Different Levels Of Human Activity Research Articles

基于保护价值与保护成本分析的滇西北植被优先保护区识别

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于保护价值与保护成本分析的滇西北植被优先保护区识别 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201504040677 作者: 作者单位: 云南大学生态学与地植物学研究所,云南大学生态学与地植物学研究所,云南大学生态学与地植物学研究所,云南大学生态学与地植物学研究所,云南大学生态学与地植物学研究所,云南大学生态学与地植物学研究所 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41361046）；科技部国家科技支撑计划项目（2011BAC09B07）；中国科学院“西部之光”人才培养计划 Priority area identification for vegetation in northwest Yunnan, based on protection value and protection cost Author: Affiliation: Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University,Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University,Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University,Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University,Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University,Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:生物多样性丧失和保护资源不足是当前人类面临的严峻问题，确定保护等级和优先保护区是当前一项重要工作。以滇西北三江并流区为例，基于多准则决策分析方法（MCDA），以物种丰富度、植被稀有性、国家级濒危植物种数、省级濒危植物种数、濒危等级和生境特殊性6个因子为指标，对滇西北24种植被亚型进行保护价值评分。并融合海拔、距居民点距离、距道路距离、距河流距离4个人为干扰因子分析了保护成本。对保护价值和保护成本进行叠加分析确定研究区植被的保护等级以及优先保护区。结果表明：滇西北植被可分为4个保护等级，其中等级1作为优先保护区面积16983km2，占滇西北总面积25.58%，其主要保护的为季风常绿阔叶林，寒温性针叶林，高山、亚高山草甸，寒温性灌丛，积雪，水体这6类植被亚型；优先保护区作为综合的保护区能够对重要的森林、草地和湿地植被做到保护，等级2是作为森林保护主体区。等级3可作为保护缓冲区，等级4则作为传统的土地利用区。 Abstract:Biodiversity losing and unreasonable use of nature resources are two important environmental issues. In order to protect biodiversity rescources, many countries have established numerous nature reserves and other types of protected areas. However, degradation of natural resources is a big challenge in conservation projects, and we cannot prohibit all the activities associated with economic development in the conserved areas, particularly in southwest China. There is a serious conflict between two aspects. One aspect is the rich biodiversity, increasing its importance for conservation. The other is the backward economy that requires more resources for local development. Therefore, land zoning is an important approach that can reduce conflict by partitioning the landscape into various land use units that are managed according to different levels of human activity. Our research focuses on the Three Parallel Rivers of the Yunnan Protected Area. We present a systematic methodology that integrates vegetation plot data with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) using a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) technique to guide a zoning scheme. The vegetation plot data include species richness, rarity of vegetation, number of endangered plant species, ranking of endangered species, and quality of habitat. Based on these data, the protection value scores for the sub-vegetation in northwest Yunnan were obtained. Then altitude, distance to villages, distance to roads and distance to rivers were used as the impact factors to simulate the pattern of protection cost. The protection value and protection cost were integrated to generate a final combined suitability map. A K-means cluster analysis was performed to classify the suitability map into four priority levels. In this study, the area considered under level 1 was 16983 km2, accounting for 25.58% of the total research area. The targeted areas for protection in level 1 included sub-vegetation of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, cold-temperate coniferous forest, alpine and sub-alpine meadow, cold-temperate shrub, and areas covered by snow and water; level 1 accounts for the most important protection areas where important forest ecosystems, grassland ecosystems, and wetland ecosystems can be found. The areas under level 1 can be further divided into six parts. Part 1 is located northeast of Zhongdian; the average altitude is above 3000 m, and it is covered by cold-temperate coniferous forest. Part 2 comprises most areas of Denqing and northern Weixi, which include the Meili and Baima snowmountains. Part 3 forms the main part of the Nu mountains in Yunnan, and it appears as a line. Part 4 is located in Gongshan and Fugong, including the main part of Gaoligong National Nature Reserve. Part 5 comprises regions of southeast Zhongdian, northwest Ninglang, and northeast Lijiang. Although this part has a large area, its distribution is scattered. Part 6 comprises the Erhai Lake in Dali, which has a small area, and it is the only critical conservation region southeast of our research area. Level 2 accounts for the main areas for the conservation of forest ecosystems. Therefore, we suggested that an equal protection effort as level 1 should be made. Level 3 had a low protection value and we could use it as a buffer zone. Level 4 had no protection value and was considered the traditional land use area. According to the priority levels, we determined the area under level 1 as the priority area. We believe that our results will be useful as a reference for extension of reserves in northwest Yunnan in the future. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Community Structure and Distribution Pattern of Intertidal Invertebrate Macrofauna at Some Anthropogenically Influenced Coasts of Kathiawar Peninsula (India)

