Different Levels Of Illumination Research Articles

Solution-Processed Ultralow Voltage Organic Transistors with Sharp Switching for Adaptive Visual Perception.

Neuromorphic visual systems can emulate biological retinal systems to perceive visual information under different levels of illumination, making them considerable potential for future intelligent vehicles and vision automation. However, the complex circuits and high operating voltages of conventional artificial vision systems present great challenges for device integration and power consumption. Here, we report bioinspired synaptic transistors based on organic single crystal phototransistors, which exhibit excitation and inhibition synaptic plasticity with time-varying. By manipulating the charge dynamics of the trapping centers of organic crystal-electret vertical stacks, organic transistors can operate below 1V with record high on/off ratios close to 108 and sharp switching with a subthreshold swing of 59.8mV dec-1. Moreover, the approach offers visual adaptation with highly localized modulation and over 98.2% recognition accuracyunder different illumination levels. These bioinspired visual adaptation transistors offer great potential for simplifying the circuitry of artificial vision systems and will contribute to the development of machine vision applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Formation of a model of lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.) variety of the Batavia type for hydroponic cultivation

Relevance. Currently, there is a tendency to increase the volume of lettuce cultivation in hydroponics. Such specific conditions for growing lettuce hydroponically as high humidity in the root zone, different levels of illumination throughout the year and specific mineral nutrition, dictate a number of necessary characteristics that varieties should possess. In addition, the lettuce variety for hydroponics should consistently give high yield and have good consumer qualities. Accordingly, it is necessary to carry out selection separately for specific hydroponic conditions. And for theoretical justification of the selection of lettuce varieties for this technology and increasing the efficiency of the breeding process, it is necessary to form a model of the variety, which was the goal of this research.Methods. The 13 most common lettuce varieties were research: 8 light green and 5 dark green Batavia. The morphological characteristics of plants in the phase of industrial ripeness were described and the biometric traits of plants were determined.Results. Based on research in 2021-2023 the 13 most commonly hydroponically grown lettuce varieties of the Batavia variety have been defined as the variety model criteria for hydroponics. The characteristics of a leaf rosette, leaf blade, indicators of early ripening and productivity inherent in these varieties were identified, and a model of the variety was formed on their basis.

A Method of Body Condition Scoring for Dairy Cows Based on Lightweight Convolution Neural Network

Highlights A cow body condition scoring model (ShuffleNet-SEH) based on a lightweight convolutional neural network using ShuffleNetV2 was proposed. Introducing the SE attention mechanism and H-Swish activation function enhances the feature extraction capability of the model. Achieved over 98% classification accuracy rate on the cow datasets. The proposed method can be applied to mobile devices. Abstract. Body condition scoring is an essential tool for nutrition management in large-scale dairy farming. The traditional method of manual scoring is inefficient and prone to subjective error. With the advancement of deep learning algorithms and machine vision technology, automatic scoring methods have been proposed. In response to the current problems of large parameter sizes and poor robustness in deep learning models, this study proposes a cow body condition scoring model (ShuffleNet-SEH) based on a lightweight convolutional neural network using ShuffleNetV2 as a foundation. Firstly, tail area images of cows were collected to construct a diverse dataset that includes complex variations such as motion blur and different levels of illumination. Secondly, the ShuffleNet-SEH model was developed by integrating a Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks (SENet) module into the main branch of ShuffleNetV2 after 1×1 convolution to enhance the representation ability of the network and improve its accuracy in identifying the cow body condition. Additionally, the nonlinear activation function ReLU in SENet was replaced by H-Swish to reduce the computational data required for the model on mobile devices, making it suitable for quantization operations. ShuffleNet-SEH was comprehensively evaluated, including ablation experiments, confusion matrix analysis, and feature map analysis. Multiple complex test sets were constructed for validation purposes. Throughout these evaluations, ShuffleNet-SEH exhibited remarkable performance. Furthermore, the efficacy and interpretability of ShuffleNet-SEH in cow body condition scoring tasks were further substantiated through meticulous feature map analysis. The findings underscore the robustness and reliability of ShuffleNet-SEH across diverse experimental scenarios and assessments. In the constructed motion blur test set, ShuffleNet-SEH demonstrated outstanding performance. Specifically, it achieved an accuracy rate of 98.2%, a precision rate of 98.5%, and a recall rate of 98.3%. These results represent significant improvements of 2.3%, 2.4%, and 3.2%, respectively, compared to the performance of the ShuffleNetV2 model. In addition, it is noteworthy that the ShuffleNet-SEH model has a size of approximately 5.64 MB, while the original ShuffleNet model has a size of 4.97 MB. This indicates a modest increase in model size of approximately 13.5% with the incorporation of the ShuffleNet-SEH enhancements. Moreover, superior overall performance was displayed by ShuffleNet-SEH model compared to mainstream convolutional neural network classification models, including MobileNetV2, EfficientNetV1, and ConvNeXt. The success of ShuffleNet-SEH in accurately identifying cow body condition while maintaining a lightweight architecture makes it suitable for deployment on mobile devices and, thus, has the potential to promote the commercialization of cow body condition scoring. Keywords: Attention mechanism, Body condition score, Deep learning, ShuffleNetV2.

