Different Levels Of Experience Research Articles

A novel U-tied semi-manual anastomosis in totally laparoscopic colectomy

TechniqueWe describe improvements to the previously proposed “U-tied anastomosis” with the aim of broadening its indications, especially in left hemicolectomy. After bowel mobilization and vascular ligation, the proximal and distal colon were aligned in a U-shape using a ligature. An anastomosis was constructed using a linear stapler through the common enterotomies. Following resection of the bowel using laparoscopic coagulation shears, the common opening was closed using 3-0 barbed sutures. ResultsEight consecutive patients underwent colectomy using the U-tied semi-manual technique between May and July 2023. In all cases, the U-tied procedures were completed using one cartridge and two sutures. No complications or mortality were observed after one month of follow-up. ConclusionsThe U-tied semi-manual anastomosis is a straightforward and effective method for intracorporeal anastomosis. The simplified reconstruction technique of U-tied series, together with the minimization of technique variability, results in consistent outcomes when performed by surgeons with different levels of experience. The streamlined process enhances the homogeneity of the intracorporeal anastomosis while reducing cartridge use.

The influence of clinical experience on reliable evaluation of pharyngeal and laryngeal lesions: comparison of high-definition laryngoscopy using narrow band imaging with fibre-optic laryngoscopy.

Fibre-optic laryngoscopy is still widely used in daily clinical practice; however, high-definition laryngoscopy using narrow band imaging could be more reliable in characterising pharyngeal and laryngeal lesions. Endoscopic videos were assessed in a tertiary referral hospital by 12 observers with different levels of clinical experience. Thirty pairs of high-definition laryngoscopy with narrow band imaging and fibre-optic laryngoscopy videos were judged twice, with an interval of two to four weeks, in a random order. Inter- and intra-observer reliability, sensitivity and specificity were calculated in terms of detecting a malignant lesion and a specific histological entity, for beginners, trained observers and experts. Using high-definition laryngoscopy with narrow band imaging, inter-observer reliability for detecting malignant lesions increased from moderate to substantial in trained observers and experts (high-definition laryngoscopy with narrow band imaging κ = 0.66 and κ = 0.77 vs fibre-optic laryngoscopy κ = 0.51 and κ = 0.56, for trained observers and experts respectively) and sensitivity increased by 16 per cent. Inter-observer reliability increased with the level of clinical experience, especially when using high-definition laryngoscopy with narrow band imaging.

Validation of a low-cost model for training laparoscopic ovary-sparing surgery (LOSS) in ovarian mature teratomas

BackgroundMature ovarian teratoma is the most common ovarian neoplasm in pediatrics. Laparoscopic ovary sparing surgery (LOSS) is effective and safe. Due to the expansion of this technique in recent years, education-based surgical simulation is a useful tool for skills development. AimTo validate a low-cost model for training LOSS in pediatric ovarian teratomas. MethodsWe developed a low-cost model, incorporated into Hands-On courses since 2018. After academic lectures, and surgical strategies video demonstration, all participants performed the procedure in pairs, in our pediatric gruyer-like-training-box, under supervision. Time and critical maneuvers were assessed. A Likert-type scale was used to evaluate: previous experience, anatomical appearance of the model, surgical anatomy compared to a real patient and utility as a training method. Statistical analysis was performed with R-Studio®. Results75 % considered the model as good or high degree of similarity in relation to the anatomical characteristics; and 91.3 % in relation to surgical anatomy. 78.8 % believe the model improves the majority of skills. Correlation in time assessment for 81 participants with different levels of experience was statistically significative (p<0.01*). Emphasis was placed on preserving the capsule and ovarian tissue without causing any injury to adjacent tissues, resulting in a homogeneous performance. ConclusionWe saw a correlation between the previous experience of the surgeon and their performance in the model. Introducing this model in a simulation curricula would improve the learning curve. A decrease in surgical technique complications is to be expected, and should be demonstrated in future studies.

Supplemental Material for The Validity of General Cognitive Ability Predicting Job-Specific Performance Is Stable Across Different Levels of Job Experience

Supplemental Material for The Validity of General Cognitive Ability Predicting Job-Specific Performance Is Stable Across Different Levels of Job Experience

A primitive-based representation of dance: modulations by experience and perceptual validity.

