Different Levels Of Completeness Research Articles

Mapping across Standards to Calculate the MIDS Level of Digitisation of Natural Science Collections

The Minimum Information about a Digital Specimen (MIDS) standard is being developed within Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) to provide a framework for organisations, communities and infrastructures to define, measure, monitor and prioritise the digitisation of specimen data to achieve increased accessibility and scientific use. MIDS levels indicate different levels of completeness in digitisation and range from Level 0: not yet meeting minimal required information needs for scientific use to Level 3: fulfilling the requirements for Digital Extended Specimens (Hardisty et al. 2022) by inclusion of persistent identifiers (PIDs) that connect the specimen with derived and related data. MIDS Levels 0–2 are generic for all specimens. From MIDS Level 2 onwards we make a distinction between biological, geological and palaeontological specimens. While MIDS represents a minimum specification, defining and publishing more extensive sets of information elements (extensions) is readily feasible and explicitly recommended. The MIDS level of a digital specimen can be calculated based on the availability of certain information elements. The MIDS standard applies to published data. The ability to map from, to and between TDWG standards is key to being able to measure the MIDS level of the digitised specimen(s). Each MIDS term is being mapped across TDWG standards involving Darwin Core (DwC), the Access to Biological Collections Data (ABCD) Schema and Latimer Core (LtC, Woodburn et al. 2022), using mapping properties provided by the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) ontology. In this presentation, we will show selected case studies that demonstrate the implementation of the MIDS standard supplemented by MIDS mappings to ABCD, to LtC, and to the Distributed System of Scientific Collections' (DISSCo) Open Digital Specimen specification. The studies show the mapping exercise in practice, with the aim of enabling fully automated and accurate calculations. To provide a reliable indicator for the level of digitisation completeness, it is important that calculations are done consistently in all implementations.

A compendium of bacterial and archaeal single-cell amplified genomes from oxygen deficient marine waters

Oxygen-deficient marine waters referred to as oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) or anoxic marine zones (AMZs) are common oceanographic features. They host both cosmopolitan and endemic microorganisms adapted to low oxygen conditions. Microbial metabolic interactions within OMZs and AMZs drive coupled biogeochemical cycles resulting in nitrogen loss and climate active trace gas production and consumption. Global warming is causing oxygen-deficient waters to expand and intensify. Therefore, studies focused on microbial communities inhabiting oxygen-deficient regions are necessary to both monitor and model the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystem functions and services. Here we present a compendium of 5,129 single-cell amplified genomes (SAGs) from marine environments encompassing representative OMZ and AMZ geochemical profiles. Of these, 3,570 SAGs have been sequenced to different levels of completion, providing a strain-resolved perspective on the genomic content and potential metabolic interactions within OMZ and AMZ microbiomes. Hierarchical clustering confirmed that samples from similar oxygen concentrations and geographic regions also had analogous taxonomic compositions, providing a coherent framework for comparative community analysis.

Analysis of the Main Models for the Implementation of Distance Technologies in the School Educational Process

The article deals with the issue of using the infrastructure of secondary educational institutions for the implementation of distance learning technologies in the educational process. The authors analyze possible options for creating technical and software supplies for the most efficient use of distance learning technologies. The organizational aspects of the implementation of distance learning technologies, options for administrative actions in the presence of different levels of completeness of communication, server and client equipment necessary for the use of distance learning technologies are considered. The purpose of the article is to formulate recommendations on the implementation of distance learning technologies for various educational institutions, allowing the most rational distribution and use of available resources. Research methodology and methods. The research methodology is based on a comparative analysis of scientific literature, analysis of statistical data of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation in order to identify the most effective approaches for the implementation of distance learning technologies into the school educational process. Research results, discussion. The article identifies three main models for the use of distance learning technologies in the implementation of educational programs, depending on the personnel, technical and financial resources of schools. The recommendations formulated in the article can be used to achieve educational results based on the use of digital technologies in the educational process. Conclusion. The prospects of the study are related to solving the problem of implementation distance learning technologies into the educational process of various schools in modern conditions. School administrators need to evaluate their resources and take steps to the most productive use of distance learning technologies into the educational process.

A Novel Benchmarking Approach to Assess the Agreement among Radiomic Tools.

