Different Levels Of Citric Acid Research Articles

UTILIZATION OF CITRIC ACID AS BONDING AGENT IN SEMBILANG BAMBOO (Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro) PARTICLEBOARD PRODUCTION

Citric acid was utilized as a bonding agent in the production of Sembilang bamboo particleboard. The limitation in using bamboo for particleboard production is that the silica content in bamboo skin can accelerate particleboard processing machines' bluntness and reduce particle adherence in particleboard manufacturing. This research aimed to investigate the influence of bamboo skin and citric acid content on the characteristics of Sembilang bamboo particleboard. Particleboards were prepared using bamboo particles (type A) and unskinned bamboo particles (type B). The citric acid solution (59%) was sprayed over the surface of bamboo particles to obtain three different levels of citric acid, i.e., 15, 20, and 25 % (based on bamboo particles’ dry weight). The Sembilang bamboo particleboards were manufactured using a hot-pressing machine at 200°C, 5 MPa for 10 min. The particleboard targeted density was 0.8 g/cm3. The type B particleboards’ internal bond (IB), modulus of rupture (MOR), water absorption (WA), and thickness swelling (TS) were superior compared to the type A particleboards. This was influenced by the lower concentration of silica in type B particleboards, which tend to allow an intimate contact area among particles and citric acid then produced better quality particleboards compared to type A particleboards. The type B particleboards met the obligation of JIS A 5908 for type 18 particleboard in terms of modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond, however, only fulfilled the type 8 particleboard in terms of screw holding power. The physical properties of Sembilang bamboo particleboard were also improved when using type B bamboo particles and adhered with citric acid at a level of 25%.

Microbe-citric acid assisted phytoremediation of chromium by castor bean (Ricinus communis L.)

Chromium is one of the highly toxic heavy metals to plant growth and development especially hexavalent chromium (Cr+6) due to its readily available nature and mobility into the environment. The chelating agents and hyperaccumulator plant can contribute to remediating the heavy metals from the contaminated medium. This study was conducted to analyze the role of citric acid and chromium resistant bacteria in castor bean to remediate Cr+6 from the polluted soil. The soil was spiked with different levels of citric acid (0, 2.5, 5 mM) and chromium (0, 10, 20 mg kg−1). The ripened plants were harvested and analyzed for growth parameters, chlorophyll contents, gas exchange parameters, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes activities and chromium accumulation in different parts of plants. The high concentration of chromium 20 mg kg−1 drastically reduced the plant growth, decreased photosynthetic rate and increased oxidative stress. The application of CA improved the plant growth even at the highest concentration of chromium which was further boosted by the combined application of CA and chromium resistant bacteria. However, the performance of staphylococcus aureus was found significantly better than Bacillus subtilis due to its better ability to tolerate chromium toxicity even at high concentrations. The findings proved that castor bean has excellent potential to tolerate high chromium concentrations and can be effectively used to remediate metals contaminated soil. Further, CA and metal resistant bacteria can significantly enhance the phytoremediation potential of castor bean and other hyperaccumulator plants. The bacteria assisted phytoremediation coupled with the chelating agent can be a practical approach to remediate the metals contaminating soils.

The Effects of Different Levels of Citric Acid on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Gastrointestinal pH of Weaned Piglets

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of citric acid (CA) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gastrointestinal pH of weaned piglets. Methods: A total of 120 weaned piglets with an initial BW of 7.15±0.01 kg, were randomly divided into four groups including control treatment each with three replicates of 10 piglets each. Each group was supplemented with 0.5% (control group), 1%, 1.5% and 2% CA in the basal diet, respectively. Result: The results showed that the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily gain (ADG) of added 1% CA group were significantly higher than that of 0.5% group (P less than 0.05). Dietary CA significantly improved the utilization rates of crude protein, calcium and phosphorus (P less than 0.05), while there was no significant difference between adding 1% and 1.5% CA (P greater than 0.05). Compared with the control group, adding CA effectively reduced the pH of the stomach, duodenum jejunum and ileum contents and adding 2% CA were significantly lower than those in other groups (P less than 0.05). Therefore, the addition of 1.0% CA in the diets of weaned piglets is suitable.

