Different Levels Of Development Research Articles

How does financial openness affect economic growth at different stages of economies?

An area of debate in development economics is how financial openness affects economic development. In spite of considerable research, there is no consensus. This is because there are many financial openness indices, so the results are not robust to variations in the index, as discussed in Gräbner et al. (2021). Due to the possibility of different initial conditions, different levels of development, and/or different stages of transitions, the effect of financial openness could vanish without considering these factors. Therefore, this paper categorizes countries into stable countries (High-, Medium-, and Low-income countries) and transition countries (Transitioning to High and Transitioning to Medium income) based on World Bank Categorization. The results show that the effect of financial openness is positive for medium- and low-income level countries. However, it is not at a high-income level.

Financial dependence and exports: Entrants or incumbents?

AbstractUsing firm‐level customs data from 51 countries at different levels of development, we explore differential impacts of access to finance on incumbent and new exporters. Consistent with the literature, firms in sectors more dependent on external finance have higher exports based in financially more developed countries. This effect, however, occurs entirely through entrants, with no effect found for incumbents. The trade response of entrants works primarily through the extensive margin (number of exporters) rather than the intensive margin (average size). We further find access to external finance affects exporter entry rates while it does not affect exporter exit rates.

Capacidade de comunicação das entidades do CNS nos meios digitais: há assimetrias expressivas entre os segmentos?

Abstract This work presents the results of a study that analyzed the processes and communication strategies by the entities represented in the National Health Council (NHC), 2018-2021 administration. The production of alternative communication by civil society constitutes one of the fundamental principles of democratic regimes for an important American institutionalist author (Robert Dahl). The emergence of the Internet and social networks has brought new demands for these organizations to disseminate their ideas and be present in this network society (Castells). Our study aimed to analyze the extent to which these entities are present in the digital media and to verify if there were significant differences in the communication capacity among the segments represented in the NHC. A survey was applied to the communication departments of the 42 NHC entities from September 2019 to February 2020. Thirty-four answers were obtained (81%). The results show the existence of 3 different levels of development in communication within these entities, regardless of the macro-institutional categories. Our article ends by discussing the results in light of the polyarchy and the digital democracy models and highlighting new steps towards effective democratic communication policies and participation.

Communication capacity of NHC entities in digital media: are there significant asymmetries among segments?

This work presents the results of a study that analyzed the processes and communication strategies by the entities represented in the National Health Council (NHC), 2018-2021 administration. The production of alternative communication by civil society constitutes one of the fundamental principles of democratic regimes for an important American institutionalist author (Robert Dahl). The emergence of the Internet and social networks has brought new demands for these organizations to disseminate their ideas and be present in this network society (Castells). Our study aimed to analyze the extent to which these entities are present in the digital media and to verify if there were significant differences in the communication capacity among the segments represented in the NHC. A survey was applied to the communication departments of the 42 NHC entities from September 2019 to February 2020. Thirty-four answers were obtained (81%). The results show the existence of 3 different levels of development in communication within these entities, regardless of the macro-institutional categories. Our article ends by discussing the results in light of the polyarchy and the digital democracy models and highlighting new steps towards effective democratic communication policies and participation.

Effects of Environmental Factors on Bird Communities in Different Urbanization Grades: An Empirical Study in Lishui, a Mountainous Area of Eastern China.

The rapid development of urbanization has changed landscape patterns and biological habitats severely and, therefore, affected biodiversity. In this study, we selected 75 townships in Lishui, a mountainous area in eastern China, to conduct bird surveys for two years. We analyzed the birds' composition characters in townships with different levels of development in order to identify the effects on bird diversity of the urban development level, land cover pattern, landscape pattern, and other factors. In total, 296 bird species from 18 orders and 67 families were recorded between December 2019 and January 2021. A total of 166 species of birds belonged to Passeriformes (56.08%). The seventy-five townships were divided into three grades by K-means cluster analysis. The average number of bird species, richness index, and diversity index were higher in G-H (highest urban development level) compared with the other grades. At the township level, landscape diversity and landscape fragmentation were the key factors that positively affected the bird species number, diversity index, and richness index. Landscape diversity had a greater effect than landscape fragmentation, particularly on the Shannon-Weiner diversity index. The diversity and heterogeneity of urban landscapes could be improved by constructing biological habitats in future urban development planning to maintain and increase biodiversity. The results obtained in this study provide a theoretical basis for urban planning in mountainous areas, and a reference for policymakers to formulate biodiversity conservation strategies, construct reasonable biodiversity patterns, and solve practical biodiversity conservation problems.