Background The translation of radiomic models into clinical practice is hindered by the limited reproducibility of features across software and studies. Standardization is needed to accelerate this process and to bring radiomics closer to clinical deployment. Purpose To assess the standardization level of seven radiomic software programs and investigate software agreement as a function of built-in image preprocessing (eg, interpolation and discretization), feature aggregation methods, and the morphological characteristics (ie, volume and shape) of the region of interest (ROI). Materials and Methods The study was organized into two phases: In phase I, the two Image Biomarker Standardization Initiative (IBSI) phantoms were used to evaluate the IBSI compliance of seven software programs. In phase II, the reproducibility of all IBSI-standardized radiomic features across tools was assessed with two custom Italian multicenter Shared Understanding of Radiomic Extractors (ImSURE) digital phantoms that allowed, in conjunction with a systematic feature extraction, observations on whether and how feature matches between program pairs varied depending on the preprocessing steps, aggregation methods, and ROI characteristics. Results In phase I, the software programs showed different levels of completeness (ie, the number of computable IBSI benchmark values). However, the IBSI-compliance assessment revealed that they were all standardized in terms of feature implementation. When considering additional preprocessing steps, for each individual program, match percentages fell by up to 30%. In phase II, the ImSURE phantoms showed that software agreement was dependent on discretization and aggregation as well as on ROI shape and volume factors. Conclusion The agreement of radiomic software varied in relation to factors that had already been standardized (eg, interpolation and discretization methods) and factors that need standardization. Both dependences must be resolved to ensure the reproducibility of radiomic features and to pave the way toward the clinical adoption of radiomic models. Published under a CC BY 4.0 license. Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Steiger in this issue. An earlier incorrect version appeared online and in print. This article was corrected on March 2, 2022.

UCEasy: A software package for automating and simplifying the analysis of ultraconserved elements (UCEs).

BackgroundThe use of Ultraconserved Elements (UCEs) as genetic markers in phylogenomics has become popular and has provided promising results. Although UCE data can be easily obtained from targeted enriched sequencing, the protocol for in silico analysis of UCEs consist of the execution of heterogeneous and complex tools, a challenge for scientists without training in bioinformatics. Developing tools with the adoption of best practices in research software can lessen this problem by improving the execution of computational experiments, thus promoting better reproducibility.New informationWe present UCEasy, an easy-to-install and easy-to-use software package with a simple command line interface that facilitates the computational analysis of UCEs from sequencing samples, following the best practices of research software. UCEasy is a wrapper that standardises, automates and simplifies the quality control of raw reads, assembly and extraction and alignment of UCEs, generating at the end a data matrix with different levels of completeness that can be used to infer phylogenetic trees. We demonstrate the functionalities of UCEasy by reproducing the published results of phylogenomic studies of the bird genus Turdus (Aves) and of Adephaga families (Coleoptera) containing genomic datasets to efficiently extract UCEs.

Estimating the maximum earthquake magnitude in the Iranian Plateau

The Iranian Plateau has been subjected to destructive earthquakes throughout its history. Reliable assessment of the seismic hazard in this earthquake-prone region is therefore essential. Our study focuses on estimating the maximum earthquake magnitude as one of the main parameters of seismic hazard analysis. We implemented two quantitative approaches, namely, probabilistic and deterministic. The probabilistic method allows combining the historical (i.e. incomplete) and the instrumental parts of a catalogue with different levels of completeness and considers the uncertainties in earthquake magnitude determination. In this study, we used a unified, declustered, and complete catalogue of earthquakes in Iran, covering the period from the fourth century BC to 2019. We calculated the maximum possible magnitudes for hundreds of grid points by using the seismicity data in a 200-km radial region around each grid point. The maximum possible earthquake was observed to vary between 6.0 and 8.2, and the highest values were found in the Alborz-Azarbayejan seismotectonic province, Kopeh-Dagh, central east Iran, Makran, and the southeast Zagros. The lowest mmax values were found in the Persian Gulf, Arabian Platform, Esfahan-Sirjan region, and the Dasht-e-Kavir Desert in central Iran. As a second part to this study, we calculated the maximum credible earthquakes for 1103 identified major faults by using five empirical magnitude-scaling relationships. Our results were consistent with both the observed earthquakes and the seismic potential of the various seismogenic zones of Iran. The study results can be used in future seismic hazard analyses and have fundamental implications for mitigating seismic risk in Iran.