Present communication reports the community structure and distribution pattern of intertidal invertebrate macrofauna at four shores of the Kathiawar peninsular coastline off the Arabian Sea (India). The selected shores have different levels of human activities. Present report tests three hypotheses; that is, (i) distribution of invertebrate macrofauna in these shores is influenced by space and time, (ii) abiotic factors have a profound influence on the distribution pattern of intertidal macrofaunal assemblages, and (iii) human activities influence the community structure of the intertidal invertebrate macrofauna at these shores. To test these hypotheses, spatiotemporal variations in different ecological indices were studied. A total of 60 species from six phyla were considered for the study. High species diversity was recorded during winter and monsoon seasons in almost all the shores studied. It was also evident that a few environmental factors had a cumulative influence on the distribution pattern of intertidal macrofauna. Significant spatial variations in the species diversity and evenness were also observed. Though the shores studied have similar coast characteristics and climatic conditions, they face different levels of human activities. Therefore, the observed variations in the intertidal faunal assemblage were possibly caused by anthropogenic stress.

Integrating a participatory process with a GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis for protected area zoning in China

Current management plans for nature reserves in China are ineffective and do not meet their intended goals of balancing conservation and development. Protected area zoning is an approach that can reduce conflict by partitioning the landscape into various land use units that are managed for different levels of human activity. In this paper, we present a systematic methodology that integrates a participatory process with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) using a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) technique to guide a zoning scheme for the Meili Snow Mountain National Park (MSMNP), Yunnan. A participatory process involving multiple stakeholders and technical experts was used to establish park management objectives: nature conservation; tourism and recreation; and, community development. To meet these three objectives, criteria and impact factors for each objective were identified and weighted through a participatory process, and a GIS fuzzy set membership function was then used to generate gradient effects of each criterion. Three suitability maps of conservation, eco-tourism, and community development were generated. The three suitability maps were overlaid to generate a final combined suitability map, and five management zones (strict protected zone, ecosystem conservation zone, eco-tourism zone or buffer zone, park service zone, and traditional land use zone) were identified and mapped that corresponded to different protection and management strategies. Conservation targets (endangered species, alpine and forest ecosystems) and development zones were spatially segregated across the landscape, and the final zoning scheme was found to be acceptable by the various stakeholders.

Assessing American black bear response to human activity at Kenai Fjords National Park, Alaska