Comparison of Herding Effect Between Developed Countries and Developing Countries

How to properly invest in the stock market is a hot issue of social concern, and some studies have shown that the herding effect will have a certain impact on the market stability and market efficiency of the stock market, and the herding effect between countries with different levels of development can be studied in more depth. The research topic of this paper is the study of herding effects in countries with different levels of development. The research methodology of this paper is as follows: developed and developing countries are divided into two categories, and four countries, the United States, the United Kingdom, China, and Indonesia, are selected to explore the causes and effects of the herding effect in developed and developing countries, respectively. The study found that the herding effect was more pronounced in developing countries compared to developed countries. The herding effect is more pronounced in developing countries because of the relatively imperfect construction of financial markets, the lack of financial literacy of the people, and so on, so these internal factors lead to the herding effect. In contrast, developed countries need to pay more attention to the herding effect caused by external influences such as epidemics and financial crises.

Spermatophore development in drones indicates the metabolite support for sperm storage in honey bees (Apis cerana).

Developing effective long-term sperm storage strategies to maintain activity requires an understanding of the underlying spermatophore developmental phase in drones. Here we compared the developmental processes and metabolites about seminal vesicles of drones from different parentages (0-24d)in honeybee colonies, including mated queens, virgin queens, and worker bees. The results showed a similar developmental trend of seminal vesicles in thethree groups of drones on the whole, although there were significant differences in developmental levels, as well as in other indicators. Correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between seminal vesicle width and sperm viability. The metabolomics of the seminal vesicles in drones from mated queens showed differences of the metabolites in each stage. Particularly, squalene identified among them was validated a protective effect on sperm vitality in vitro experiments. Together the results of these assays support that there were significant differences in the developmental levels of seminal vesicles among the three groups of drones in honeybees, wherein a significant correlation between sperm viability and the developmental levels of seminal vesicles were dissected. The metabolomics analysis and semen storage experiments in vitro display signatures of squalene that may act as an effective protective agent in maintaining sperm viability. Collectively, our findings indicate that spermatophore development in drones provides metabolite support, which contributes to research on the differences of sperm viability among drones in the future.

The Impact of Investor Sentiment on Stock Prices in The Developed and Developing Countries

The study of causal relationship of investor sentiment on stock prices has got more and more attention. This paper examines the impact of investor sentiment on investment behavior and thus on stock prices in four different countries including two developed countries (United States and United Kingdom), and two developing countries (China and India). Due to different levels of development, different countries have different measures of consumer sentiment. Therefore, the author enumerates in detail the measures of sentiment index for each studied country. By comparing representatives of investor indices, the index accuracy was analyzed as a function of market spacing. In addition, the differences between the conclusions of developing countries and developed countries are also compared. Meanwhile, the mutual influence of investor sentiment was summarized among developed countries. The empirical findings show that the study about exploring the causal relationship of the investor sentiment on the stock prices plays an important role in formulating detailed investor strategies. In other words, investors who are familiar with the impact of emotions on stock prices can be more successful in stock investing and their investment risk can be reduced than those who are not.

Insomnia, Daytime Sleepiness, and Quality of Life among 20,139 College Students in 60 Countries around the World-A 2016-2021 Study.

Sleep disorders are a widespread phenomenon, and the number of individuals suffering from them is increasing every year, especially among young adults. Currently, the literature lacks studies that cover both countries with different levels of development and a period before the announcement of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, this study aims to globally assess the prevalence of insomnia and daytime sleepiness among students and assess their quality of life. For this purpose, our own questionnaire was distributed online via Facebook.com. In addition to the questions that assessed socioeconomic status, the survey included psychometric tools, such as the Athens insomnia scale (AIS), the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), and the Manchester short assessment of the quality of life (MANSA). The survey distribution period covered 31 January 2016 to 30 April 2021. The survey involved 20,139 students from 60 countries around the world. The vast majority of the students were women (78.2%) and also those residing in countries with very high levels of development and/or high GDP (gross domestic product) per capita at 90.4% and 87.9%, respectively. More than half (50.6%) of the respondents (10,187) took the survey before the COVID-19 pandemic was announced. In the group analyzed, 11,597 (57.6%) students obtained a score indicative of insomnia and 5442 (27.0%) a score indicative of daytime sleepiness. Women, low-income residents, and nonmedical students were significantly more likely to have scores indicating the presence of insomnia. Individuals experiencing both sleepiness (B = -3.142; p < 0.001) and daytime sleepiness (B = -1.331; p < 0.001) rated their quality of life significantly lower. Insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness are common conditions among students worldwide and are closely related. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly altered students' diurnal rhythms, which contributed to an increase in insomnia. Students in countries with a high GDP per capita index are significantly less likely to develop insomnia compared to the residents of countries with a low GDP per capita index. Sleep disorders definitely reduce the quality of life of students.