Citric acid minimizes oxidative stress in Amazonian fish (Colossoma macropomum) when fed plant protein-based diets

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of citric acid in plant protein based-diets offered to juvenile tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum. Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing different levels of citric acid (0, 10, 20, and 30 g.kg−1) were formulated. Fish (n = 160; 27.56±1.03 g) were randomly distributed in 310-L water tanks (n = 16), with four replicates per treatment. After the experimental period (80 days), animals were anesthetized, and blood was collected for cell count. They were [...]

Citric acid as crosslinking agent in starch/xanthan gum hydrogels produced by extrusion and thermopressing

Biopolymers based hydrogels could have applications in various fields, such as packaging materials, drug delivery systems, biosensors, and agricultural practices. The current work aimed to develop starch/xanthan hydrogels through extrusion and thermopressing processes, using citric acid (CA) as crosslinking agent and sodium hypophosphite (SHP) as catalyst. The hydrogels were produced with different levels of CA (0.00, 0.75, 1.50 and 2.25 g/100 g polymer). Hydration, mechanical, thermal and microstructural properties of the hydrogels were determined. Swelling behavior of the materials with CA was lower than the control. Additionally, CA ensured the preservation of hydrogels integrity after the swelling process. Gel fraction increased with CA 0.75 g/100 g. Starch/xanthan hydrogels crosslinked with CA demonstrated lower strength than non-crosslinked hydrogels, which may be related to acid hydrolysis of the polymer chains. CA-SHP increased the storage modulus of the hydrogels. Reactive extrusion and thermopressing were efficient methods in the production of crosslinked starch/xanthan based hydrogels.

Effect of different levels of citric acid as supplementation on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, water quality, and blood profile of Monosex Male Nile Tilapia (Oreocheromis niloticus) fingerlings

Effect of different levels of citric acid as supplementation on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, water quality, and blood profile of Monosex Male Nile Tilapia (Oreocheromis niloticus) fingerlings

Effect of Adding Probiotic with Different Levels of Citric Acid in Feed Supplementation to Laying Hens on Bacteria Content of Feed, Litter and Egg Shell

Study conducted to determined effect of adding Probiotic (Iraqi Probiotic) with different levels of citric acid to Lohmann brown laying hens in order to know the effect of addition on the microbial content of the feed, litter and eggshell. The treatments were T1 without any addition (control), T2 (0.25) probiotic, T3, T4 and T5 add Probiotic each with a fixed level of 0.25% with levels 0.15, 0.30, 0.45% of citric acid sequentially. The Addition of probiotic with citric acid led to a significant decrease (p <0.05) in both (Total count bacteria) and (Coliform bacteria) in feed and litter compared with the control treatment and the treatment of adding probiotic alone. The addition of either alone or with citric acid lead to a significant decrease in the total number of aerobic bacteria on the eggs product and no effect on the number of E.coli in the eggs product.

EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENATION OF PROBIOTIC AND CITRIC ACID TO LAYING HENS DIET ON EGGS QUALITY TRAITS

This study was to understand the effect of supplementation probiotic and different levels of citric acid to laying hens diet on eggs quality traits. during five months used 195 laying hens of lohmann brown, 20 weeks old, being distributed in 15 ground pens (1. 5 × 2 m / pen) , 13 hens / pen, were randomly divided in to six treatments (3 Rep. / Treat.). First treatment was feded a standard laying diet without any additive as control, second treatment was feded diet with Iraqi probiotic 0.25%, third treatment was feded diet with Citric Acid 0.3% while fourth and fifth treatments were fed diets with Iraqi probiotic 0.25% and different levels of Citric Acid 0.3 and 0.45% respectively. The results showed an improvement in the eggs quality traits of hens fed the probiotic and citric acid, since significantly increase an achieved in each of eggs weight, shell weight, yolk weight, yolk index, haugh unit and without significant differences in shell thickness and weight of albumin . The effect of addition treatments had been enhanced the eggs quality traits in hens fed a combination addition of probiotic and citric acid compared with hens fed a single addition of probiotic or citric acid, that means get a synergistic effect between the probiotic and citric acid.