The generation of complex movements such as dance might be possible due to the utilization of movement building blocks, i.e., movement primitives. However, it is largely unexplored how the temporal structure of a movement sequence and the recruitment of these primitives change with experience. Therefore, we obtained a representation of primitives with the temporal movement primitive model from the motion capture data of dancers with varying experiences, both for improvised and choreographed movements (elements from contemporary/modern/jazz) with different qualitative expressions. We analyzed differences between movement conditions regarding the number of temporal segments and the number of primitives, as well as their association with dance experience. Especially for the choreography with a neutral expression, the results indicate a negative association between experience and the number of segments and a positive association between experience and the number of primitives. The variation in the recruitment of these primitives suggests an increased consistency of modular control with experience, particularly for improvised dance. A prerequisite for the meaningful interpretation of these results regarding human movement production is that the model can generate perceptually valid dance movements. This was confirmed in a subsequent experiment, although the validity was slightly impaired for improvised movements. Overall, the results of the choreographed movement sequences suggest that experience is associated with an increase in motor repertoire that might facilitate fewer and longer temporal segments.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that a temporal movement primitive model, trained with movements performed by dancers with different levels of experience, is able to generate natural-looking dance movements. The results suggest that motor experience in dance is associated not only with fewer temporal segments but also with an increase in the number of underlying movement building blocks. The recruitment of these primitives, which might be used to simplify movement production, additionally seems to become more consistent with experience.

Understanding cyclists’ conflicts in the streets of a Latin American metropolis

Promoted by most governments as a sustainable form of transportation, cycling is surging worldwide. Despite the positive impacts of cycling, conflicts between cyclists and other street users such as pedestrians, cars and buses have increased, especially in countries lacking proper cycling infrastructure. This paper aims to understand a series of conflicts experienced by cyclists in Santiago de Chile, where cycling has expanded rapidly in the last fifteen years. To do so, three focus groups were held with cyclists having different levels of experience. The participants were asked to describe the main conflicts with other modes of transport and road users, as well as the coping strategies employed to deal with these conflicts. An inductive analysis ended with four categories related to cyclists’ conflicts in the streets and two related to strategies and lessons dealing with motorised vehicle drivers and other cyclists.The analysis indicates that the unequal distribution of road space negatively influences cyclists’ experiences, who perceive themselves as being threatened constantly by overtaking cars in close proximity, as well as by different forms of verbal and sometimes physical aggression. It indicates that cyclists develop strategies to mitigate conflicts, ranging from making themselves visible at all times, to making use of bodily gestures. However, conflicts can still escalate. The results suggest that, in auto-centric urban contexts, cycling is a challenging chore that happens surrounded by the sensation of having fragile entitlements.

Ultrasonographic diagnosis of adnexal masses: interobserver agreement in the interpretation of videos, using IOTA terminology

ObjectivesAim of this study is to estimate interobserver agreement in classifying adnexal tumors using IOTA terms, simple rules and subjective assessment. In addition, we related observers’ accuracy with their experience in gynecological ultrasonography and the year of IOTA certification.MethodsEleven observers with three different levels of experience evaluated videoclips of 70 adnexal masses, defining tumor type according to IOTA terms and definitions, classifying the mass using IOTA Simple rules and Subjective assessment as well as providing Color Score evaluation. Sensitivity, specificity and area under the ROC curve were calculated and the year of IOTA certification was related with operators’ accuracy through Pearson correlation coefficient. Interobserver agreement was estimated calculating percentage of agreement, Fleiss kappa and Cohen’s kappa.ResultsWe found a positive correlation between the year of IOTA certification and operators’ accuracy (Pearson coefficient 0.694), especially among the observers with the least experience, the residents (p = 0.003). For tumor type classification, identification of papillary projections and classification of tumors using subjective assessment, agreement among all observers was moderate (Fleiss kappa 0.455, 0.552, and 0.476, respectively) and increased with the years of experience. Agreement in the application of Simple Rules was moderate in all examiners with IOTA certification, with Fleiss kappa in the range of (0.403, 0.498). For Color Score assignment interobserver agreement among all observers was fair (Cohen’s kappa 0.380).ConclusionsEven among expert examiners, the results of adnexal lesion assessment can be inconsistent. Experience impacts on accuracy and agreement in subjective assessment, while the application of Simple Rules can mitigate the role of experience in interobserver agreement. The knowledge of IOTA models among residents seams to improve their diagnostic accuracy, showing the benefits of IOTA terminology for in training sonographers.