Energy Production and Consumption in the European Union - Assessment of Changes in the Aspects of Sustainability and the Energy Self-Sufficiency

Purpose: The study discusses the issue of energy sustainability of the EC countries from the point of view of renewable energy sources, energy consumption and energy dependence and general energy demand of the economy. The study aims to identify and evaluate the key characteristics of the energy sector of the European Union countries in 2016. Design/Methodology/Approach: The information used in the comparative analysis includes the data published in EUROSTAT and the BP Statistical Review of World Energy reports. The data applied to the characteristics of global trends in energy production and consumption in regards to self-sufficiency and sustainability of the energy sector im EU. Findings: The analysis shows that despite the common challenges, the membership countries show significantly different levels of completion of climate and energy goals established by the E. The EC countries often represent different approaches to the issues related with the production and consumption of primary energy. The first approach can be observed in most Western European countries in which the energy production is mainly based on renewable sources and meet a minor part of the economy’s energy demand. The second approach is represented by the Central and Eastern European countries and focus on self-sufficiency and security of their own energy systems in which the production of primary energy is better balanced with consumption, however, the contribution of renewable sources is small. Practical Implications: The recommendations resulting from the analyses may be used as a valuable source of information for the entities and institutions responsible for developing the tasks undertaken as part of the environmental policies. Originality/Value: The results supplement previous research on the analysis of sustainability and self-sufficiency of the energy sector of the EU countries.

Back to the future: old methods for new estimation and test of the Gutenberg–Richter b-value for catalogues with variable completeness

SUMMARYIn this short paper we show how to use the classical maximum likelihood estimation procedure for the b-value of the Gutenberg–Richter law for catalogues with different levels of completeness. With a simple correction, that is subtracting the relative completeness level to each magnitude, it becomes possible to use the classical approach. Moreover, this correction allows to adopt the testing procedures, initially made for catalogues with a single level of completeness, for catalogues with different levels of completeness too.

МІСЬКЕ САМОВРЯДУВАННЯ НАДДНІПРЯНСЬКОЇ УКРАЇНИ ОСТАННЬОЇ ЧВЕРТІ XVIII – ПОЧАТКУ XX СТОЛІТТЯ В ІСТОРІОГРАФІЧНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ ІМПЕРСЬКОЇ ДОБИ

The extent of scientific development of the history of municipal self-government in Dnipro Ukraine of the last quarter of the 18th – early 20th century has been analyzed. An essential condition for the establishment of civil society in Ukraine is effective local self-government. Municipal self-government plays a key role as one of its subjects in today's urban world. It has been determined that the historiography of this problem is represented by a considerable historiographic massif. During the imperial era, many scientific and popular educational works of local, reference and historical, and journalistic nature were accumulated. They presented the problems of the history of municipal self-government with different levels of completeness. It was found out that in the centre of attention of scientists, first of all historians and jurists, were various issues of history of creation, formation and activity of municipal self-government, reasons of changes of legislative acts concerning self-governing institutions, relations of municipal government with state authorities, the main of which were in the sphere of power distribution. It was found that a specific feature of the first chronological stage was the dominance of the formal legal approach and a constricted source base of research. That did not allow authors to go beyond comments and descriptions of legislative acts. A characteristic feature of the research approach of the authors of works on the history of municipal self-government of the second and third stages is, firstly, the predominance of legal and specific-historical approaches to the coverage of the topic. Secondly, there was certain ambiguity and fuzziness of conceptual and categorical apparatus which conditioned insufficient depth of theoretical analysis of the problem. At the same time, scholars of the imperial era laid a solid scientific foundation for the study of this institution by modern authors.

Vai trò của chương trình xây dựng nông thôn mới trong phát triển kinh tế hộ

New Rural Construction Program is a key national program with the goal of comprehensive development of rural areas. After 10 years of implementation, it is necessary to assess the impact of the program, especially on people in rural areas. Four hundred and fifty-eight households in Hau Giang province were interviewed with respect to the commune groups with different levels of completion of the program criteria. The research results show that the new rural construction program positively affects income and socio-economic life in the study sites. By using propensity score matching method with the nearest neighbor matching, the research results show that the total income of the household after the program increases to VND 56,246 million/year at a statistical significance of 10%. For the scope/radius matching comparison method, the study showed that the total household income increased to VND 20,662 million/year at the 1% significance level.