Peripheral refraction under different levels of illuminance.

Peripheral refraction is believed to be involved in the development of myopia. The aim of this study was to compare the relative peripheral refraction (RPR) at four different levels of illuminance, ranging from photopic conditions to complete darkness, using an open-field autorefraction method. The RPRwas calculated for each eccentricity by subtracting central from peripheral autorefraction measurements. The study included 114 myopic eyes from 114 subjects (mean age of 21.81 ± 1.91 years) and the mean difference in RPRbetween scotopic and photopic conditions (0 and 300 lux, respectively) was +0.32 D at 30° temporal and +0.37 D at 30° in the nasal visual field (NVF). Statistically significant differences were observed between 0 and 300 lux at 30° in the temporal visual field and at 30° and 20° in the NVF. Our results revealed a significant increase in relative peripheral hyperopia with increasing visual field eccentricity along the horizontal visual field in myopic eyes of young adults. Furthermore, this relative peripheral hyperopia increased as illumination decreased. These findings suggest that an increase in peripheral illuminance may protect against myopic eye growth.

Phototactic Behavioral Responses of Mesozooplankton in the Barents Sea as an Indicator of Anthropogenic Impact

The behavioral responses of autochthonous organisms have recently been used for a system to monitor the state of fresh and sea waters for bioindication. The advantage of using the behavioral responses of mesozooplankton is determined by the higher sensitivity of such responses compared with changes in the composition of biota or the death of organisms. Earlier, we developed and tested in laboratory conditions and in freshwater reservoirs a submersible digital holographic camera as part of a hydrobiological probe, which allows one to determine the dimensions, shape and recognition of plankters in situ, as well as define the concentration of plankters in the working volume and perform photostimulation with attractive radiation with different levels of illuminance. This paper presents the data obtained during the expedition to the Barents Sea. The variability with regard to the immersion depth of the phototropic response and the interspecific and intraspecific diversity was determined. It was shown that within the framework of natural variability in natural factors (temperature, salinity, hydrostatic pressure, oxygen content, illumination) there are no reliable changes in the indicator response, unlike changes in the concentration of plankton associated with tidal currents. The anthropogenic distortion of water quality was modeled by introducing a saturated salt solution dropwise. There were no significant changes in the intraspecific and interspecific diversity index during the external impact, and the rhythms of tidal changes in the concentration of plankters were suppressed. The fact of increased phototropic sensitivity in crustaceans with a size of less than 120 μm was found. It was established that the most essential marker of the alternating factor was the suppression of the phototropic response. The identified patterns of behavioral responses of autochthonous zooplankton make it possible to create a network of continuous control over the environmental health of water bodies subject to increased anthropogenic impact (oil production zones beyond the Arctic Circle, estuaries and deltas of rivers carrying industrial waste).