Requesting Librarian-Led Information Literacy Support: Instructor Approaches, Experiences, and Attitudes

abstract: This project sought to better understand why course instructors request librarian involvement to teach information literacy skills. Librarians at two large institutions surveyed 29 instructors and then interviewed 11 about their experiences working with librarians, their motivations for involving librarians in their courses, and their goals for including information literacy instruction. The study found that instructors had many different levels of experience with the library. Motivations for inviting librarians to their classes included creating a support network and sharing librarian expertise with students. The researchers also discuss instructor participation in library instruction sessions, including commentary, where they reinforce points made by the librarian during class, and bookending, where they sandwich librarian involvement between preliminary or concluding remarks.

Magnetic resonance radiographic features which might lead to misdiagnosis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer based on vesical imaging reporting and data system: the application experience of a single center.

The Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) has been widely used for diagnosing muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), yet instances of misdiagnosis persist. However, limited research discusses the factors affecting its accuracy. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the VI-RADS in our center and to preliminarily identify possible magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of misdiagnosis. From January 2018 to February 2023, a consecutive series of 211 participants pathologically diagnosed with bladder cancer (BC) who underwent an MRI exam were retrospectively enrolled. MRI was interpreted by 2 radiologists with different levels of experience, the diagnostic performance was validated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and VI-RADS ≥4 was considered to indicate MIBC-positive status. The clinical and radiographic characteristics of the true-positive (TP), true-negative (TN), false-positive (FP), and false-negative (FN) groups were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test or Fisher exact test. With VI-RADS ≥4 as the cutoff value, the area under the ROC curves (AUCs) were 0.951 (0.912-0.976) and 0.847 (0.791-0.893) for the more-experienced reader and less-experienced reader, respectively, with good interobserver agreement (κ=0.74105). The median tumor size in the TP (more experienced: 57 cases; less experienced: 44 cases) and FP (more experienced: 8 cases; less experienced: 9 cases) groups was larger than that in the TN (more experienced: 141 cases; less experienced: 139 cases) group for the more-experienced reader (TP: 28 mm; FP: 31 mm; TN: 19 mm; P<0.001 and P=0.031, respectively) and the less-experienced reader (TP: 31 mm; FP: 28 mm; TN: 19 mm; P<0.001 and P=0.042, respectively). The tumor base in the TP and FP groups was larger than that in the TN group for the more-experienced reader (TP: 37 mm; FP: 48 mm; TN: 15 mm; both P<0.001) and for the less-experienced reader (FP: 42 mm; FP: 36 mm; TN: 15 mm; P<0.001 and P=0.022, respectively). The median tumor base in the TP group was larger than that in the FN group for the less-experienced reader (TP: 42 mm; FN: 17 mm; P=0.004). We observed good to excellent AUCs with good interobserver agreement among radiologists with different levels of expertise using VI-RADS. Large tumor size and wide tumor base affected the accuracy of VI-RADS in MIBC diagnosis.

Gender and Work Experience as Moderators of Relations between Management Level, Physical Activity, Eating Attitudes, and Social Skills of Managers during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Being employed in a managerial position is often associated with maintaining high standards in many aspects of life. Many leaders pay attention to their physical activity, eating habits, and social skills. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic brought additional difficulties to the already-demanding job of managing people and forced managers to make many changes to their daily functioning at work. The main goal of this study was to establish whether Gender, Experience, and Management Level influenced respondents' healthy behaviors (eating attitudes and physical activity) or soft skills during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was carried out during the COVID-19 pandemic with a sample of 348 managers from a variety of companies (n = 222 women, n = 126 men) with different levels of experience and responsibility. The authors used the 26-item Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), four questions from the Physical Activity Objectives Questionnaire, and a self-authored soft skills questionnaire. The results showed that, compared to females, males were characterized by lower levels on all three EAT-26 scales: Bulimia and Food Preoccupation, Oral Control, and Dieting. On the other hand, male respondents who held high managerial positions were characterized by high levels of Dieting, Oral Control, Bulimia, and Food Preoccupation. This analysis provides insights that may help improve the quality of life of employees; however, further research is needed to investigate the direct influence of managers on employees in different industries.

The Structure of Hippocampal CA1 Interactions Optimizes Spatial Coding across Experience.

