Different Kinds Of Properties Research Articles

Visibility graph for time series prediction and image classification: a review.

The analysis of time series and images is significant across different fields due to their widespread applications. In the past few decades, many approaches have been developed, including data-driven artificial intelligence methods, mechanism-driven physical methods, and hybrid mechanism and data-driven models. Complex networks have been used to model numerous complex systems due to its characteristics, including time series prediction and image classification. In order to map time series and images into complex networks, many visibility graph algorithms have been developed, such as horizontal visibility graph, limited penetrable visibility graph, multiplex visibility graph, and image visibility graph. The family of visibility graph algorithms will construct different types of complex networks, including (un-) weighted, (un-) directed, and (single-) multi-layered networks, thereby focusing on different kinds of properties. Different types of visibility graph algorithms will be reviewed in this paper. Through exploring the topological structure and information in the network based on statistical physics, the property of time series and images can be discovered. In order to forecast (multivariate) time series, several variations of local random walk algorithms and different information fusion approaches are applied to measure the similarity between nodes in the network. Different forecasting frameworks are also proposed to consider the information in the time series based on the similarity. In order to classify the image, several machine learning models (such as support vector machine and linear discriminant) are used to classify images based on global features, local features, and multiplex features. Through various simulations on a variety of datasets, researchers have found that the visibility graph algorithm outperformed existing algorithms, both in time series prediction and image classification. Clearly, complex networks are closely connected with time series and images by visibility graph algorithms, rendering complex networks to be an important tool for understanding the characteristics of time series and images. Finally, we conclude in the last section with future outlooks for the visibility graph.

Numerical simulation of hydraulic fracture height using cohesive zone method

Hydraulic fracturing is a popular method used in the petroleum industry to increase the well performance by improving the permeability of the reservoir. However, while there has been extensive research on the development of the length of the fracture, the fractured height has been frequently assumed to be equal to the reservoir thickness. The objective of this paper is to study the influence of formation rock characteristics and the impact of underground stress state on the development of the fracture height. To achieve this objective, a finite element model was built using a cohesive zone method to predict the development of fracture height in time and space. Different scenarios were then effectuated by varying the values of the primary formation variables which are the Young’s modulus, the porosity, the Poisson ratio, the fracture energy, and the maximum horizontal stress of the reservoir and of the beddings. This research therefore covered principally uncontrolled factors which are the formation properties and stress state underground, which contribute mostly to the erroneous prediction in fracture height. The findings revealed that the fracture height was strongly influenced by the properties of the formation and of the adjacent layers. However, the influence levels are not the same for different kinds of properties. This study showed that the most influential mechanical property of the rock on the fracture height is the Young’s modulus. Regarding the porosity, its effect on the fracture height is extremely small. However, it is worth noting that the porosity is still an important parameter in hydraulic fracturing because it can be used to estimate others parameters and to model the development of fracture geometry which are width, length, and height. Practical suggestions for real-life hydraulic fracturing jobs can be deduced from this study, in order to control the fracture height as accurately as possible, and to decrease financial cost by concentrating mostly on the high influential factors instead of doing all kinds of tests for other less influential mechanical properties of the rock.

Co-branding hotel owners and operators to increase willingness to pay

ABSTRACT Although hotel brands are well established in the industry, customers have not been educated about the different kinds of properties, nor has hotel structure been utilised as a functional marketing tool. Drawing on previous studies, the purpose of this study is to evaluate consumer branding preferences and willingness to pay because of co-branding and informed ownership, operational, or franchise branding. This two-part study looks at consumer awareness and consumer preferences in the first part through semi-structured interviews, and in the second part, an experimental survey. Results reveal that most travellers do not understand the difference between a corporate-owned and -managed hotel and a franchised hotel. Co-branding efforts for management and ownership companies were not significant in both value perceptions and willingness to pay. However, co-branding efforts by ownership companies with parent companies increased their guests’ willingness to pay.

An Assessment of the Notions of Women’s Immovable Property Rights in Ethiopia in light of John Locke’s Theory of Property

According to John Locke’s theory of property, once the person mixes their labour with a common property then that property, be it movable or immovable, belong to that person and they can use, possess or transfer it to a third party. But things are different in Ethiopia when woman’s right to property:-specifically their rights to immovable property are concerned. According to norms and values prevalent in most parts of Ethiopia, women cannot have rights to immovable property at all. They cannot possess, use or transfer these property by any means even if they contributed or mixes their labour with these different kinds of property. These customary laws are still winning out over legal frameworks in most rural parts of Ethiopia. This is a serious problem and results in unjust system of property.