Performance evaluation of a GaSb thermophotovoltaic converter

In recent years, Gallium Antimonide (GaSb), which has smallest bandgap among III-V semiconductors family, became the subject of extensive investigations in the field of thermophotovoltaic (TPV) converters, because of the recent improvements in optoelectronic technology. This paper describes an analytical process used to evaluate the performance of a GaSb TPV converter under different levels of illumination, taking account of the photons with energy below the cells bandgap by considering the cell’s reflectance to this fraction of incident radiation. The results show that a radiator temperature near 2200 K is most advantageous and a reflectance of 0.98 is necessary for below-bandgap irradiations to obtain conversion efficiency greater than 28%, at 300 K cell temperature. This efficiency will decrease as the cell temperature increase. The obtained results are found to be in good agreement with the available data.

Lighting intensity affects the fatty acid composition of total lipids of basil leaves and roots (Ocimum basilicum L.)

The vegetative organs of common basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) grown in water culture at different levels of illumination (50, 100, and 150 μmol PAR quanta/(m2 s)) for 21 days were studied. In the work, the Purple Velvet basil variety, which is popular in agriculture and has intensely colored leaves was used. The biomass, water content, and composition of fatty acids (FA) of total lipids in the leaves and roots of plants and the content of malondialdehyde and chlorophylls (a, b) in the aerial parts of plants were determined. The sensitivity of the FA composition and morphophysiological parameters (biomass and chlorophyll content in leaves) of O. basilicum plants to the intensity of illumination was shown. The greatest effect was caused by the illumination intensity mode of 150 μmol/(m2 s). Species composition of O. basilicum FA under all lighting conditions was wider in root lipids; however, more pronounced changes in the qualitative composition of Fas were observed in leaves. Photodependent regulation of FA component composition of O. basilicum manifested itself in an increase in the proportion of unsaturated FAs, especially polyene ones, which led to an increase in the unsaturation index (UI) of esterified lipid FAs. The highest UI values were obtained with illumination of 150 μmol/(m2 s). At the same time, with an increase in the illumination intensity, a significant increase in the activity of ω-3 and ω-9-desaturases occurred, which indicates in favor of their lightdependent activation. Thus, increasing the intensity of lighting to certain values directly proportionally affects the physiological parameters of O. basilicum. The maximum indicators of productive growth and the implementation of adaptive mechanisms of green and underground parts of basil plants correspond to illumination of 150 μmol/(m2 s).

Phototropic Behavioral Responses of Zooplankton in Lake Baikal In Situ and during the Anthropogenic Impact Modeling

Earlier, we showed that the registration of the behavioral responses of autochthonous mesozooplankton communities in situ is a more dynamic methodological approach in the biological assessment of the environmental well-being of aquatic ecosystems, as well as an alternative method to generally accepted tests on mortality and immobilization. The change in behavioral responses, including phototropic responses, may occur at lower concentrations of pollutants, leading to the inhibition of the risk-avoidance response of predatory fish attack and, ultimately, to the change in zooplankton abundance and biodiversity. The biological significance of such changes is quite high since zooplankters form the basis of food chains. This work studies the possibility of biomonitoring the quality of fresh water in Lake Baikal according to the state of the autochthonous mesozooplankton community in summer and winter using a digital holographic camera developed and tested by us in laboratory conditions. This method makes it possible to determine the concentration of plankters in the controlled volume of the DHC and perform photostimulation with different levels of illuminance. The depth profilometry of the phototropic response was compared with the profilometry of plankton concentration, intraspecific diversity of crustaceans according to the Pielou index, and the results of catching using the Juday net in the natural environment of the lake and during the modeling of the anthropogenic impact (introduction of table salt solution into the local area close to the registration probe). The circadian rhythm parameters were determined by the spectral analysis of the long-term registration of the phototropic response dynamics. It was noted that the inhibition of the phototropic response was the most adequate marker of the exogenous impact and the appearance of an alternating factor among the studied indicators of the state of the plankton community, namely, intraspecific diversity, synchronism of circadian rhythms, and response to paired photostimulation. The revealed patterns of behavioral responses of autochthonous zooplankton in natural and artificially modified conditions will allow for the implementation of long-term continuous control over the environmental well-being of water areas, including the collection ponds of treatment facilities, cooling ponds of nuclear power plants, and other water areas in contact with potentially hazardous facilities. The comparison of the identified patterns with the behavioral responses of euryhaline mesozooplankton will expand this method to assess the well-being of salt-water and marine reservoirs under the anthropogenic impact and will make it possible to create a continuous monitoring system.