Traditional neighborhood design as a new urbanist principle for the revival of post-industrial city centers: a comparative study of Lyon and Lodz

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the role of a Traditional Neighborhood Design (TND), one of New Urbanist principles, in the regeneration of post-industrial city centers. Its structure is the following. First, the contemporary elements of the TND are identified. Then, their actual versus declared use in strategies aimed at the renewal of major post-industrial sites is analyzed. Finally, the elements’ ability to improve the spatial quality of an urban area is assessed. The above purpose is achieved by analyzing the application of the New Urbanist planning tools by two urban regeneration projects at different levels of completion. The sites of the projects are the central areas of the French metropolis of Lyon and of the Polish city of Lodz.

Core Metadata Element Recommendations for Institutional Repositories at Texas A&M University Libraries

In 2017, a working group was formed at Texas A&M University Libraries to propose policies that would ensure the quality and consistency of descriptive metadata in the Libraries’ new DAME (Digital Asset Management Ecosystem), which consists of multiple repositories. This article describes the process that it used to identify a “core” set of metadata elements for all resources that would be stored within the DAME, and their recommendations for a three-tiered approach to address different levels of completeness. In addition, this article describes the issues that were encountered when recommending controlled vocabularies and standards for inputting certain metadata elements.

Towards a Global Collection Description Standard

With digitisation of natural history collections over the past decades, their traditional roles — for taxonomic studies and public education — have been greatly expanded into the fields of biodiversity assessments, climate change impact studies, trait analyses, sequencing, 3D object analyses etc. (Nelson and Ellis 2019; Watanabe 2019). Initial estimates of the global natural history collection range between 1.2 and 2.1 billion specimens (Ariño 2010), of which 169 million (8-14% - as of April 2019) are available at some level of digitisation through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). With iDigBio (Integrated Digitized Biocollections) established in the United States and with the European DiSSCo (Distributed Systems of Scientific Collections) accepted on the ESFRI roadmap, it has become a priority to digitize natural history collections at an industrialized scale. Both iDigBio and DiSSCo aim at mobilising, unifying and delivering bio- and geo-diversity information at the scale, form and precision required by scientific communities, and thereby transform a fragmented landscape into a coherent and responsive research infrastructure. In order to prioritise digitisation based on scientific demand, and efficiency using industrial digitisation pipelines, it is required to arrive at a uniform and unambiguously accepted collection description standard that would allow comparing, grouping and analysing natural history collections at diverse levels. Several initiatives attempt to unambiguously describe natural history collections using taxonomic and storage classification schemes. These initiatives include One World Collection, Global Registry of Scientific Collections (GRSciColl), TDWG (Taxonomic Databases Working Group) Natural Collection Descriptions (NCD) and CETAF (Consortium of European Taxonomy Facilities) passports, among others. In a collaborative effort of DiSSCo, ICEDIG (Innovation and consolidation for large scale digitisation of natural heritage), iDigBio, TDWG and the Task Group Collection Digitisation Dashboards, the various schemes were compared in a cross-walk analysis to propose a preliminary natural collection description standard that is supported by the wider community. In the process, two main user groups of collection descriptions standards were identified; scientists and collection managers. The classification produced intends to meet requirements from them both, resulting in three classification schemes that exist in parallel to each other (van Egmond et al. 2019). For scientific purposes a ‘Taxonomic’ and ‘Stratigraphic’ classification were defined, and for management purposes a ‘Storage’ classification. The latter is derived from specimen preservation types (e.g. dried, liquid preserved) defining storage requirements and the physical location of specimens in collection holding facilities. The three parallel collection classifications can be cross-sectioned with a ‘Geographic’ classification to assign sub-collections to major terrestrial and marine regions, which allow scientists to identify particular taxonomic or stratigraphic (sub-)collections from major geographical or marine regions of interest. Finally, to measure the level of digitisation of institutional collections and progress of digitisation through time, the number of digitised specimens for each geographically cross-sectioned (sub-)collection can be derived from institutional collection management systems (CMS). As digitisation has different levels of completeness a ‘Digitisation’ scheme has been adopted to quantify the level of digitisation of a collection from Saarenmaa et al. 2019, ranging from ‘not digitised’ to extensively digitised, recorded in a progressive scale of MIDS (Minimal Information for Digital Specimen). The applicability of this preliminary classification will be discussed and visualized in a Collection Digitisation Dashboards (CDD) to demonstrate how the implementation of a collection description standard allows the identification of existing gaps in taxonomic and geographic coverage and levels of digitisation of natural history collections. This set of common classification schemes and dashboard design (van Egmond et al. 2019) will be contributed to the TDWG Collection Description interest group to ultimately arrive at the common goal of a 'World Collection Catalogue'.