Effect of different levels of citric acid on quality and storage stability of sugar and jaggery based papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruit bar

A study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of different level of citric acid and packaging material on physico chemical quality, sensory quality and shelf life of developed papaya fruit bar .The study revealed that the moisture content (19.06% to 16.95% in PET jars – 19.06% to 17.06% in glass jars), TSS (64.17 to 69.30°Brix in PETjars and 64.17 to 69.46°Brix in glass jars), Vitamin- C (55.30 to 45.80 mg/100mg in PET jars and 55.30 to 46.75 mg/100mg in glass jars) and total plate count decreased with increasing the level of citric acid from 0.5 to 1.0% after 90 days of storage in. During storage there was a reduction in moisture content, pH and vitamin-C, where as TSS (total soluble solids), optical density and total plate count increased during storage. No microbial detection in developed fresh fruit bar was found. The organoleptic score of the bar samples in glass jars at 0.75% citric acid level was found to be higher followed by samples packed in PET jars and the developed fruit bar was well acceptable even after 90 days of storage. The result indicated that sugar50+jaggery50 at 0.75 percent citric acid level gave better products after 90 days of storage followed by sugar50+jaggery50 at 0.5 percent and sugar50+jaggery50 at 1.0 percent.

Effect of Citric Acid, Phytase and Calcium Levels on the Calcium and Phosphorus Content in Egg: Yolk-Albumen and Shell, Yolk Color and Egg Quality in Diets of Laying Hens

To evaluate the effect of different levels of citric acid (CA) combined with phytase and calcium levels in the diets of laying hens on the calcium and phosphorus (P) contents of eggs: yolk-albumen and shell, yolk color and egg quality. A study was conducted with 24-week-old laying hens fed with a diet based on sorghum and soybean meal with 2.7 Mcal of EM/kg, 15% crude protein, 3.25% calcium and 0.25% available P. The levels of CA, phytase and calcium were 0%, 0.6% and 1.2%; 0 and 300 units of phytase (PHYU)/kg; and 3.0% and 3.25%, respectively. Phytase was added as an ingredient into to the diets, contributing 0.1% P and 0.3% calcium. A completely randomized factorial experiment was performed with a 3 × 2 × 2 design and 4 replications. The CA increased (P < 0.05) the P in the shell, and the combination of 1.2% CA, 300 PHYU phytase and 3.25% calcium increased (P < 0.05) the calcium in the eggshell. There was a CA × phytase × calcium interaction (P < 0.05) affecting egg yolk pigmentation; there were no differences in egg quality. It was concluded that adding CA to the diets of laying hens increases eggshell calcium content, and improves the phytase response. 1.2% CA × Phytase × 3.25% calcium significantly increases shell calcium by 0.56 g. Under the conditions of the present investigation, it would imply greater resistance of the eggs to be broken in the handling from the farm to the sales centers and consumer. Phytase interacts negatively with 0.6% CA at low calcium levels to degrade the yellow pigmentation of the yolk.

Effect of different concenterations of coagulant, pressing time and dipping time on quality of buffalo colostrumpaneer

Buffalo colostrum paneer was prepared by using different levels of citric acid i.e. 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 per cent, pressing time i.e. 15 and 30 minutes and two dipping time i.e. 20 and 40 minutes. Paneer was evaluated for flavor, body and texture, colour and flavor and appearance by using paneer score card. Scores of colostrum paneer for flavor ranged from 21.0- 43.7, body and texture 13.0- 34.0 and colour and appearance 8.5-14.5, respectively from 1st to 7th milking. Results revealed that 0.5 per cent citric acid up to 3rd milking, 1.0 per cent in 4 th and 5 th and 1.5 per cent in 6th and 7th milking was most suitable for preparation of colostrums paneer. Milk and colostrum (20: 80) from 7th milking scored highest for all sensory attributes. Results showed the flavor, body and texture and colour and appearance score of colostrum paneer scoring highest were comparable to control. The samples scoring lower values showing various flour defects including cooked, sour, acidic body and texture including moist and lack of uniformity.