Road lighting and mesopic vision

Human beings perceive information from the environment by using their sense organs. Vision is believed to provide the most information. There are three categories of vision: scotopic, mesopic, and photopic vision. The activity of two types of light-sensitive receptors in the eye, cones and rods, is different for each category. Cones and rods have a unique ability to adapt to different levels of illumination. Adaptation is the ability of the human eye to adapt to changing lighting conditions. Thanks to this mechanism, the human visual system has the ability to operate in a very wide range of pupil illuminations, that is, at different adaptive levels. At very low adaptive levels, only the rods are active, and the vision is called scotopic. As adaptive levels increase, starting at 0.005 cd/m2, the rods become less active, meanwhile the cones become active, and then the vision is called mesopic. At adaptive levels above 5 cd/m2, only cones are active, and the vision becomes photopic. Cones and rods have different spectral sensitivities: rods are more sensitive to short wavelengths, while cones are most sensitive within the visible spectral range. Cones are concentrated mainly in the part of the retina of the eye that is used for direct (on-line) vision, while rods are localized only in the areas used for peripheral vision. As a result, in case of mesopic vision, the peripheral vision becomes better with light sources that have a relatively large component of short wavelengths. The same is true for the subjective perception of brightness. At low adaptation levels, more rods become active, and thus these benefits are greater at low illumination levels.
 Since photometric units are based on photopic vision, these advantages are not obvious. Thus, the correction factors should be determined according to the spectrum of light sources, which is characterized by the S/P ratio, and the illumination levels of road lighting.
 The International Commission on Illumination has prepared a standard (CIE 115:2010 Lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic). The main goals of road lighting are to ensure visual performance, visual comfort and to keep drivers alert.

Development of an automated system for the soldering of USB cables

Large demand for soldering multi-wire cables (e.g., USB cables, earphone cables, etc.) is reflected in the rapidly expanding 3C industry (i.e., Computer, Communication and Consumer electronics). Currently, several pre-processing steps need to be first carried out: separating → sorting → pressing . These steps are challenging for the robot, mainly because of the deformable nature, small size, and couplings between multiple wires. As such, existing solutions are entirely manual. In this paper, a new automated system for the soldering of multi-wire cable is proposed, in which the whole procedure, including all the pre-processing steps, is fully automated. The key novelty is the development of a series of new mechanical modules that are able to disentangle multiple wires then manipulate them into the structured configuration, laying the foundation for the subsequent soldering operation. The transition between multiple modules is automatically achieved using a deep vision network to guarantee high accuracy (i.e., < 1 mm ) under different levels of illumination and/or cluttered backgrounds. Moreover, an optimization scheme has been proposed for wire sorting to shorten the operation time and improve mass production efficiency. Experimental results show that the speed of manufacturing is around 112 pics/hr and the success rate for each module is above 93%, thereby proving the feasibility of the developed robot. • The development of a fully-automatic system for the soldering of multi-wire cable. • The construction of a deep vision network for accurate detection of wires in the presence of changes in illumination and cluttered background. • The design of an optimization scheme capable of shortening the time of wire sorting and improving mass production efficiency.

Gene Therapy with Voretigene Neparvovec Improves Vision and Partially Restores Electrophysiological Function in Pre-School Children with Leber Congenital Amaurosis.

Leber congenital amaurosis caused by mutations in the RPE65 gene belongs to the most severe early-onset hereditary childhood retinopathies naturally progressing to legal blindness. The novel gene therapy voretigene neparvovec is the first approved causative treatment option for this devastating eye disease and is specifically designed to treat RPE65-mediated retinal dystrophies. Herein, we present a follow-up of the youngest treated patients in Germany so far, including four pre-school children who received treatment with voretigene neparvovec at a single treatment center between January 2020 and May 2022. All patients underwent pars plana vitrectomy with circumferential peeling of the internal limiting membrane at the injection site and subretinal injection of voretigene neparvovec. Pre- and postoperative diagnostics included imaging (spectral domain optical coherence tomography, fundus autofluorescence, fundus wide-angle imaging), electrophysiologic examination (ERG), retinal light sensitivity measurements (FST) and visual acuity testing. Behavioral changes were assessed using a questionnaire and by observing the children's vision-guided behavior in different levels of illumination. All children showed marked increase in vision-guided behavior shortly after therapy, as well as marked increase in visual acuity in the postoperative course up to full visual acuity in one child. Two eyes showed partial electrophysiological recovery of an ERG that was undetectable before treatment-a finding that has not been described in humans before.