Does the Digital Economy Increase Green TFP in Cities?

COVID-19 accelerated the growth of the digital economy and digital transformation across the globe. Meanwhile, it also created a higher demand for productivity in the real economy. Hence, the correlation between the digital economy and green productivity is worth studying as COVID-19 prevention becomes the norm. The digital economy overcomes the limitations imposed by traditional factors of production on economic growth and empowers innovative R&D and resource allocation in all aspects. This study delved into the digital economy by focusing on its green value at different levels of development. The study gathered the green-productivity indices and the principal components of the digital economy for each prefecture-level city in China from 2011 to 2019 and meticulously portrayed their trends in spatial and temporal figures. Meanwhile, regression models were used to verify the mechanism through which digital-economy development influences the changes in green productivity. The results showed that: (1) a higher level of digital economy helps to increase urban green total-factor productivity (GTFP) and that the conclusions of this paper still held after potential endogeneity problems were solved through the instrumental-variables approach; (2) the digital economy will drive an increase in urban GTFP by upgrading firms' production technologies and that digital-economy development encourages green patent applications from firms; and (3) as the digital economy develops, it will also drive urban GTFP increases by removing polluting enterprises from the market and that the higher the level of digital-economy development, the greater the number and probability of polluting enterprises exiting the market. In view of this study's results, the government should increase the importance of the digital economy, strengthen the role of the digital economy in promoting urban green development, and provide more guidance on regional green development with the help of the digital economy.

On the Measurement of Regional Differences in the Development Level of Digital Inclusive Finance in China

In the context of the rapid development of digital inclusive finance in China, the main contradiction in today's society is the contradiction between the growing needs of the people for a better life and imbalanced and insufficient development. Therefore, the issue of differences in the allocation of digital financial resources among regions at different levels of development urgently needs to be addressed. Based on this background, this article takes the Peking University Digital Inclusive Finance Index (2011-2020) as the research object, and constructs methods such as DagumGini coefficient and Thiel index as comparative indicators to study the differences between regions at different levels of development under digital inclusive finance. The research results are used to explore the allocation of digital financial resources among regions at different levels of development. The results of this article indicate that there are significant differences in the development level among different provinces in China, and the degree of difference in development level among different regions has generally shown a decreasing trend year by year from 2011 to 2020.

РЕЙТИНГ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ СУБЪЕКТОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

In this paper, the authors continue their research of the scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation's regions. The relevance of this issue in the context of technological sanctions pressure blocking the country’s access to foreign technologies and investment resources is increasing. Given the federal nature of the state, its subjects’ different levels of development in all spheres, including science and technology, and the shortage of resources, it seems appropriate to identify local scientific and technological growth points. The authors provide a comparative analysis of various methods for rating scientific and technological development, including the governmental one. In addition, they propose their own methodology based on existing statistical data, and rate Russian regions taking into account different aspects of scientific and technological development. The authors have come to a conclusion about the uneven scientific and technological development of the subjects of the Russian Federation, which is caused by the existing spatial distribution of scientific and technological infrastructure. They have identified a small group of regions determining the index for Russia as a whole. These regions are the country’s centers of innovative development where the necessary scientific and technological infrastructure was created, hosting leading research institutes and higher educational institutions with the high R&D potential.