An Assessment of the Notions of Women’s Immovable Property Rights in Ethiopia in light of John Locke’s Theory of Property

According to John Locke’s theory of property, once the person mixes their labour with a common property then that property, be it movable or immovable, belong to that person and they can use, possess or transfer it to a third party. But things are different in Ethiopia when woman’s right to property:-specifically their rights to immovable property are concerned. According to norms and values prevalent in most parts of Ethiopia, women cannot have rights to immovable property at all. They cannot possess, use or transfer these property by any means even if they contributed or mixes their labour with these different kinds of property. These customary laws are still winning out over legal frameworks in most rural parts of Ethiopia. This is a serious problem and results in unjust system of property.

Accessing heat: Environmental stigma and ‘porous’ infrastructural configurations in Ulaanbaatar

This article explores the experience of living among diverse infrastructural configurations in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, and forms of stigmatisation that arise as a result. In this capital city that experiences extremely cold winters, the provision of heat is a seasonal necessity. Following a history of socialist-era, centrally provided heating, Ulaanbaatar is now made up of a core area of apartments and other buildings undergoing increased expansion, surrounded by vast areas of fenced land plots ( ger districts) not connected to centrally provided heating. In these areas, residents have historically heated their homes through burning coal, a technique that has resulted in seasonal air pollution. Expanding out from Wacquant’s definition of territorial stigmatisation, this article discusses the links between heat generation, air pollution and environmental stigmatisation arising from residents’ association with or proximity to the effects of heat generation and/or infrastructural lack. This type of stigma complexifies the normative divide between the city’s two main built areas. Residents’ attempts to mitigate forms of building and infrastructural ‘quality’ or chanar (in Mongolian) form ways of negotiating their position as they seek different kinds of property. Here, not only are bodies vulnerable to forms of pollution (both air and otherwise), but also buildings and infrastructure are vulnerable to disrepair. Residents’ assessments of infrastructural and building quality move beyond any categorisation of them being a clear ‘resistance’ to deteriorating infrastructural conditions. Instead, an ethnographic lens that positions the viewpoint of the city through these residential experiences reveals a reconceptualisation of the city that challenges infrastructurally determined normative assumptions.

The fragmentation of phenomenal character

AbstractIn this paper, I argue that debates over “phenomenal character” have suffered from fragmentation: philosophers who use the term have had in mind at least three (and probably more) radically different kinds of properties. This has occurred because the expression “what it’s like” exhibits a particularly deep form of context‐sensitivity, and when this expression has been used to define phenomenal character, at least three very different contexts have been operating in the background. I then identify four important applications of this idea. First, there is a serious error in an important argument for skepticism about the hard problems of consciousness. Second, contrary to a common line of thought, Nagel’s “what it’s like” characterization of consciousness is not trivial, and is in fact very plausible. Third, an influential naïve realist argument against representationalism rests on a misunderstanding. Finally, and most excitingly, it is possible and indeed very attractive – for representationalists and naïve realists alike – to hold that a veridical perception and a matching hallucination are exactly the same with respect to one kind of phenomenal character, while being radically different with respect to another kind of phenomenal character.

Distinguishing Different Kinds of Property in Patents and Copyrights

Academic debates over intellectual property as “property” seem to assume only one kind of property. Based on original historical research, this Article shows that different kinds of property have accreted over time in at least patents and copyrights. A fundamental right to keep ideas, expressions, and inventions private established a natural law property-type right from Greco-Roman times. Statutory regimes akin to regulatory property designed to encourage creators and inventors to make their works available to the public emerged during the medieval and Renaissance periods. Copies embodying copyrighted expression or patented invention were considered part of those exclusive rights during much of the Enlightenment before being deemed to have their own individual chattel property title. And finally, contracts conveying copyright or patent rights have their own property attributes. This Article argues that understanding the different kinds of natural and regulatory property in intellectual property will help IP skeptics and proponents bridge the acrimonious gap between them.

Advances in Magnetic Noble Metal/Iron-Based Oxide Hybrid Nanoparticles as Biomedical Devices.