We measured American black bear (Ursus americanus) responses to hikers, small power skiffs, kayakers, and overnight campsites within coastal salt marsh foraging areas. To accomplish this, we experimentally approached bears in the intertidal and supratidal zones of Aialik Bay (AB) and Nuka Bay (NB), Kenai Fjords National Park, Alaska. We chose these areas due to their different levels of human activity (AB = high, NB = low). In the first experiments, we determined the overt response distances (ORD: when bears first responded to our approaches) and flight initiation distances (FID: the distance at which bears were pushed from their original location) for 118 black bear groups involving 136 bears. We found no difference between ORD response to power skiffs and versus kayaks, nor between those responding to kayaks versus foot approaches. However, bears first responded to power skiffs 50 m farther than first responses to foot approaches. There was no difference in FID between all modes of approach. There were no differences in response intensities (a qualitative scale depicting strength of bear response to human presence at both the ORD and FID) between any of the modes of approach. There were no differences in bear minutes/hour (minutes of bear presence in the study area/hour of observation) or numbers of bears at NB and AB before or after campsites were present. There was, however, a difference in levels of bear activity in NB and AB when campsites were in place: AB bear minutes/hour decreased by 50% and NB bear minutes/hour increased by 75%. We recommend minimum approach distances of 170 m for skiffs and kayaks and 116 m for hikers to minimize bear displacement by visitors to the park. Additionally, we suggest people avoid camping in saltmarsh areas so as to leave bears undisturbed.

An Evaluation Framework for Environmentally Sustainable Development of the Historic Cities within the Context of City Squares in Isfahan-Iran

The urban development involves more sensitive challenges for evaluation of the urban land use in respect of the framework of sustainable development. In the last three decades, the concept of sustainable development has developed into a broad area that embraces all methods and techniques in different levels of human activities and knowledge gaoling to save energy, time, financial and natural resources. Accordingly, environmental sustainability as a major aspect of the concept has concerned the environmental issues such as: climate change, global warming, waste management, sound masking, etc. The principal goal of this paper is to investigate the role of public squares in new urban developments in the historic cities from the perspective of environmental sustainability. Therefore, the paper considers some examples of the city squares in a case study (Isfahan-Iran) to highlight some problems in adaptation with the new 21 st century-style of urban development in such cities. Hence, the investigation compares the original historic squares vs. some recently developed ones. The literature review of this paper is based on the data gathered from internet, books and journals and previously published conference papers. Moreover, a qualitative research has been conducted through local observation and survey in the location of the case study (Isfahan-Iran). The results will reveal the major principles of environmental sustainability in design of new public squares in such cities. This, in turn, opens new doors to future studies about adoption of old cities with new developments regarding to the concept of environmental sustainability.

Conservation planning using resource selection models: altered selection in the presence of human activity changes spatial prediction of resource use

Managing wildlife populations in areas subject to human activity is an increasingly prominent challenge. Estimating resource selection functions for species of conservation concern and developing spatially explicit maps predicting animal use across landscapes is a powerful tool for minimizing negative impacts and enhancing positive influences of human activities. However, if animals modify their selection of resources in response to humans, application of spatially explicit conservation tools based on resource selection among animals exposed to high levels of human activity risks uncertainty in the performance of such tools. This could lead to ineffective conservation action and wasted conservation dollars. To evaluate the magnitude of differences between spatial predictions based on animals exposed to different levels of human activity and develop reliable conservation tools, we used the treatment/control concept and Bayesian hierarchical discrete choice methods to model day time resource selection by female elk in a natural gas field and in areas adjacent to the gas field during winter. We found that female elk showed strong variation in resource selection patterns among years, tended to avoid roads and natural gas wells and consistently showed stronger selection for security cover, steeper slopes and greater distance to edge habitats within the gas field relative to outside of the gas field. Predictive probability of use maps based on ‘within gas field’ models classified probability of use differently in 10–55% of grid cells relative to outside of the gas field models depending on year. Conservation research and applications should consider that models based on resource selection data collected from animals subjected to human activity may not elucidate innate resource selection patterns and therefore may result in reduced effectiveness of management actions.

