest Dressing percentage(85.38%) was obtained with birds fed Treatment A(the control ration).The difference between treatment rations were however not statistically significant(P>0.05). Key words: Dressing percentage, Sweet potato meal Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences Vol.2(1) 2004: 36-39

Desempenho, qualidade da casca e perfil lipídico de gemas de ovos de poedeiras comerciais alimentadas com níveis crescentes de óleo de soja no segundo ciclo de postura

Performance, eggshell quality and yolk fatty acid levels of laying hens fed increasing levels of soybean oil in post-molting period. Two hundred and forty commercial layers with 68 weeks of age, previously submitted to induced molting, were used to evaluate the influence of the addition of soybean oil in increasing levels of soybean oil on performance, shell quality and profile of the fatty acids in the yolks of layers in second laying cycle. The birds were distributed in a completely at random experimental design in a factorial arrangement 5 x 2, with 3 replications of 8 birds each. The factors were 5 levels of soybean oil inclusion (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%) in post molted period, and 2 levels (2 and 4%) in the production period. The different levels of inclusion of oil in the diets during the post-molted period just determined a lineal increase in the production of eggs. The levels of oil added to the diets during the production period didn't have effect on none of the parameters evaluate

Effects Of Dietary Supplementation Of Vitamin E And Selenium On Blood Parameters Of Trypanosome-Infected Rats (&lt;i&gt;Rattus rattus&lt;/i&gt;)

This study was carried out to evaluate the combined effects of dietary supplementation of vitamin E (Vit E) and selenium (Se) on total white blood cells, mononucleated cells, polymorphonucleated cells and packed cell volume of Trypanosoma congolense-infected rats (Rattus rattus). Ninety adult R. rattus of pure breed of whiskers were used. The rats were randomly assigned to six treatments groups (A - F) of six cages with five rats in each cage. Each treatment was replicated three times. The rats were fed chicks' mash-based diets (Top Feed Industries) containing varied quantities of vitamin E and selenium. In Treatment A, the control, neither vitamin E nor selenium was included in the diet while in other treatments (B - F) the chicks' mash contained different levels of inclusion of vitamin E and selenium, as follows: Diet B, 0.1 mg Se plus 60 mg Vit E, Diet C, 0.3 mg Se plus 80 mg Vit E, Diet D, 0.5 mg Se plus 100 mg Vit E, Diet E, 0.3 mg Se plus 0.0 mg Vit E and Diet F, 0.0 mg Se and 80 mg Vit E respectively. Blood samples of the rats from each treatment were taken on weekly basis and the blood parameters determined. The experiment lasted five weeks at the end of which it was found that 0.3 mg Se plus 80mg Vit E (Diet C) significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the resistance of the R. rattus studied against trypanosomiasis, the rats lived beyond the usual 10 - 20 days after being infected with T. congolense. Key Words: Vitamin E, Selenium, Blood, Trypanosome, Rattus rattus Bio-Research Vol.2(1) 2004: 8-17

Reconsidering the Debate Concerning the Cartesian Cogito

This essay will consider some of the issues that have been posed by Foucault and Derrida concerning their disagreement on the Cartesian cogito. I will argue that what is at stake this debate is the question of where exclusion takes place and what exactly its nature is. As we shall see, Derrida's argument is that exclusion is connected with certainty and objectification, and this is the meaning of the discussion of hyperbolic doubt Descartes. The sheltering of the cogito from hyperbolic wanderings amounts to an act of mastery which is unjustifiable. The debate also reflects a difference between the two philosophers as far as historicity and critique are concerned. Nevertheless, it shows a common theme that runs throughout their philosophy; that is, the dangers the movement of thought to function within an economy, along with the different levels of inclusion and exclusion the realm of meaning its relation to what does not yet belong to it. Both thinkers want to disrupt totality, and thus emphasize the opening of thought as opposed to its closing upon itself, as it relates itself to its objectifications as total and absolute determinations. The debate began with Derrida's critique of Foucault's first book on madness.1 Derrida's critique focused on two main points: on Foucault's reading of Descartes' First Meditation the introduction to his book, and on some methodological and philosophical issues dealing with the whole project of Foucault's analysis. His discussion of Descartes concentrates on the passage from the example of madness to the example of dreams, and how this relates to their status, continuity, or rupture Descartes' system. Descartes' First Meditation is about doubt as far as the senses are concerned. As Descartes says, though we learn through the senses, we have been deceived by them as well and this constitutes sufficient reason not to trust them at all. Nevertheless, he speculates that there are things that we cannot have any doubt about. example, there is the fact that I am here, seated by the fire, attired a dressing gown, having this paper my hands and other similar matters.2 Only persons devoid of sense who think they are kings when they are poor can have doubts about these things. Descartes continues: But they are mad, and I should not be any the less insane were I to follow examples so extravagant.3 However, Descartes says the next paragraph, when we sleep and dream we experience things that those who are insane do when they are awake. For example, we may dream that we sit next to the fire while reality we are bed. Though, he remarks, it is true that what happens our waking moments appears more clear, there are not clear indications on the basis of which we can distinguish the status of sleep from that of wakefulness. At this, Descartes says, he is lost astonishment; And my astonishment is such that it is almost capable of persuading me that I now dream.4 According to Foucault's reading, Descartes' analysis, madness and dreams or sensation have a different status. As he put it, in the economy of doubt there is a fundamental disequilibrium between madness on one side and error on the other. Their situation is different relation to both truth and inquiry; dream and illusion are surmounted through the very structure of truth; but madness is excluded by the subject who doubts.5 Derrida challenges this reading of Descartes. According to Derrida, Descartes does not exclude madness from the interiority of thinking. Thus, the relation of madness and dreams to sensation Descartes' text is not one of philosophical and methodological rupture. Derrida argues, on the contrary, that Descartes is not moving from the example of madness to the example of dreams, because he decides that madness should be excluded from the possibility of thinking. Rather, the gesture is a pedagogical and a rhetorical one. Therefore, where Foucault finds a definite conclusion, Derrida sees the continuation of the issue. …