Although much is known about how single neurons in the hippocampus represent an animal's position, how circuit interactions contribute to spatial coding is less well understood. Using a novel statistical estimator and theoretical modeling, both developed in the framework of maximum entropy models, we reveal highly structured CA1 cell-cell interactions in male rats during open field exploration. The statistics of these interactions depend on whether the animal is in a familiar or novel environment. In both conditions the circuit interactions optimize the encoding of spatial information, but for regimes that differ in the informativeness of their spatial inputs. This structure facilitates linear decodability, making the information easy to read out by downstream circuits. Overall, our findings suggest that the efficient coding hypothesis is not only applicable to individual neuron properties in the sensory periphery, but also to neural interactions in the central brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Local circuit interactions play a key role in neural computation and are dynamically shaped by experience. However, measuring and assessing their effects during behavior remains a challenge. Here, we combine techniques from statistical physics and machine learning to develop new tools for determining the effects of local network interactions on neural population activity. This approach reveals highly structured local interactions between hippocampal neurons, which make the neural code more precise and easier to read out by downstream circuits, across different levels of experience. More generally, the novel combination of theory and data analysis in the framework of maximum entropy models enables traditional neural coding questions to be asked in naturalistic settings.

Do RESTful API design rules have an impact on the understandability of Web APIs?

ContextWeb APIs are one of the most used ways to expose application functionality on the Web, and their understandability is important for efficiently using the provided resources. While many API design rules exist, empirical evidence for the effectiveness of most rules is lacking.ObjectiveWe therefore wanted to study 1) the impact of RESTful API design rules on understandability, 2) if rule violations are also perceived as more difficult to understand, and 3) if demographic attributes like REST-related experience have an influence on this.MethodWe conducted a controlled Web-based experiment with 105 participants, from both industry and academia and with different levels of experience. Based on a hybrid between a crossover and a between-subjects design, we studied 12 design rules using API snippets in two complementary versions: one that adhered to a rule and one that was a violation of this rule. Participants answered comprehension questions and rated the perceived difficulty.ResultsFor 11 of the 12 rules, we found that violation performed significantly worse than rule for the comprehension tasks. Regarding the subjective ratings, we found significant differences for 9 of the 12 rules, meaning that most violations were subjectively rated as more difficult to understand. Demographics played no role in the comprehension performance for violation.ConclusionsOur results provide first empirical evidence for the importance of following design rules to improve the understandability of Web APIs, which is important for researchers, practitioners, and educators.

Evaluation of Python Error Message Interpretation: Study on Students with Different Levels of Programming Experience

Error messages are a helpful tool for everyone interested in learning a programming language. Even after learning the language, novice and experienced programmers alike, have to interact with an error message one way or another. However, there is no single programming language that is usedacross all platforms and systems, so the programmers have to write programs in many different languages. If the programming languages have similar structures, working with a new language is relatively easy. We have asked the question, whether the same effect could be observed in case of error messages. We designed an online survey which was conducted internationally to measure whether the general experience of programmers from any programming language influences the programmer’s ability to correct python error message. The survey was aimed at students who have some experience with programming. We find in comparison with novices, on average the experiencedprogrammers find and fix an error in the code given the sameerror message with its corresponding code snippet. Additionally,we see correlations between the average of correctly fixed errorsand number of programming languages that the participants hadexperience with, as well as their chosen major and their age.

Inter-reader agreement of breast magnetic resonance imaging and contrast-enhanced mammography in breast cancer diagnosis: a multi-reader retrospective study.

Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) are nowadays used in breast imaging but studies about their inter-reader agreement are lacking. Therefore, we compared the inter-reader agreement of CEM and MRI in breast cancer diagnosis in the same patients. Breast MRI and CEM exams performed in a single center (09/2020-09/2021) for an IRB-approved study were retrospectively and independently evaluated by four radiologists of two different centers with different levels of experience who were blinded to the clinical and other imaging data. The reference standard was the histological diagnosis or at least 1-year negative imaging follow-up. Inter-reader agreement was examined using Cohen's and Fleiss' kappa (κ) statistics and compared with the Wald test. Of the 750 patients, 395 met inclusion criteria (44.5 ± 14 years old), with 752 breasts available for CEM and MRI. Overall agreement was moderate (κ = 0.60) for MRI and substantial (κ = 0.74) for CEM. For expert readers, the agreement was substantial (κ = 0.77) for MRI and almost perfect (κ = 0.82) for CEM; for non-expert readers was fair (κ = 0.39); and for MRI and moderate (κ = 0.57) for CEM. Pairwise agreement between expert readers and non-expert readers was moderate (κ = 0.50) for breast MRI and substantial (κ = 0.74) for CEM and it showed a statistically superior agreement of the expert over the non-expert readers only for MRI (p = 0.011) and not for CEM (p = 0.062). The agreement of CEM was superior to that of MRI (p = 0.012), including for both expert (p = 0.031) and non-expert readers (p = 0.005).