Environmental Sustainability of Newly Developed City Squares in Historic Cities: Case Study of Isfahan-Iran

In recent years, sustainable development has turned into a broad area that embraces all methods and techniques in different levels of human activities and knowledge aiming to save energy, time, money and natural resources. Thus, environmental sustainability as a major aspect of the concept has intended the environmental issues as: climate change, global warming, waste management, sound masking, etc. The principal goal of this paper is to investigate the role of public squares in new developments and suburbia in historic cities from the view of environmental sustainability. Accordingly, the paper deals with some examples of squares in a case study (Isfahan-Iran) to show some problems in adaptation with the new 21st century-style of urban development in such cities. Therefore, the investigation compares the original historic squares vs. some recently developed ones. The literature review of this paper is based on internet, books and journals and previously published conference papers. Moreover, a qualitative research has been employed through local observation and survey in the location of the case study (Isfahan-Iran). The results will reveal the major principles of environmental sustainability in design of new public squares in such cities. This, in turn, opens new doors to future studies about adoption of old cities with new developments regarding to the concept of environmental sustainability.

Distribution of Cryptosporidium Genotypes in Storm Event Water Samples from Three Watersheds in New York

To assess the source and public health significance of Cryptosporidium oocyst contamination in storm runoff, a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique based on the small-subunit rRNA gene was used in the analysis of 94 storm water samples collected from the Malcolm Brook and N5 stream basins in New York over a 3-year period. The distribution of Cryptosporidium in this study was compared with the data obtained from 27 storm water samples from the Ashokan Brook in a previous study. These three watersheds represented different levels of human activity. Among the total of 121 samples analyzed from the three watersheds, 107 were PCR positive, 101 of which (94.4%) were linked to animal sources. In addition, C. hominis (W14) was detected in six samples collected from the Malcolm Brook over a 2-week period. Altogether, 22 Cryptosporidium species or genotypes were found in storm water samples from these three watersheds, only 11 of which could be attributed to known species/groups of animals. Several Cryptosporidium spp. were commonly found in these three watersheds, including the W1 genotype from an unknown animal source, the W4 genotype from deer, and the W7 genotype from muskrats. Some genotypes were found only in a particular watershed. Aliquots of 113 samples were also analyzed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 1623; 63 samples (55.7%) were positive for Cryptosporidium by microscopy, and 39 (78%) of the 50 microscopy-negative samples were positive by PCR. Results of this study demonstrate that molecular techniques can complement traditional detection methods by providing information on the source of contamination and the human-infective potential of Cryptosporidium oocysts found in water.

Urbanisation and the genetic structure of Passer italiae (Vieillot 1817) populations in the South of Italy

Sparrows have colonized areas modified by humans since the onset of agriculture and seed storage. In fact, present day distributions of the sparrow populations are directly related to urban areas, farms and villages. Consequently the sedentary behaviour of sparrows, in pristine areas, with low densities of specimens, can act as a barrier to gene flow among populations. We analyzed the genetic variability and gene flow rates in four Italian sparrow populations sampled in areas affected by different levels of human activity. Population variability was analyzed by DNA fingerprinting with M13 multilocus minisatellite probe, which yielded multibanded fingerprints (the average number of bands was 25, ranging in size from 23 kb to 0.3 kb). The population located within the pristine area of the Cilento-Vallo di Diano National Park (San Marco) showed the higher value of within-population similarity (Sw = 0.73). This suggests a probable higher level of inbreeding in comparison with the other localities. The genetic isolation of the San Marco population is also imputable to the between-populations similarity values (Sb), that seem to be related with a preferential direction of gene circulation along urbanised corridors. The results show that population variability and gene flow rate in the Italian sparrow are directly related to the presence of urbanised areas. The results also show that the M13 multilocus fingerprinting probe represents a advantageous marker for the detection of genetic variability within a small geographical scale in passerine birds.

How and What Can We Learn from Replicating Historical Experiments? A Case Study.

This article focusses on the topic of replicating historical experiments as learning and teaching devices. It will be argued that historical experiments replicated as close as possible to the original enable experiences that are intellectual as well as sensual in kind. It will be demonstrated that learning by replicating makes it possible to learn on different levels of human activity related to the mind and the body. It will be discussed what the notion of replication means and what one can learn by replicating. Furthermore, a case study will be introduced, the replication of a rotation apparatus (a kind of electric motor) which was developed by Michael Faraday in 1821. The case study reveals that reconstructing and redoing historical experimental situations disclose laboratory dimensions of natural sciences. I will give an account of the process of replicating this experiment and its relation to the historical background. At the end, the experiment will be placed in a broad historical context of electricity and motion in order to demonstrate that the case study is related to a history of experiments by which mechanical motion is produced through electrical means.