ВПЛИВ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ НА ТІНІЗАЦІЮ СВІТОВОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of international competitiveness on the shadowing of the world economy and in the cross-section of groups of countries with different levels of income per capita. A theoretical analysis of the latest publications on the application of the methodology of quantitative and qualitative assessment of the mutual influence of international competitiveness and the shadowing of the world economy was carried out. The results of the correlation-regression analysis confirmed the following hypotheses: 1) regarding the existence of an inverse relationship between the shadow economy and international competitiveness at the global level (noticeable inverse correlation -0.689); 2) regarding the difference in the density and nature of the connection between the shadow economy and international competitiveness between groups of countries with different levels of per capita income. Thus, high-income countries have a high inverse correlation (-0.714), and low-income countries have a moderate inverse correlation (-0.477). The correlation between the shadow economy and international competitiveness in upper-middle-income and low-income country groups is not confirmed. The example of a single upper-middle-income country (China) shows that there is a very high inverse correlation (almost deterministic dependence). Econometric modeling showed that if the index of global competitiveness in countries with high per capita income increases by 1 point, the specific weight of the shadow economy of these countries will decrease by almost 1% of GDP. It is well-founded that directing economic policy to increase international competitiveness in high-income and lower-income countries will not only improve welfare and international competitive position but also reduce the shadowing of their economies. In upper-middle-income and low-income countries, it is necessary to look for other determinants of the impact of the shadow economy and to analyze more deeply both the manifestations of shadow activities and the institutional gaps that caused them. The use of global coordination mechanisms in countries with different levels of development to improve global competitiveness index scores across the main pillars will contribute to the formation of a global institutional architecture aimed at reducing the shadowing of the global economy. Keywords: shadow economy, shadow economy of the world economy, international competitiveness, global competitiveness index, grouping of countries.

On the impact of the digital economy on urban resilience based on a spatial Durbin model

<abstract> <p>Based on panel data from 31 provinces in China between 2011 and 2020, we empirically studied the impact of the digital economy on urban resilience using fixed-effects models, threshold-effects models and spatial Durbin models. Our research findings indicate that (1) the development of the digital economy has a significant positive impact on the enhancement of urban resilience; (2) the promotional effect of the digital economy on urban resilience varies significantly across different regions; (3) the promotional effect of the digital economy on urban resilience exhibits a typical double-threshold characteristic due to the different levels of development in digital financial inclusion and (4) the digital economy has a positive spillover effect on the urban resilience of surrounding areas. Therefore, we should actively promote the development of the digital economy and digital financial inclusion, making the digital economy a new driving force for promoting urban resilience.</p> </abstract>

STUDY OF THE STATE OF GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

The article is devoted to the study of the state of the global food problem. Today, one of the most important and urgent global problems of humanity is food security, as the population of the world is growing rapidly, there is a threat that the existing natural resources are not enough to produce the amount of food that is necessary for the consumption of the population. Uneven development and irrational use of resources aggravate the food problem. In these conditions, it is urgent to strengthen the cooperation of countries to solve the global food problem. The threat of global food security makes the issue of increasing agricultural productivity more urgent than ever in countries that are currently the largest producers of agricultural products, including Ukraine. Despite the considerable amount of theoretical and analytical information on food security programs, insufficient attention has been paid to the causes and preconditions of the problem of hunger. In particular, the article presents the key concepts of global food security and examines the causes that aggravate the food crisis. The absence and lack of food security of the population is analyzed, changes in the prevalence of malnutrition that have occurred in recent years are considered, and the general scale of food security in the world is shown. The ranking of countries using the global food security index is also determined. As a result of the analysis of the reasons for the development of the global food problem, it was established that the food problem has reached global proportions today. There is an imbalance in food between countries of different levels of development. In countries with a low level of development and those that are developing, a situation of high depletion of food is observed. Many factors influenced this. Economic, environmental and climate crises have significantly increased the risk of worsening food security in the world and the likelihood of famine in certain regions. Russia's war against Ukraine, which is destroying its supply chain infrastructure and exacerbating food security problems, has contributed to increased attention to the issues under study. The research is aimed at determining the assessment of food security in the world and in Ukraine.

МАКРОЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ТУРИСТИЧНОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ УКРАЇНИ В МІЖНАРОДНОМУ СПІВРОБІТНИЦТВІ

