Different Kinds Of Representations Research Articles

Incorporating linguistic, probabilistic, and possibilistic information in a risk‐based approach for ranking contaminated sites

Different types of uncertain information-linguistic, probabilistic, and possibilistic-exist in site characterization. Their representation and propagation significantly influence the management of contaminated sites. In the absence of a framework with which to properly represent and integrate these quantitative and qualitative inputs together, decision makers cannot fully take advantage of the available and necessary information to identify all the plausible alternatives. A systematic methodology was developed in the present work to incorporate linguistic, probabilistic, and possibilistic information into the Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE), a subgroup of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methods for ranking contaminated sites. The identification of criteria based on the paradigm of comparative risk assessment provides a rationale for risk-based prioritization. Uncertain linguistic, probabilistic, and possibilistic information identified in characterizing contaminated sites can be properly represented as numerical values, intervals, probability distributions, and fuzzy sets or possibility distributions, and linguistic variables according to their nature. These different kinds of representation are first transformed into a 2-tuple linguistic representation domain. The propagation of hybrid uncertainties is then carried out in the same domain. This methodology can use the original site information directly as much as possible. The case study shows that this systematic methodology provides more reasonable results.

Graphical Choices and Geometrical Thought in the Transmission of Theodosius’ Spherics from Antiquity to the Renaissance

Spherical geometry studies the sphere not simply as a solid object in itself, but chiefly as the spatial context of the elements which interact on it in a complex three-dimensional arrangement. This compels to establish graphical conventions appropriate for rendering on the same plane—the plane of the diagram itself—the spatial arrangement of the objects under consideration. We will investigate such “graphical choices” made in the Theodosius’ Spherics from antiquity to the Renaissance. Rather than undertaking a minute analysis of every particular element or single variant, we will try to uncover the more general message each author attempted to convey through his particular graphical choices. From this analysis, it emerges that the different kinds of representation are not the result of merely formal requirements but mirror substantial geometrical requirements expressing different ways of interpreting the sphere and testify to different ways of reasoning about the elements that interact on it.

A Different Kind of Representation: Black and Latino Descriptive Representation and the Role of Ideological Cuing

Most scholarship on minority descriptive representation focuses on whether minority legislators are “more” supportive of minority concerns than white legislators but does not address how descriptive representatives differ in the use of decision-making cues when advocating for minority interests. Drawing on data from four Congresses and comparing two sets of minority group representatives with their white counterparts and each other, the authors show that an important effect of descriptive representation is that racial/ethnic minority representatives are uniquely influenced in their advocacy of minority interests by cues that stand apart from the conventional liberal/conservative political ideological frame.

Transcending Global and National (Mis)representations through Local Responses to Displacement: The Case of Zimbabwean (ex-)Farm Workers

Categories currently used to describe displaced people, such as ‘internally displaced person’, ‘refugee’ and ‘development-induced displaced person’, are increasingly recognized as problematic; more in-depth research is needed on the complexity of displacement experiences and responses. This paper, arising out of an anthropological study of internally displaced Zimbabwean farm workers, seeks to provide more empirical data on the everyday lives of internally displaced people. Displaced Zimbabwean farm workers offer a complex insight into the different kinds of representations that have been applied to them both before and after displacement and the ways in which they have managed these representations. The often simplistic representations of farm workers have been a significant causal factor in their displacement since February 2000. Farm workers are still viewed, especially in nationalistic discourses, as ‘foreigners’ who do not deserve the same rights and entitlements as other citizens of Zimbabwe. They have also been portrayed as supporting the interests of their white bosses and the opposition party in opposing the land invasions, have thus often been the main targets of violence and have largely been ignored as recipients of land. This paper shows how, through local responses to displacement, displaced workers are able to counter the discourses of the powerful by subverting global, national and local representations, using local agency to create their own practical discourse of displacement. It also shows the importance of anthropology in highlighting an alternative and locally grounded discourse, arising out of the interplay of agency and dependency on the part of the actors involved.