Mitochondrial DNA and Nuclear Microsatellite Diversity in Hatchery and WildOncorhynchus mykissfrom Freshwater Habitats in Southern California

We examined mitochondrial control-region haplotype diversity and allelic frequency distributions for three polymorphic microsatellite loci in 541 coastal Oncorhynchus mykiss collected from six habitats associated with different levels of human activity and ocean access in southern California. Extensive urbanization, climatic unpredictability, and the accelerated rate of decline in anadromous fish suggested a probable loss of genetic diversity in this area due to habitat fragmentation, geographic isolation, and population bottlenecks. Unexpectedly high levels of genetic diversity were found in southern California populations of O. mykiss. Haplotype diversity (HS) was highest in anadromous fish (HS = 0.74) and lowest in the Whale Rock Hatchery trout (HS = 0.32). The proportion of variation attributable to population differentiation among habitat groups (GST) was 10%. Haplotype frequencies showed a close relationship between anadromous steelhead and resident rainbow trout from closed habitats (DST = 0.03). Combined microsatellite allelic diversity (at loci Omy77, Omy207, and Ssa289) was highest in rainbow trout from closed habitats (88%), and lowest in Whale Rock Hatchery fish (29%). Greatest microsatellite distance (δμ = 17.1) was between anadromous steelhead and reservoir rainbow trout, and closest identity (δμ, = 1.8) was among rainbow trout from closed habitats, hatchery rainbow trout, and reservoir rainbow trout. Analysis of genetic distance measures for both molecular markers showed that considerations of life history patterns and freshwater habitats that retain ocean access remain important factors in the preservation of the unique genetic diversity found in southern California coastal O. mykiss.

THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE PREMATURE INFANT

I AM MOST grateful to the Academy for naming me as the recipient of an E. Mead Johnson Award for 1958 and pleased beyond measure by this great honor. I cannot allow this moment to pass without acknowledging with pleasure my debt of gratitude to Dr. Richard Day, who first awakened in me a curiosity about the meaning of proof for a clinician and to Dr. John W. Fertig for his patience as teacher, critic and collaborator. This decision of the Awards Committee has given me cause for reflection. I interpret it to signal approval of and benevolent interest in the use of the planned trial as a device to help answer questions at the clinical level. I am encouraged to think that the rules of evidence that have applied in the laboratory are now increasingly consulted on ward rounds. Mr. John W. Gardner, president of the Carnegie Corporation, recently commented upon the difficulties that result from the acceptance of a double standard of excellence at different levels of human activity; he stated that, ". . . The society which scorns excellence in plumbing because plumbing is a humble activity and tolerates shoddiness in philosophy because it is an exalted activity will have neither good plumbing nor good philosophy. Neither its pipes nor its theories will hold water." F. H. K. Green has recently been quoted as saying, ". . . when the value of a treatment, new or old, is doubtful, there may be a higher moral obligation to test it critically than to continue to prescribe it year-in, year-out with the support merely of custom or of wishful thinking." I am encouraged to believe that we have arrived at a point in time when this moral obligation may be included as one of our clinical responsibilities. We were required to consider our responsibility very closely in this regard about 8 years ago when confronted with the challenge of retrolental fibroplasia. As we watched the early vascular changes of this condition develop, we reasoned that these proliferating vessels might be halted by the then newly available hormone, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). We gave this substance to an infant when, from the appearance of the ocular fundi, it was clear that the disease was progressing. The fundi of this infant returned to normal. This sequence of events was repeated following the treatment of many infants during the next year.