Effects of dietary tallow level on performance of Alpine does in early lactation

Sixty Alpine does (initial BW 47±1.3 kg) were used to determine effects of dietary inclusion of different levels of partially hydrogenated tallow on performance in early lactation (weeks 3–11). Treatments entailed a 30% concentrate, negative control (NC) diet and five diets higher in concentrate (42–46%) with 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 or 6.0% DM of partially hydrogenated tallow (0T, 1.5T, 3.0T, 4.5T and 6.0T, respectively). DM intake was 1.54 kg per day for the NC and 1.86, 1.80, 1.99, 2.17 and 1.96 kg per day for the five tallow treatments, respectively, BW was similar among treatments and increased as the trial progressed (47.4, 48.4, 49.8, 50.4, 50.8 and 51.3 kg at weeks 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13, respectively). Milk yield was lower ( P<0.05) for NC (2.61 kg per day) compared with the mean of the other diets and changed quadratically ( P<0.05) as tallow level increased (2.85, 3.08, 3.14, 3.21 and 2.69 kg per day for the five tallow treatments, respectively). Milk fat concentration was lower ( P<0.05) for NC (2.94%) than for the mean of other diets and increased linearly ( P<0.05) with increasing tallow level (3.00, 3.17, 3.34, 3.48 and 3.58%) whereas, milk protein concentration was not affected by level of tallow (2.72, 2.80, 2.93, 2.85, 2.90 and 2.90% for NC, and the five tallow treatments, respectively). The estimated NE l:4% fat-corrected milk yield ratio was 0.93 Mcal/kg for NC and 1.30, 1.11, 1.21, 1.37 and 1.44 Mcal/kg for the five tallow treatments, respectively. The results indicated that in Alpine does, milk yield in early lactation increased as dietary tallow level was increased to 3 and 4.5% but decreased when the level was increased to 6%, although milk fat concentration increased linearly and the protein level was unchanged. These results suggest beneficial usage by lactating Alpine does of low to moderate levels of partially hydrogenated tallow in diets moderate in concentrate level, although ingredient availability and costs will influence ultimate dietary ingredient decisions.

Inclusion of patients with comorbidity and comedication in premarketing trials of cardiovascular drugs

Phase III trials from registration files of cardiovascular drugs were analyzed to study the inclusion of patients with concomitant morbidity and medication. For this purpose, 15 drugs were selected which were registered in the Netherlands during the period 1985–1994 for the indications hypertension, angina pectoris, hypercholesterolemia, or myocardial infarction. The results show that preregistration trials are performed in populations which present with comorbidity and comedication. Cardiovascular, endocrine, and metabolic diseases were the most prevalent coexisting diseases. Large variation was found between registration files in the reporting of data and in patterns of comorbidity. Differences in mean comorbidity and comedication per patient were found between trials performed in different regions. The impact of various definitions of patient selection criteria on the actual inclusion of patients with coexisting morbidity was analyzed. Differences in definitions resulted in different levels of inclusion. Also, trials were found to include patients when this was not allowed and vice versa. The results are discussed in relation to the question of whether the generalizability of preregistration trials can be enhanced by further utilization of data from these heterogeneous populations. The issue to study is variability between safety and efficacy in patient groups with different patterns of comorbidity and comedication. In order to allow registration authorities to consider patterns of comorbidity and comedication during the evaluation of registration files, development of guidelines for uniform reporting of data in preregistration trials is recommended. Drug Dev. Res. 51:159–168, 2000. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.