The study conducts a detailed analysis of the development of the tourism industry in Ukraine, determining the scale of tourist flows in the pre-war and wartime periods. The current volume of tourist tax and the growth (decline) rates of tourist tax in Ukraine are analyzed, the share of tourist revenues to the state budget is determined, the volume of taxes of tourism entities is analyzed, the dynamics of the total cost of tourist trips sold by tour operators and travel agencies is presented, and the rate of decline in services provided by the tourism industry entities of Ukraine in the international market is calculated. Research results. The article presents a structural model of development of the international market of services under the influence of the level of liberalization and introduction of franchising transfer technologies in the international cooperation of tourism industry entities. flows in the macro-regional systems of Europe, America, Asia, Africa and Australia are analyzed. Conclusion. The development of franchising in the tourism market of Ukraine can become one of the most effective forms of support for small businesses in regional tourist destinations. Taking into account the peculiarities of the territorial organization of the potential for international cooperation in Ukraine and different levels of development of tourist destinations, a generalized multicultural form of functioning of the tourism industry in the geo-economic space of the international tourism market is proposed. For each tourist macro-region, the corresponding integration core is defined, which is a state or a group of countries that are socio-economically united in tourist products at the intersection of local-regional and macro-regional systems. The creation of strategic management in the local-regional systems of Ukraine, focused on the rational use of attracted foreign direct investment from partners of macro-regional systems in Europe, may be key to increasing labor productivity, strengthening economic growth and expanding international cooperation in the tourism industry.

Նորարարությունը որպես տնտեսության մրցունակության բարձրացման շարժիչ ուժ / Innovation as a Driving Force for Enhancing Economic Competitiveness

Under the conditions of technological progress, the most significant prerequisite for the competitiveness of the economy in the long term and the best way to resist global challenges is the development of the innovation sector. The relationships between quantitative and qualitative characteristics of innovation and economic status index also provide evidence for that point of view. From these perspectives, it is coming on the agenda to develop and implement innovation development policy. It requires a quantitative assessment of the innovation system, one of the most important components of which is the classification of countries with different levels of development. In the paper, a similar analysis was implemented using the clustering tool, which enables to group countries according to innovation indicators and economic status index, and assess the progress or regression of countries. Based on the results, three groups of countries were distinguished: "leaders", "initiators" and "laggards". The most competitive countries were involved in the "leaders" cluster, which stand out with the best values of the indicators characterizing the innovative system. Meanwhile, the other two clusters include economically vulnerable countries with underdeveloped innovative system that require the development and implementation of effective innovation policy. From the perspective of practical significance, the results of the research are essential in the context of reviewing, adjusting policy priorities, selecting implementation mechanisms and achieving targets.

A big-data-based recurrent neural network method for forest energy estimation

In this paper, the recurrent neural network algorithm of big data is used to conduct in-depth research and analysis on the estimation of forest energy, and the corresponding forestry construction and biomass energy industry development are proposed. Firstly, by introducing a non-negative variable, the bounded constrained underdetermined linear system is transformed into a time-varying system consisting of linear and non-linear equations. Meanwhile, the actual situation of industrial raw material supply of forest biomass is explored by considering the technical level of collection, transportation, and storage. Then, three different alternative scale scenarios are designed to explore the development dynamics of the forest biomass industry in Guizhou under different levels of development and to propose optimization schemes and policy recommendations accordingly. Finally, the simulation results show that in terms of energy efficiency, economic benefits, and environmental benefits, the proposed mehtod can achieve carbon dioxide emission reduction benefits of about 46.17% and increase the economic benefits of carbon dioxide trading by 35.69%.

THE RATIO OF STANDARDIZATION AND HEURISTICS IN FORENSIC SCIENCE

The article considers forensic expert activity as a process, which from the point of view of the management system is a set of interrelated standard operations and a creative approach, due to the specifics and novelty of the research objects, the specifics of the tasks assigned to the expert by the customer, as well as different levels of development of methodological support for genera and types of forensic science.

Özel Öğretim Kurumlarında Stratejik Finansal Yönetim Uygulamaları

In this study, it is aimed to examine the strategic financial management practices in private educational institutions. How they do not have visibility on the scale of the global financial companies and employment opportunities, considering that private education institutions domestically and abroad, as well as an understanding of economic growth, increasing employment opportunities for their contributions to economic and social development model constitutes the basis for vibrant and productive. For this reason, especially after 1980, the attention of researchers and experts in the fields of business administration, economics and management in our country, as well as all over the world, has turned to private educational institutions. In this context, private educational institutions have been generally accepted as a source of flexibility, productivity, innovation and dynamism in both developed and developing countries. When the literature related to private educational institutions is examined, it is seen that the research, examinations and studies carried out so far constitute a very important unit. The financial mechanisms of private educational institutions are explained by the differentiation between national administrations, Dectoral and financing characteristics, and different levels of development of national administrations. Private educational institutions, which are one of the economic principles and financial basic structures of countries, have significant advantages in a competitive environment with companies with strong capital working in the same field. Key Words: Private Educational Institution, Educational Management, Financial Management