Influence of Citric Acid and Microbial Phytase on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens

Problem statement: The aim of this study was to investigated the effects of adding citric acid and microbial phytase supplementation (Natuphos ® ) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed corn soybean meal base diets. Approach: The experiment included nine treatments with 10 birds in each replicate using a 3×3 factorial design for two main factors of citric acid (0, 3 and 6%) and three phytase enzyme (0, 500 and 1000 IU kg −1 ). The diets were formulated based upon corn-soybean meal 7 to 21 and 22 to 42 day periods. Results: Using different levels of citric acid in diets had no effect on internal organs (except relative heart weight), whereas, diets containing 6% citric acid decreased feed intake, body weight gain and carcass yield (p<0.05) and improved feed conversion ratio and organs relative weight. Also, microbial phytase caused increase in feed intake, weight gain and relative neck weight (p<0.05). Conclusion: Depression of performance was differently affected by citric acid levels. Also, there was an additive effect between microbial phytase and citric acid.

Effect of Different Levels of Citric Acid on Calcium and Phosphorus Efficiencies in Broiler Chicks

Effect of Different Levels of Citric Acid on Calcium and Phosphorus Efficiencies in Broiler Chicks

The Effect of Citric Acid on the Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements of Chicks Fed Corn-Soybean Meal Diets

Data previously reported from our laboratory indicated that supplementation of a corn-soybean meal diet with citric acid improves P utilization in chicks. The four experiments reported herein were conducted to further evaluate the effects of citric acid on Ca and P utilization for chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet. Diets in all experiments were fed to chicks from 8 to 21 or 22 d of age. The first experiment evaluated the effect of 6% citric acid on the Ca requirement of chicks. A Ca-deficient basal diet [23% CP, 0.54% Ca, 0.45% available P (AP)] containing 0 to 0.7% supplemental Ca in 0.1% increments was fed with or without 6% citric acid. The results indicated that citric acid did not significantly affect the Ca requirement. A second experiment evaluated different levels of citric acid (0, 2, 4, or 6%) on P utilization, and results indicated that 4 and 6% citric acid produced the largest responses in growth and tibia ash. Experiments 3 and 4 were then conducted to determine whether 4 or 6% citric acid would reduce the level of supplemental P required. Dietary treatments were a P-deficient basal diet (23% CP, 1.0 or 1.3% Ca, 0.20% AP) supplemented with 0 to 0.25% inorganic P with or without 4 or 6% citric acid. When diets contained citric acid, weight gain and tibia ash were maximized at lower AP levels than when diets contained no citric acid. The results of this study indicate that citric acid increases P utilization in corn-soybean meal diets and reduces the AP requirement by approximately 0.10% of the diet.

Response of growing rabbits to different levels of dietary citric acid

An experiment was conducted for a period of 56 days with 36 healthy New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits aged about one months having weight from 370 to 390g to evaluate the effects of dietary citric acid on growth performance, feed consumption and digestibility of nutrients as well as immune status. The experiment was designed with 6 dietary treatments having 6 rabbits per treatment. Rabbits of control treatment (T1) were given the diet without citric acid (CA) but the dietary treatments T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 contained 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5% CA respectively. Green grass was supplied on ad libitum basis. The total body weight gain was Addition of CA at the level of 2% enhanced body weight significantly (P&lt;0.05). (P&lt;0.05)(P&lt;0.05) T 734, 776, 812, 862, 911 and 740g for the rabbits fed 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5% CA containing diets respectively. Total DM intake also increased with increasing the percentage of CA up to 2% level . Incase of feed conversion ratio, there was no significant difference in addition to different levels of CA. Supplementation of CA improved dry matter, crude protein and ether extract digestibility but incase of crude fiber and nitrogen free extract, there was no significant difference. Non significant difference was also found incase of acidity of feed and feces. The highest lymphocyte (73%) was counted in dietary treatment T6 having 2.5% CA, which was 17% higher than the control diet. From the result of this experiment, it may be concluded that the addition of CA up to 2% level in diet improves performance, digestibility of nutrients and immune status of growing rabbit. Key words: Rabbit; Citric acid; Performance; Immunity DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v39i1-2.9685 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2010, 39(1&amp;2): 125-133