Edges and surfaces in the inferior temporal cortex of the macaque -- an electrophysiological study

Event Abstract Back to Event Edges and surfaces in the inferior temporal cortex of the macaque -- an electrophysiological study Peter Kaposvari1, Gyula Sary1, Gyorgy Benedek1 and Tamas Tompa1* 1 Dept of Physiology, University of Szeged, Hungary In everyday situations we recognize objects on the basis of their colorful retinal image, or, at the extreme, their silhouette (in contre-jour situations). However, we recognize quite well the line-drawing (LD) representations of objects and people; sometimes even feeling this kind of depiction more informative than a simple picture, although our natural environment hardly contains line-drawn objects. In the metaanalysis of our data from earlier experiments we wanted to check if we can find any hints about the neural basis of these representations in the area thought to have a seminal importance in object recognition, the inferotemporal cortex. Our findings suggest that these are indeed two distinct populations of neurons contributing to the two different kinds of representations. If we were looking for single cells using our set of complex, coloured stimuli, then, when being shown the LD versions of the same stimuli, the firing rate of the neurons was very low, and the cells seemingly lost their selectivity. On the other hand, if the hunting stimuli were the LDs, the firing rate of the IT neurons was the same than for the COLs and they exhibited a strong selectivity, markedly different from that given to surface-defined stimuli. Conference: 12th Meeting of the Hungarian Neuroscience Society, Budapest, Hungary, 22 Jan - 24 Jan, 2009. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Research on the cerebral cortex and related structures Citation: Kaposvari P, Sary G, Benedek G and Tompa T (2009). Edges and surfaces in the inferior temporal cortex of the macaque -- an electrophysiological study. Front. Syst. Neurosci. Conference Abstract: 12th Meeting of the Hungarian Neuroscience Society. doi: 10.3389/conf.neuro.01.2009.04.200 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 06 Mar 2009; Published Online: 06 Mar 2009. * Correspondence: Tamas Tompa, Dept of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, ttompa@phys.szote.u-szeged.hu Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Peter Kaposvari Gyula Sary Gyorgy Benedek Tamas Tompa Google Peter Kaposvari Gyula Sary Gyorgy Benedek Tamas Tompa Google Scholar Peter Kaposvari Gyula Sary Gyorgy Benedek Tamas Tompa PubMed Peter Kaposvari Gyula Sary Gyorgy Benedek Tamas Tompa Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Aspects of Code-Specific Memory Development

We investigated the development of code specific representations of different kinds of information in long term memory. Forty second graders, 40 sixth graders and 40 adults learned the associations between 12 pictures and one position each in a 4 × 3 grid of squares, 12 pictures and 1 of 12 monosyllabic words each or 12 pictures and 1 of 12 faces. After a 3 min distractor task, a picture was presented in the retrieval phase, and the associated position, word or face had to be selected. Performance in the verbal condition improved as a function of age, while performance in the spatial condition turned out to be independent of age, and the performance in the facial condition showed a difference between both child groups and the adults. The results revealed a developmental difference of code specific representation of different kinds of information.

ERPs and speech sound perception - possibilities and restrictions

Speech sound perception is a complex combination of attention independent and attention dependent processes which both contribute to the final goal of understanding the spoken message. The preattentive level has become more accessible to research and event related potentials (ERPs) can easily be used to study the automatic processing of the speech signal. In particular, the mismatch negativity (MMN) response offers a tool for investigating the manner in which speech sounds are encoded as neural representations. Cross-linguistic studies revealing different kinds of representations in native speakers of different languages form the core for further studies, which have shown the plasticity of the brain in forming new representations for non-native sounds in various types of learning environments. However, despite all these promising advances there are still some restrictions connected both with the methodology available and the conclusions that can be reached on the basis of the occasionally contradicting results. Also, since results obtained by using attention independent and dependent methods are not always compatible, some potentially significant results may never reach the attention that they deserve, even if this incompatibility may be one of the keys into the understanding of the complicated mechanisms underlying speech sound perception.

Multimodal design: An overview

Design generally entails multiple kinds, or modalities, of representation and reasoning. For example, designers reason with different kinds of representations, including both imagistic (e.g., drawings, sketches and diagrams) and propositional (e.g., function, behavior, causality, and structure). This multimodal nature of design representation and reasoning raises several issues for AI research on design. For example, what types of knowledge are captured by various modalities of representation? What kinds of inferences are enabled and constrained by different representation modalities? How might we couple a representation in one modality with a representation in another, or transform a representation in one modality to another? AI has long been interested in these issues, though not necessarily in the context of design.