Swin-MFA: A Multi-Modal Fusion Attention Network Based on Swin-Transformer for Low-Light Image Human Segmentation.

In recent years, image segmentation based on deep learning has been widely used in medical imaging, automatic driving, monitoring and security. In the fields of monitoring and security, the specific location of a person is detected by image segmentation, and it is segmented from the background to analyze the specific actions of the person. However, in low-illumination conditions, it is a great challenge to the traditional image-segmentation algorithms. Unfortunately, a scene with low light or even no light at night is often encountered in monitoring and security. Given this background, this paper proposes a multi-modal fusion network based on the encoder and decoder structure. The encoder, which contains a two-branch swin-transformer backbone instead of the traditional convolutional neural network, fuses the RGB and depth features with a multiscale fusion attention block. The decoder is also made up of the swin-transformer backbone and is finally connected via the encoder with several residual connections, which are proven to be beneficial in improving the accuracy of the network. Furthermore, this paper first proposes the low light–human segmentation (LLHS) dataset of portrait segmentation, with aligned depth and RGB images with fine annotation under low illuminance, by combining the traditional monocular camera and a depth camera with active structured light. The network is also tested in different levels of illumination. Experimental results show that the proposed network has good robustness in the scene of human segmentation in a low-light environment with varying illumination. The mean Intersection over Union (mIoU), which is often used to evaluate the performance of image segmentation model, of the Swin-MFA in the LLHS dataset is 81.0, is better than those of ACNet, 3DGNN, ESANet, RedNet and RFNet at the same level of depth in a mixed multi-modal network and is far ahead of the segmentation algorithm that only uses RGB features, so it has important practical significance.

Pupil dynamics after in-the-bag versus anterior and retropupillary iris-fixated intraocular lens implantation

An Intraocular Lens (IOL) fixated on the iris either anteriorly, as a phakic IOL, or posteriorly, as an aphakic IOL, can influence pupil motility. In this interventional case series study, we evaluated pupil size under different levels of illumination (scotopic = 0.04 lx, low-mesopic = 0.4 lx and high-mesopic = 4 lx) for anterior iris-claw IOL fixation for correcting myopia or hyperopia (IFPH), retropupillary iris-claw IOL fixation to correct aphakia or as treatment for late in-the-bag IOL dislocation/subluxation (IFRP), and capsular-fixation IOL in-the-bag implantation (IB). Pupil size was measured preoperatively for the IFPH- and IB-group as well as 6 months after surgery for all groups. We analyzed a total of 70 eyes: 22 eyes of 11 patients with phakic IOLs, 22 eyes of 20 patients in the IFRP group and 26 eyes of 13 patients in the IB group. Both IFPH and IB showed a smaller postoperative scotopic pupil size, compared with the preoperative values. When compared to postoperative values of IB and IFPH, IFRP showed a significantly smaller postoperative scotopic pupil size (IFPH: 5.89 ± 0.83 mm, IFRP: 4.37 ± 0.83 mm, IB: 5.34 ± 0.98 mm, p < 0.001) while no differences were seen at high-mesopic lighting. Neither of the surgical techniques seems to impair the constriction of the pupil.