Szkoły powszechne i szkoły średnie ogólnokształcące w Olsztynie w latach 1945–1948

Po II wojnie światowej w Olsztynie tworzono od podstaw polską administrację w różnych jej dziedzinach. Jedną z nich było szkolnictwo. W okresie przejściowym dążono do organizacji szkół zgodnie z przedwojennym polskim ustrojem szkolnym z 1932 r. Na tym terenie, oprócz istniejącej w latach 1934–1939 Prywatnej Katolickiej Szkoły Powszechnej z polskim językiem wykładowym, w Olsztynie nie było tradycji polskiego szkolnictwa średniego i zawodowego. Brakowało pomocy dydaktycznych, nie było kadry pedagogicznej i władz oświatowych, istniała tylko w różnym stopniu zniszczona poniemiecka baza lokalowa szkół. Jednak w tak specyficznych warunkach udało się zainicjować, najkrótszy w dziejach, bo trwający zaledwie dwa miesiące, rok szkolny 1944/1945 i uruchomić w ramach szkoły średniej ogólnokształcącej pierwsze Państwowe Gimnazjum Męskie w Olsztynie oraz dwie szkoły powszechne o różnym stopniu organizacyjnym. W kolejnych latach nie tylko powiększano stan ilościowy olsztyńskich szkół, ale także podnoszono ich poziom organizacyjny.

Birth preparedness and complication readiness among women and couples and its association with skilled birth attendance in rural Bangladesh.

IntroductionDespite remarkable progress in maternal and neonatal health over past two decades, maternal and neonatal mortality in Bangladesh remain high, which is partially attributable to low use of skilled maternal and newborn health (MNH) services. Birth preparedness and complications readiness (BCPR) is recommended by the World Health Organization and by the Government of Bangladesh as a key intervention to increasing appropriate MNH services. This study aims to explore the status of BPCR in a hard-to-reach area of rural Bangladesh and to demonstrate how BPCR practices is associated with birth in the presence of a skilled birth attendant.MethodsData was collected using multistage cluster sampling-based household survey in two sub-districts of Netrokona, Bangladesh in 2014. Interviews were conducted among women with a recent birth history in 12-months and their husbands. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariable analysis using Stata 14.0 were performed from 317 couples.ResultsMean age of respondents was 26.1 (SD ± 5.3) years. There was a significant difference in BPCR practice between women and couples for identification of the place of birth (84% vs. 75%), identification of a birth attendant (89% vs.72%), arranging transport for birth or emergencies (20% vs. 13%), and identification of a blood donor (15% vs. 8%). In multivariable analysis, odds of giving birth in presence of a skilled birth attendant consistently increased with higher completeness of preparedness (OR 3.3 for 3–5 BPCR components, OR 5.5 for 4–5 BPCR components, OR 10.4 for all 5 BPCR components). For different levels of completeness of BPCR practice, the adjusted odds ratios were higher for couple preparedness comparatively.ConclusionsBPCR is associated with birth in the presence of a skilled attendant and this effect is magnified when planning is carried out by the couple. Interventions aiming to increase BPCR practices should not focus on women only, as involving the couple is most likely lead to positive care-seeking practices.