Referenciais de carreira e identidade profissional em estudantes universitários

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre inclinações profissionais (referenciais de carreira) e atitudes em relação à carreira profissional em estudantes universitários no contexto de um mundo do trabalho em transformação. Os estudantes eram provenientes de vários cursos (N=493), de ambos os sexos, de uma universidade particular da cidade de São Paulo. Os referenciais de carreira foram avaliados por meio de um inventário de inclinações profissionais, que informa sobre inclinação ao empreendedorismo, à autonomia e liberdade, ao altruísmo e à estabilidade e à manutenção do estilo de vida, com precisão e validade fatorial. Utilizou-se também um questionário que informa os motivos para a escolha, satisfação, comprometimento e empreendimento de ações efetivas em relação à carreira profissional. Os resultados indicaram que as inclinações profissionais estão associadas a diferentes atitudes em relação à carreira, permitindo concluir que diferentes tipos de representações sobre o papel da profissão na vida influenciam diretamente no processo de formação da identidade profissional desses estudantes.

BDD-based decision procedures for the modal logic K ★

We describe BDD-based decision procedures for the modal logic K . Our approach is inspired by the automata-theoretic approach, but we avoid explicit automata construction. Instead, we compute certain fixpoints of a set of types — which can be viewed as an on-the-fly emptiness of the automaton. We use BDDs to represent and manipulate such type sets, and investigate different kinds of representations as well as a “level-based” representation scheme. The latter turns out to speed up construction and reduce memory consumption considerably. We also study the effect of formula simplification on our decision procedures. To prove the viability of our approach, we compare our approach with a representative selection of other approaches, including a translation of K to QBF. Our results indicate that the BDD-based approach dominates for modally heavy formulae, while search-based approaches dominate for propositionally heavy formulae.

THE TEOTIHUACAN BALLGAME AND THE BEGINNING OF TIME

This paper proposes a reinterpretation of the Tepantitla murals long known as the Tlalocan. Taking into account the numerous representations of different kinds of ballgames on these walls, along with the instances of the Maya glyph forpu,puorpu[h], or “Place of the Reeds” (i.e. Tollan), this paper argues that this mural represents Teotihuacan as prototypical civilized city associated with the beginning of time and the calendar. Further evidence is provided by the images of “Scattering Priests” in the adjacent room, all of whom wear crocodilian headdresses associated with Cipactli, the first day of the central Mexican calendar. In both rooms, images of Tlaloc with hallucinogenic water-lily buds in his mouth reflect associations with the sun, the calendar, and the underworld. The murals of Tepantitla can be interpreted as a coherent program representing the central role of the ballgame in establishing Teotihuacan as Tollan, the place where time began.

Vertical discretizations for compressible Euler equation atmospheric models giving optimal representation of normal modes

Accurate representation of different kinds of wave motion is essential for numerical models of the atmosphere, but is sensitive to details of the discretization. In this paper, numerical dispersion relations are computed for different vertical discretizations of the compressible Euler equations and compared with the analytical dispersion relation. A height coordinate, an isentropic coordinate, and a terrain-following mass-based coordinate are considered, and, for each of these, different choices of prognostic variables and grid staggerings are considered. The discretizations are categorized according to whether their dispersion relations are optimal, are near optimal, have a single zero-frequency computational mode, or are problematic in other ways. Some general understanding of the factors that affect the numerical dispersion properties is obtained: heuristic arguments concerning the normal mode structures, and the amount of averaging and coarse differencing in the finite difference scheme, are shown to be useful guides to which configurations will be optimal; the number of degrees of freedom in the discretization is shown to be an accurate guide to the existence of computational modes; there is only minor sensitivity to whether the equations for thermodynamic variables are discretized in advective form or flux form; and an accurate representation of acoustic modes is found to be a prerequisite for accurate representation of inertia-gravity modes, which, in turn, is found to be a prerequisite for accurate representation of Rossby modes.