A survey on current use of software tools for systematic literature reviews

Adoption of the EU Medical Devices Regulations and In Vitro Diagnostics Regulations has led to increased demand for systematic literature reviews. This article reports on a survey investigating the current use of software platforms and tools by regulatory medical writers and others involved in conducting systematic literature reviews. The survey was completed by 125 respondents from 31 countries, evenly spread across different levels of experience. Most respondents use a partially automated (35%) or fully manual process (59%). Familiarity with specific software to conduct systematic literature reviews was low, with most respondents (61%–84%) indicating they were unfamiliar with five software applications and tools. Data extraction was named as both the most time-consuming and error-prone step in the process. Process improvement, improvement of data extraction, and time saving were seen as topics where systematic literature review software could make the most valuable contribution.

Diagnostic accuracy of lumbar CT and MRI in the evaluation of chronic low back pain without red flag symptoms

BackgroundLow back pain (LBP) is one of the most frequent reasons for medical consultation. Most of the patients will have nonspecific LBP, which usually are self-limited episodes. It is unclear which of the diagnostic imaging pathways is most effective and costeffective and how the imaging impacts on patient treatment. Imaging techniques are usually indicated if symptoms remain after 6 weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the diagnostic imaging examination of choice in lumbar spine evaluation of low back pain; however, availability of MRI is limited. ObjectivesTo evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography (CT) with MRI (as standard of reference) in the evaluation of chronic low back pain (LBP) without red flags symptoms. To compare the results obtained by two radiologists with different grades of experience. Materials and methodsPatients with chronic low back pain without red flags symptoms were retrospectively reviewed by two observers with different level of experience. Patients included had undergone a lumbar or abdominal CT and an MRI within a year. Once the radiological information was collected, it was then statistically reviewed. The aim of the statistical analysis is to identify the equivalence between both diagnostic techniques. To this end, sensitivity, specificity and validity index were calculated. In addition, intra and inter-observer reliability were measured by Cohen’s kappa values and also using the McNemar test. Results340 lumbar levels were evaluated from 68 adult patients with chronic low back pain or sciatica. 63.2% of them were women, with an average age of 60.3 years (SD 14.7). CT shows high values of sensitivity and specificity (>80%) in most of the items evaluated, but sensitivity was low for the evaluation of density of the disc (40%) and for the detection of disc herniation (55%). Moreover, agreement between MRI and CT in most of these items was substantial or almost perfect (Cohen’s kappa-coefficient > 0’8), excluding Modic changes (kappa = 0.497), degenerative changes (kappa0.688), signal of the disc (kappa = 0.327) and disc herniation (kappa = 0.639). Finally, agreement between both observers is mostly high (kappa > 0.8). Foraminal stenosis, canal stenosis and the grade of the canal stenosis were overdiagnosed by the inexperienced observer in the evaluation of CT images. Conclusions and significanceCT is as sensitive as lumbar MRI in the evaluation of most of the items analysed, excluding Modic changes, degenerative changes, signal of the disc and disc herniation. In addition, these results are obtained regardless the experience of the radiologist. The rising use of diagnostic medical imaging and the improvement of image quality brings the opportunity of making a second look of abdominal CT in search of causes of LBP. Thereby, inappropriate medical imaging could be avoided (2). In addition, it would allow to reduce MRI waiting list and prioritize other patients with more severe pathology than LBP.