The study of the noble metal magnetic hybrid nanoparticles is a really promising topic from both the scientific and the technological points of views, with applications in several fields. Iron oxide materials which are hybridized with noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted increasing interest among researchers because of their cooperative effects on combined magnetic, electronic, photonic, and catalytic activities. This review article contains a summary of magnetic noble metal/iron oxide nanoparticle systems potentially useful in practical biomedical applications. Among the applications, engineered devices for both medical diagnosis and treatments were considered. The preparation to produce different structures, as blends or core-shell structures, of several nanometric systems was also considered. Several characterization techniques available to describe the structure, morphology and different kinds of properties of hybrid nanoparticles are also included in this review.

The early bird catches the worm: First verify, then monitor!

Trace expressions are a compact and expressive formalism, initially devised for runtime verification of agent interactions in multiagent systems, which has been successfully employed to model real-world protocols, and to generate monitors for mainstream multiagent system platforms, and generalized to support runtime verification of different kinds of properties and systems. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to check Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) properties satisfiability on trace expressions. To do this, we show how to translate a trace expression into a Büchi Automaton in order to realize an Automata-Based Model Checking . We show that this translation generates an over-approximation of our trace expression leading us to obtain a sound procedure to verify LTL properties. Once we have statically checked a set of LTL properties, we can conclude that: (1) our trace expression is formally correct (2) since we use this trace expression to generate monitors checking the runtime behavior of the system, the LTL properties verified by this trace expression are also verified by the monitored system. • Proposal of a static/dynamic hybrid approach to improve runtime monitoring. • Model Checking of a formal specification used to verify object-oriented programs at runtime. • Definition and experimentation of a 3-Steps algorithm to solve the problem.

A database of semantic features for chosen concepts (Attested in 8- to 10-year-old Czech pupils)

Abstract In this paper, a database of semantic features is presented. 104 nominal concepts from 13 semantic categories were described by young Czech school children. They were asked to respond to the question “what is it, what does it mean?” by listing different kinds of properties for concepts in writing. Their responses were broken down into semantic features and the database was prepared using a set of pre-established rules. The method of database design, with an emphasis on the way features were recorded, is described in detail within this article. The data were statistically analysed and interpreted and the results along with database usage methodologies are discussed. The goal of this research is to produce a complex database to be used in future research relating to semantic features and therefore it has been published online for use by the wider academic community. At present, databases have been published based on data gathered from adult English and Czech speakers; however participation in this study was limited specifically to young Czech-speaking children. Thus, this database is characteristically unique as it provides important insight into this specific age and language group’s conceptual knowledge. The research is inspired primarily by research papers concerning semantic feature production obtained from adult English speakers (McRae, de Sa, and Seidenberg, 1997; McRae, Cree, Seidenberg, and McNorgan, 2005; Vinson and Vigliocco, 2008).

Tworzenie definicji czworokątów przez przyszłych nauczycieli – podejście poprzez odkrywanie

This research addresses elementary school prospective teachers’ education in geometry and takes place in Portugal, in the context of a geometry course taught by the first author of this paper. We aim to characterize the activity of prospective teachers in defining quadrilaterals as they work on exploratory tasks in a design-based research study for a geometry course at the 2nd year of their teacher education program. The teaching-learning conjecture is based on the relevance of exploratory work, also valuing prospective teachers’ reflection on their learning. We also assume that the activity of defining quadrilaterals plays an important role in developing reasoning, deepens the knowledge of its properties and supports a more complete view of mathematics. Data was gathered from the participants’ reports and portfolios, as well as audio and video records of classroom discussions. The results show that initially the participants had misconceptions about what a definition is, just focusing on the necessary properties of the figures. However, at the end of the sequence of tasks, they were able to take into account that the set of properties has to be sufficient to identify the defined figure, revealing the development of their knowledge. At the end of the sequence, most participants presented correct definitions, using properties that they previously ignored and showing comprehension of the underlying concepts. They produced economical definitions in few cases, and performed better in inductive than deductive reasoning. We conclude that the exploratory work allowed participants to construct their knowledge in a meaningful way and reflection played an important role in making them aware of personal preconceptions and knowledge. In the beginning, the participants analysed definitions strictly focusing on the necessary properties of the figure, which seemed to be simple when the properties related to visible elements or were well known facts. In the final stage of the sequence of tasks, the participants also took into account that the set of properties has to be sufficient to identify the defined figure and, in the construction of definitions, they presented mostly correct definitions using properties that they previously ignored, showing an understanding of the underlying concepts and properties. Doing this process after investigating and classifying quadrilaterals encouraged the prospective teachers to mobilize different kinds of properties and to reason according to the established classifications, which was a very challenging activity.