Cooperative computing based on dyalog APL and the R statistical system

This article describes the implementation of a simple interface between Dyalog APL and the R statistical system in order to build a powerful tool for statistical computations and complex data analysis. We start by building the interface by means of a DCOM server, and go on to examples of using the interface, including calls to R functions from within the Dyalog APL session. Then we move on to graphical representation of different kinds of plots, including 3D plots, and examples of the joint use of Dyalog APL and R libraries. In conclusion, an example of a more complex tree based data analysis and the comparative analysis of the use of similar functions written in Dyalog APL are discussed.

Mental representations: What philosophy leaves out and neuroscience puts in

This paper investigates how "representation" is actually used in some areas in cognitive neuroscience. It is argued that recent philosophy has largely ignored an important kind of representation that differs in interesting ways from the representations that are standardly recognized in philosophy of mind. This overlooked kind of representation does not represent by having intentional contents; rather members of the kind represent by displaying or instantiating features. The investigation is not simply an ethnographic study of the discourse of neuroscientists. If there are indeed two different kinds of representations, and the non-standard ones are the ones referred to in some areas of cognitive neuroscience, then we will have to give up the idea that appealing to inner representations with intentional contents is the defining distinction between cognitive neuroscience and behaviorist psychology (Montgomery, 1995). Further, if the conclusions of this paper are correct, many general accounts of how neural states represent are either false or theoretically ill-motivated.

Remembering One’s Stay in Hospital: A Study in Photography, Recovery and Forgetting

This article addresses the question of how people remember their time as a hospital in-patient, and what place this remembering has in the work of recovery. It is based upon a study in which patients took photographs during their time on a hospital ward, using them later on as the basis for an interview in their homes. Using one woman’s data we discuss how the photo-based interviews made legible the images of her hospital experience and the part these images played in the respondent’s account of her recovery. The use of photographs is particularly useful in showing how remembering involves an ongoing transfer between different kinds of representation, including the narrative exploration of the movement of objects between hospital and home.

Embedding Branch and Bound within Evolutionary Algorithms

A framework for hybridizing evolutionary algorithms with the branch-and-bound algorithm (B&B) is presented in this paper. This framework is based on using B&B as an operator embedded in the evolutionary algorithm. The resulting hybrid operator will intelligently explore the dynastic potential (possible children) of the solutions being recombined, providing the best combination of formae (generalized schemata) that can be constructed without introducing implicit mutation. As a basis for studying this operator, the general functioning of transmitting recombination is considered. Two important concepts are introduced, compatibility sets, and granularity of the representation. These concepts are studied in the context of different kinds of representation: orthogonal, non-orthogonal separable, and non-separable. The results of an extensive experimental evaluation are reported. It is shown that this model can be useful when problem knowledge is available in the form of an optimistic evaluation function. Scalability issues are also considered. A control mechanism is proposed to alleviate the increasing computational cost of the algorithm for highly multidimensional problems.

The problem of affectivity in cognitive theories of emotion

Despite their paradigmatic status in the modern philosophy of emotions, cognitive theories have been criticized for failing to provide a satisfactory account of affectivity in emotions. I agree with much of this criticism, but I argue that an amended cognitive theory can overcome the flaws of the two main theories, strong cognitivism and componential cognitivism. I argue that feeling cannot be reduced to the evaluative content of emotion and attitudinal mode of holding it as strong cognitivists suggest. Typical emotional feelings are induced by either propositionally explicable or biologically “hard-wired” evaluations instead of being involved in the latter. We, then, face the challenge of explaining why the feeling and the evaluative construal that figure into an emotion are aspects of the same state, unlike occasional feelings and thoughts that happen to occur in us at the same time. I propose that evaluative content and feeling are different kinds of representations of the formal property of an emotional object. This is a second-order property that is ascribed to every individual object of a particular emotion-type in virtue of its perceived first-order properties and that is experienced as a property of those objects in a state of emotion. Evaluative content involves a conceptual representation of the formal property while feeling represents its inherent affective quality.

MATHEMATICS AND HUMAN ACTIVITY: REPRESENTATION IN MATHEMATICAL WRITING

The prevailing image of mathematical writing is formal and impersonal, reflecting an absolutist view of the nature of mathematics. This paper challenges this image. Analysis of texts written by research mathematicians shows that they include different kinds of representations of the human activity of doing mathematics. Genres of school mathematics writing are discussed in the light of this analysis and it is suggested that knowledge of the ways in which mathematicians include their problem solving activity in their writing might be used to support students as they learn to write reports of their own investigative work.