A Review on Effective Use of Daylight Harvesting Using Intelligent Lighting Control Systems for Sustainable Office Buildings in India

Lighting is a fundamental requirement of our daily life. A lot of research and development is carried out in the field of daylight harvesting, which is the need of the hour. One of the most desirable attributes of daylight harvesting is that daylight is available universally and it is a very clean and cost-efficient form of energy. By using the various methods of daylight harvesting, it is possible to attain the global Sustainable Development Goals. Daylight harvesting in the most fundamental sense is the lighting strategy control of the artificial light in an interior space where daylight is also present so that the required illumination level is achieved. This way, a lot of energy can be saved. Recently, in addition to energy efficiency, other factors such as cost-efficiency, user requirements such as uniform illuminance, and different levels of illuminance at different points are being considered. To simulate the actual daylight contribution for an office building in urban Chennai, India before construction, ECO TECH software is used by providing the inputs such as building orientation, and reflectance’s values of the ceiling, wall, and floor to analyze the overall percentage of daylight penetration available versus the percentage prescribed in the Indian Green Building Council to obtain the credit points. Thus, the impact of architectural design on daylight harvesting and daylight predictive technology has experimented with office building in Chennai, India. This article will give an insight into the current trends in daylight harvesting technology and intends to provide a deeper understanding and spark a research interest in this widely potential field.

ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ТОЧНОСТІ ОПИСУ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ГРУП ФОТОПЕРЕТВОРЮВАЧІВ І ФОТОЕЛЕКТРИЧНИХ БАТАРЕЙ НА ОСНОВІ ЦІЛЬОВИХ ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТІВ НА КОМПЛЕКСНОМУ ОБЛАДНАННІ

Підвищення ефективності перетворення енергії сонячного випромінювання в електроенергію сонячними елементами є основним завданням сонячної енергетики. А сучасний інтерес до проектування і експлуатації фотоелектричних батарей на основі сонячних елементів призводить до оцінювання їх основних експлуатаційних характеристик. Для контролю якості та ефективності сонячного елемента на виробництві або в лабораторних умовах необхідно точно виміряти його вольт-амперну характеристику, яка є основним джерелом інформації про параметри та характеристики сонячного елемента, таких як коефіцієнт корисної дії, максимальну потужність, струм короткого замикання, напругу холостого ходу, струм і напругу при максимальній потужності, коефіцієнт форми тощо. При проектуванні фотоелектричних батарей великих площ, наземного або космічного застосування, виникають труднощі у визначенні різних втрат, таких як комутація фотоелементів, їх не ідентичність, нерівномірності температури і освітленості фотоелектричних батарей. Зазвичай ці втрати враховують введенням у математичну модель різних коефіцієнтів. Експериментальні дослідження в напрямку більш точного визначення всіляких втрат в фотоелектричних батареях призводять до не окупності та ускладнення проведення таких експериментальних досліджень. Для проектування і випробування фотоелектричних батарей великих площин авторами пропонується підхід, який оснований на побудові вольт-амперних характеристик фотоелектричних батарей. Запропонований підхід дозволяє з визначенням воль-амперної характеристики окремого сонячного елемента або груп фотоелектричних перетворювачів, получити моделі при різних рівнях освітленості і температури з характерними параметрами фотоелектричних батарей будь-якої площі. Авторами проведено експериментальне підтвердження запропонованої методики, а також порівняння з іншими експериментальними дослідженнями. В методиці визначені перехідні коефіцієнти математичної моделі, а також розписані особливості застосування запропонованого підходу. Бібл.6, рис. 2.

Effect of illumination on reading performance in Japanese patients with age-related macular degeneration.

Several studies of Western patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have investigated reading performance that improved at high levels of illumination; however, the relation between reading performance and macular function has not been evaluated in detail in Japan. The goals of this study were to evaluate the effect of different levels of illumination on reading performance in Japanese patients with AMD and determine the factors, such as macular function, that affect these results. Cross-sectional study. We prospectively included 39 patients with bilateral AMD or maculopathy. We evaluated reading performance; reading acuity (RA), critical print size (CPS), and maximal reading speed (MRS) using charts with Japanese sentences based on the MNREAD-J in 500-7500lx. Patients were classified into two groups based on the presence of a central scotoma (CS) or no CS (NCS) diagnosed by microperimetry. The RA improved significantly in 500-7500lx in both groups (NCS, p = 0.001; CS, p = 0.046). The RA improvement differed significantly (2000lx, p = 0.021; 5,000lx; p = 0.021; 7500lx, p = 0.047) between 500lx and other illumination levels only in the NCS group and then plateaued over 2000lx. The CPS and MRS did not improve significantly at any illumination level. These results suggest that the difference in macular function was related to improvement in the RA with increased illumination in Japanese patients with AMD.