Patrimonial Economic Voting and Asset Value – New Evidence from Taxation Register Data

Recent research on economic voting has moved beyond the traditional reward–punishment hypothesis, according to which the economy is merely considered a valence issue. Instead, patrimonial economic voting research looks at voters as property owners within the economic system. These studies have relied on survey items that measure whether individuals own different kinds of property to test the patrimonial dimension. This study emphasizes the importance of a surprisingly neglected aspect: the value of assets. It uses official register data files from the Swedish Tax Agency on the value of individuals’ assets merged with survey data from the 2006 Swedish National Election Study. The study finds that the relationship between patrimony and voting behavior in Sweden is similar to that found in other countries, but only when it is tested in a similar way as in these studies – that is, only when it is coded as whether voters own different assets. This study brings three important contributions to the debate. First, it offers a new empirically based categorization of the dimensionality of asset ownership and shows that the previous distinction between low- and high-risk assets is insufficient. Secondly, it shows that merely having assets or not, which is what previous studies have measured, is not what primarily matters; the relevant factor is the value of the assets. And thirdly, it demonstrates that only the value of some kinds of assets matters (especially stocks and real estate properties), while other assets (savings in bonds and funds) do not affect voting behavior or political opinions.

Geographies of wealth: real estate and personal property ownership in England and Wales, 1870–1902

This article explores the composition and geographies of individual wealth holding in England and Wales in the late nineteenth century. It draws on various forms of death duty records to determine the individual ownership of wealth including both personal property and real estate. By combining information on these different kinds of property, it is possible to explore how different strata of wealth holders accumulated specific forms of wealth at the time of their death. The article then examines how the composition of that wealth varied according to the wealth holder's location in the urban hierarchy and distance from London. It points out important geographical differences in both the scale and nature of wealth holding and raises questions about the implications of these findings.

On the Constitution of Solid Objects Out of Atoms

1. IntroductionA number of philosophers have questioned whether objects that are undoubtedly ontological units could combine form a whole that was also an ontological unit of the same standing. Leibniz, Bertrand Russell, Peter van Inwagen, and Trenton Merricks are well-known examples of such philosophers.1 In this paper I consider this issue for solid objects by focussing on their causal properties. I begin by considering the various different kinds of property that a whole object could possess and the ways in which those properties could be related the properties of the atoms. In order assess which properties of the whole are ontologically significant, a distinction is made between algorithmic elimination and causal or explanatory elimination, where a term has been eliminated algorithmically if it can be dispensed with in calculations. For example, it is claimed by instrumentalists that theoretical terms are mere convenient calculating devices (parts of algorithms) that could be eliminated and play no role in explanations. But here it is argued that algorithmic elimination does not entail causal elimination. Finally, it is argued that though a solid object and its atoms both have properties, when it comes the causal action of a solid object, in many significant interactions (though not all) it is the whole object and its properties that act.2In order form a solid object, certain atoms must be together so that each atom is each of some neighbouring atoms by the dyadic, solid-making stuck to relation and those atoms are further atoms by the same relation, and finally all the atoms that are constituents of the solid are together by the more general, transitive stuck to relation and are no other atoms. A more detailed account of solid objects is given in section 6 and fh. 26.By 'atom' is meant the fundamental constituents of matter, whatever you take them be. They could be (1) atoms properly so-called denned by their atomic numbers, molecules, and ions, (2) the first constituents of atoms, namely electrons, protons, and neutrons, (3) the fundamental particles of the standard model, or (4) just plain old, hypothetical, philosophical atoms as hypothesized by people like Democritus and Trenton Merricks. Interatomic forces are then the forces between atoms whatever you take them be. I believe that there are reasons for thinking that atoms properly so-called, molecules, and ions are real units and therefore respectable atoms.2. Properties of Wholes and Properties of PartsIn order discuss solid objects, it is necessary consider in general the various ways in which it is possible for properties of atoms be related properties of a whole object that is constituted out of those atoms. The usual expectation is that the atoms' possessing certain properties, being arranged spatially in a certain way, and with certain forces connecting them, bring about the instantiation of a property of the whole as a matter of natural law or perhaps as a matter of metaphysical necessity. In other words, the properties of the atoms, their spatial arrangement, and the forces between them determine the properties of the whole. There are two ways in which this could happen, first, where the properties of the atoms, their arrangement, and the forces between them determine that a specific property (a determinate) of a certain kind (a determinable) be instantiated by the whole. Secondly, where the properties of the atoms, their arrangement, and the forces between them determine that some property (a determinate) of a certain kind (a determinable) within a certain range be instantiated by the whole, but do not determine which one.3 In such cases, the properties of the atoms, their arrangement, and the forces between them are necessary conditions for the instantiation of a property of a certain kind of the whole, but even jointly they do not constitute sufficient conditions for the instantiation of any specific property ofthat kind. …