Role of ultrasonography in upper airway assessment: A comparison with computerized tomography measurements

IntroductionThis study aimed to compare ultrasonography (US) measurements of the upper airway to computerized tomography (CT) measurements. Our study's primary outcome is to research the accuracy of US measurements in the evaluation of upper airway diameters when CT is taken as the gold standard; the secondary outcome is to determine the time required to obtain US measurements. MethodsThis prospective study included patients ≥18 years old that had undergone thoracic or neck CT due to current clinical necessity. The US measurement for each patient was performed by two researchers with different levels of experience, both of whom were blinded to each other and the CT measurements. Measurements were obtained from the vocal cords and subglottic region. The duration of the US performance was also recorded. ResultsThe US and CT measurements were obtained from 94 patients. Concordance between US and CT measurements was found in the Bland-Altman analysis, with a mean −0.05 mm difference for vocal cord diameter and −1.2 mm for subglottic diameter. The intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) between the CT and US measurements were 0.993, and 0.609 for vocal cord and subglottic diameter measurements, respectively. The ICC between US performers was 0.992 for vocal cord diameter and 0.959 for subglottic diameter. The US's mean time for vocal cord diameter measurement was 38 ± 23 s, and the mean time for subglottic diameter measurement was 49 ± 30 s. ConclusionThe concordance between US and CT measurements is high and the measurements of different practitioners with different experience levels are compatible with each other.

Brain Imaging and neurostimulation in health and disorders: status report

INTRODUCTION: Despite being considered least important for clinical practice in the pyramid of evidence for recommendations, sometimes scientists' expert opinions could help to better understand the summarization of updated publications. OBJECTIVE: To provide a major summarized update about brain imaging and stimulation of the nervous system in health and disease. METHODS: Comprehensive review developed by experts in each subarea of knowledge in neuroimaging and non-invasive stimulation of the nervous system. A team of researchers and clinic experts was invited to present an update on their area of expertise. RESULTS: In basics on brain imaging techniques, we approach general and quantitative electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, functional near-infrared spectroscopy, and experimental paradigms in brain imaging studies. Were included associations between transcranial magnetic stimulation and electromyography, electroencephalography, and functional near-infrared stimulation to evaluate brain activity. Furthermore, we showed several actualized central and peripheral neuromodulation techniques. And finally, we presented different clinical and performance uses of non-invasive neuromodulation. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is a major summarized and concentrated update about brain imaging and stimulation that can benefit neuroscience researchers and clinicians from different levels of experience.

Risk and subjective rationality as decision-making factors in the professional activity of Police Officers

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the lack of development of the problem of forming the decision- making ability at the stage of professional training and the need to improve the modern daily practice of future law enforcement officers to ensure the accuracy and timeliness of decisions made against the background of a constant increase in the volume and complexity of incoming information. The purpose of the study was to determine the conceptual basis for the influence of subjective rationality and risk readiness in the decision- making system in the professional activities of police officers. The paper uses the method of comparative and correlation analysis, and statistical analysis of primary data. According to the results of the study, significant correlations were established between rationality and risk factors in decision-making among police officers in groups with different levels of experience and professionalism. The current study focuses on intra-group variations in risk maximisation and the use of rational traits, particularly vigilance, procrastination, avoidance, and over-vigilance in decision-making. These psychological phenomena are explained by studying the main group of law enforcement officers (n=116), divided by the sample according to the criterion of experience in practice (n=59, n=57). A significant difference and psychological difference in the decision-making process component was found between groups with and without practical work experience in law enforcement. This provides an opportunity for further expansion and development in this area, defining the main approach to creating professional skills, forming the ability to make decisions in law enforcement officers without practical experience, and consolidating the basic skills of law enforcement officers with practical experience. The practical significance of the study lies in the prospect of developing psychocorrective programmes and trainings aimed at various employees of law enforcement agencies, depending on the practical experience gained and the area of activity. The research materials can be used in the process of optimising the educational process in professional institutions

Three-dimensional accuracy of endodontic access preparations using novel nonrestrictive static guides: A laboratory study.

This study compared the accuracy of traditional endodontic access to conservative access cavities prepared with or without novel nonrestrictive endodontic access guides by operators with different levels of clinical experience without visual aids, using a three-dimensional volumetric accuracy analysis method. The accuracy of the preparations was analysed using a novel 3D volumetric analysis by calculating the intersection and volume of the actual cavities to the planned model cavities. The experienced operator significantly outperformed the inexperienced operator in the free hand groups, while accuracy of conservative access cavities prepared using the novel guides were comparable and significantly higher than the other groups (p < 0.05). The results demonstrated clinical experience enhanced endodontic preparations accuracy and that nonrestrictive guides achieve accurate conservative access cavities which are independent of the operator skill level. Additionally, the three-dimensional volumetric analysis is a consistent and objective method to judge the accuracy of guided endodontic techniques.