JOME, a software component for interactive and distributed mathematics

JOME (Java OpenMath Editor) is a self-contained software component written in Java (as a Java Bean), dedicated to the visualisation and manipulation of mathematical formulæ. Conceptually based on the well-known Model-View-Controller (MVC) design pattern, JOME naturally consists of three different entities: the Model, the View and the Controller, each itself a Java Bean. Thus, it is easy to add different kinds of representations (instances of the View component) of a formula (the Model), and to provide different of ways editing it (instances of the Controller component). Moreover, JOME uses OpenMath, a platform-independent standard for the representation of semantically rich mathematical objects, enabling in a meaningful way the exchange of mathematical objects between various software tools. These two characteristics make JOME a useful component for interactive and distributed mathematics.

Object orientation information in semantic and episodic memory.

Abstract The time required to identify a common object depends on several factors, especially pre - existing knowledge in semantic memory, and episodic representations newly established as a result of a prior study. We report three experiments that investigated the relative contribution of these factors to implicit and explicit memory test performance. In each experiment, subjects were shown color photos of objects and memory was assessed either with an old/new recognition test or with a test that required them to identify objects that were slowly faded in on a computer monitor. The critical variables were the type of photo -- each showing either an object with a predominant or cardinal orientation (e.g., helicopter) or a non - cardinal object (e.g., pencil), and the orientation at which the photos were displayed at study and at test (e.g., on the plane of the page at 0degree, 120degree, 180degree, 240degree). For each subject, half of the targets were shown at study and all appeared on the test, with targets displayed either in the same orientation as at study or in a different orientation. For non - studied targets (i.e., in the baseline condition), identification test performance showed a huge effect due to display orientation, but only for cardinal objects. For studied targets, identification test performance showed substantial priming in all conditions, with more priming on cardinal than non - cardinal targets, especially when their display orientation at test was unusual (i.e., 120degree, 240degree) and the same as at study. We use these findings to discuss the extent to which orientation information is coded in the semantic and episodic memory representations of different kinds of objects. Dissociations between implicit and explicit memory test performance have been investigated by means of many different strategies. The earliest, often cited studies compared amnesic patients and matched control subjects, revealing that the patients can show entirely normal priming or implicit memory test effects for recently studied materials despite profound deficit in their ability to recall or recognize the same materials (for recent reviews see Cohen & Eichenbaum, 1993; Moscovitch, Vriezen, & Goshen - Gottstein, 1993; Squire, 1992). Related studies used a developmental strategy and focused on subjects from different age groups; they compared children versus adults or young versus older adults and reported that even though explicit recall and recognition performance change -- showing an increase and then a decrease -- across the life span, implicit memory and priming seem to function normally from early childhood on into late adulthood (e.g., Graf, 1990; Howard, 1988, 1991; Naito & Komatsu, 1993; Mitchell, 1993; Parkin, 1993; La Voie & Light, 1994). By far most often used, however, is an experimental strategy by which one or more variable(s) is manipulated, including materials (e.g., type font, modality of presentation, size, display orientation), how materials are studied (e.g., incidental versus intentional, semantic versus non - semantic processing), or the delay between study and testing (minutes, hours, days, or weeks), and the goal is to assess how these manipulations affect implicit and explicit memory test performance. The findings from studies that used this kind of strategy have been summarized in a number of recent reviews (e.g., Graf, 1994; Graf & Masson, 1993; Roediger, 1990; Roediger & McDermott, 1993; Schacter, Chiu, & Ochsner, 1993; Shimamura, 1993). The experiments reported in this article used a materials - manipulation strategy in order to investigate further the different kinds of memory representations that mediate performance under various implicit and explicit test conditions. We built on several widespread theoretical assumptions about memory. Specifically, we assumed that all memory processing (at study and at test) is interactive, involves both data - and conceptually - driven components (Bartlett, 1932; Norman & Bobrow, 1975), and we considered test performance as in index of the processing overlap between study and testing (Graf, 1994; Graf & Ryan, 1990; Masson & MacLeod, 1992; Morris, Bransford, & Franks, 1977; Roediger, 1990; Roediger, Srinivas, & Weldon, 1989). …