User acceptance testing for Agile-developed web-based applications: Empowering customers through wikis and mind maps

Abstract User Acceptance Testing (UAT) involves validating software in a real setting by the intended audience. The aim is not so much to check the defined requirements but to ensure that the software satisfies the customer’s needs. Agile methodologies put stringent demands on UAT, if only for the frequency at which it needs to be conducted due to the iterative development of small product releases. In this setting, traditional in-person meetings might not scale up well. Complementary ways are needed to reduce the costs of developer-customer collaboration during UAT. This work introduces a wiki-based approach where customers and developers asynchronously collaborate: developers set the UAT scaffolding that will later shepherd customers when testing. To facilitate understanding, mind maps are used to represent UAT sessions. To facilitate engagement, a popular mind map editor, FreeMind, is turned into an editor for FitNesse, the wiki engine in which these ideas are borne out. The approach is evaluated through a case study involving three real customers. First evaluations are promising. Though at different levels of completeness, the three customers were able to complete a UAT. Customers valued asynchronicity, mind map structuredness, and the transparent generation of documentation out of the UAT session.

Stochastic EM algorithms for parametric and semiparametric mixture models for right-censored lifetime data

Mixture models in reliability bring a useful compromise between parametric and nonparametric models, when several failure modes are suspected. The classical methods for estimation in mixture models rarely handle the additional difficulty coming from the fact that lifetime data are often censored, in a deterministic or random way. We present in this paper several iterative methods based on EM and Stochastic EM methodologies, that allow us to estimate parametric or semiparametric mixture models for randomly right censored lifetime data, provided they are identifiable. We consider different levels of completion for the (incomplete) observed data, and provide genuine or EM-like algorithms for several situations. In particular, we show that simulating the missing data coming from the mixture allows to plug a standard R package for survival data analysis in an EM algorithm's M-step. Moreover, in censored semiparametric situations, a stochastic step is the only practical solution allowing computation of nonparametric estimates of the unknown survival function. The effectiveness of the new proposed algorithms are demonstrated in simulation studies and an actual dataset example from aeronautic industry.

Improving the Robustness of Local Network Alignment: Design and Extensive Assessment of a Markov Clustering-Based Approach.

The analysis of protein behavior at the network level had been applied to elucidate the mechanisms of protein interaction that are similar in different species. Published network alignment algorithms proved to be able to recapitulate known conserved modules and protein complexes, and infer new conserved interactions confirmed by wet lab experiments. In the meantime, however, a plethora of continuously evolving protein-protein interaction (PPI) data sets have been developed, each featuring different levels of completeness and reliability. For instance, algorithms performance may vary significantly when changing the data set used in their assessment. Moreover, existing papers did not deeply investigate the robustness of alignment algorithms. For instance, some algorithms performances vary significantly when changing the data set used in their assessment. In this work, we design an extensive assessment of current algorithms discussing the robustness of the results on the basis of input networks. We also present AlignMCL, a local network alignment algorithm based on an improved model of alignment graph and Markov Clustering. AlignMCL performs better than other state-of-the-art local alignment algorithms over different updated data sets. In addition, AlignMCL features high levels of robustness, producing similar results regardless the selected data set.

Adoption of an Electronic Observation Chart With an Integrated Early Warning Scoring System on Pilot Wards

The charting of physiological variables in hospital inpatients allows for recognition and treatment of deteriorating patients. The use of electronic records to capture patients' vital signs is still in its infancy in the United Kingdom. The main objective of this article was to describe the adoption of an electronic observation charting function integrated into an established bedside e-prescribing record system on acute wards in a large English university hospital. This new function also has the capability of contacting Critical Care Outreach and clinical staff when patients deteriorate. Data captured over a 4-month period from the pilot wards showed that 80% of observation sets were completed sufficiently to produce early warning scores over the time period. A daily average of 419 Standardized Early Warning Score produced 74 alerts to clinical staff, and two critical alarms per day were e-mailed to the Outreach team. The wards showed different levels of completeness of observations (from 69% to 92%). Although a good overall rate of completeness of physiological data was found, traditional gaps in observation recording documented in the literature (eg, recording of respiratory rate) were still apparent. This system can be used for audit for targeted staff education and to evaluate the Critical Care Outreach service.

Extension of the Aki-Utsu b-Value Estimator for Incomplete Catalogs

The Aki (1965) maximum likelihood estimate of the Gutenberg–Richter b ‐value is extended for use in the case of multiple catalogs with different levels of completeness. The most striking feature of this newly derived estimator is its simplicity—it is more manageable than the well‐known and already easy to use Weichert (1980) solution to the analogs problem. In addition, confidence intervals for the newly derived estimator are provided.