FaceFilter: Face Identification with Deep Learning and Filter Algorithm

Although significant advances have been made recently in the field of face recognition, these have some limitations, especially when faces are in different poses or have different levels of illumination, or when the face is blurred. In this study, we present a system that can directly identify an individual under all conditions by extracting the most important features and using them to identify a person. Our method uses a deep convolutional network that is trained to extract the most important features. A filter is then used to select the most significant of these features by finding features greater than zero, storing their indices, and comparing the features of other identities with the same indices as the original image. Finally, the selected features of each identity in the dataset are subtracted from features of the original image to find the minimum number that refers to that identity. This method gives good results, as we only extract the most important features using the filter to recognize the face in different poses. We achieve state-of-the-art face recognition performance using only half of the 128 bytes per face. The system has an accuracy of 99.7% on the Labeled Faces in the Wild dataset and 94.02% on YouTube Faces DB.

INTENSITAS CAHAYA ALAMI PADA RUANG KELAS PERKULIAHAN

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Title: Natural Light Intensity Analysis in Classroom; Case Study: Classroom at Bosowa University&#x0D; Lighting is an important part of buildings in supporting the productivity of human labor. Insufficient lighting can interfere with human activities and could cause health problems, like eye disorders. Building design must consider the functions and needs so that residents can feel comfortable. Good lighting levels can be achieved by utilizing natural and artificial lighting. The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of illumination in a room that is directly related to the openings of the building envelope and to analyze the different levels of illumination in classrooms with different orientations. Quantitative research methods by distributing measurement data in the form of tables, diagrams and graphs. Data analysis was performed using statistics and data analysis techniques, the results of the measurement were statistically descriptive. This study analyzed the differences in the level of illumination in the northern orientation and southern orientation classrooms. Based on the results of the analysis it can be concluded that the orientation of the building affects the level of illumination in the room. During the day the level of illumination is higher in the direction of orientation north than the direction of orientation south, especially the measurement point in the area close to the openings of the building envelope, but in this study the direction of classroom orientation towards the south is higher the level of illumination compared to the north orientation classrooms. This is understood by the treatment of building glass sheaths in the north orientation direction in the form of the use of frosted glass wallpaper, so it can be concluded that changes to the building facade affect the level of room illumination. The results of this study are expected to be a reference in building facade concepts and designing energy-efficient buildings.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Effects of illuminance and contrast on the reading of Chinese text by myopes

Twenty-four young adults with myopia in both eyes and no anisometropia participated in this study. Observers were instructed to read one A4-sized page of Chinese text at different levels of illuminance and text contrast, while their reading distance, head tilt angle and reading speed were recorded using an electromagnetic motion tracking system. Four illuminances (3, 30, 300 and 600 lx) and two text contrast levels (90% and 45%) were tested in randomised order. Observers tended to shorten their reading distance and increase their head tilt angle when reading at low illuminance. In addition, their reading speed was markedly slower at low illuminance and low contrast. These effects were found for both text contrast conditions but were greater at low contrast. Illuminance and text contrast play a critical role in myope’s reading behaviour. An illuminance of 300 lx or more with high-contrast text allows for good reading posture and rapid reading of Chinese text.

Comparison between psychological responses to ‘object colour produced by paint colour’ and ‘object colour produced by light source’

This study aimed to systematically analyse the differences in emotions evoked by the same colour, depending on whether it is an object or light colour. To this end, an assessment was conducted using mock experimental spaces created with either object or light colours (red, green, blue and yellow) and with different levels of illuminance (10 lx or 100 lx). The participants comprised 30 graduate students (19 men; 20–30 years) majoring in colour and lighting, and the vocabulary selected for emotional assessment included the words ‘comfortable’, ‘stable’, ‘tense’, ‘anxious’, ‘cool’ and ‘warm’. The results demonstrated differences between participants’ emotional reactions to the object colour and light colour environments when the same colour was used. For red, green and blue, the object colour was rated higher than the light colour for positive responses of ‘comfortable’ and ‘stable’. For yellow, however, the response differed only slightly between object colour and light colour. Finally, emotional differences varied significantly depending on illuminance level for object colour but not for light colour.