Généralisation de propriétés biologiques, physiques et comportementales chez l’enfant de cinq à neuf ans

This study is designed to examine how biological knowledge is organized and structured in children. Five- to nine-year-old children's interpretations of biological phenomena are studied by examining to what extent the transmission of different kinds of properties is perceived as being causally related to birth origins. A property generalization task is used, in which biological relations (birth origins) are pitted against adoptive relations. The characteristics to be generalized correspond to non-obvious biological characteristics, visible physic characteristics or behavioural characteristics. Our results show that five-year-old children do not understand the origin of these characteristics. A conceptual change seems to be at work by the age of seven but the delimitation of biological categories remains imperfect.

Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Diruthenium Tetracarboxylates Structure, Spectroscopy, and Electrochemistry

Quantum mechanical calculations at the density functional theory (DFT) level have been performed on diruthenium tetracarboxylates of different levels of molecular complexity: from unsolvated monomers to oligomers. The agreement between the calculated and experimental molecular structures and vibrational modes of the simple [Ru2(micro-O2CCH3)4]0/+ and [Ru2(micro-O2CCH3)4(H2O)2]0/+ systems made us confident in our calculation methodology. Therefore, it has been applied to the analysis of two different kinds of properties of these compounds: the trends in the UV/vis spectroscopy and electrochemistry along the [Ru2(micro-O2CCH3)4X2]- (X=Cl-, Br-, I-) series, and the crystalline polymorphism related to the polymeric strand conformation in extended Ru2(micro-O2CR)4Cl compounds. For the [Ru2(micro-O2CCH3)4X2]- series, we report new spectroscopic and electrochemical results and interpret the trends on the basis of time dependent DFT-polarized continuum model calculations, local charge and spin analysis, and X donor properties. As far as the polymeric conformation is concerned, it has been previously suggested that the Ru-Cl-Ru angle results from a compromise between packing, orbital overlap, and microsegregation. Our calculations on [Ru2(micro-O2CCH3)4Cl]2Cl- and [Ru2(micro-O2CCH3)4Cl]3Cl- oligomers provide insights on the influence of the first two factors on the strand conformation and allows a suggestion on what is the equatorial aliphatic chain's influence on this issue.

Clustering humans: on biological boundaries

We inquire into the notions of ‘boundary’ and ‘cluster’ in the fields of medical genetics, pharmacogenetics, and population genetics. First we show that the two notions are not well discussed in literature. Then we propose a promising explication of them, in which we argue that clustering is always ‘property laden’, that is, fundamentally dependent on decisions about the properties to be taken into account. In particular we suggest three different kinds of properties (main properties, investigating properties, and catalyzing properties) that have a role in these decisions. That is, we conclude that boundaries and clusters among humans depend on our way of considering nature. Concepts of ‘race’ and ‘ethnic group’ are discussed too, since they are the most used clusters among humans.

A stochastic approximation view of boosting

The boosting as a stochastic approximation algorithm is considered. This new interpretation provides an alternative theoretical framework for investigation. Following the results of stochastic approximation theory a stochastic approximation boosting algorithm, SABoost, is proposed. By adjusting its step sizes, SABoost will have different kinds of properties. Empirically, it is found that SABoost with a small step size will have smaller training and testing errors difference, and when the step size becomes large, it tends to overfit (i.e. bias towards training scenarios). This choice of step size can be viewed as a smooth (early) stopping rule. The performance of AdaBoost is compared and contrasted.

Automated contrail and cirrus detection using stochastic properties

For the detection of contrails and cirrus clouds, new mathematical methods are developed and applied for different kinds of satellite images (AVHRR, MOS, MOMS, ATSR). As edges and skeletons are not sufficiently representative enough for the description and distinction of clouds, different stochastic properties in their combination are applied. The stochastic properties are represented mathematically by a system of coupled stochastic differential equations. Methods are developed to obtain estimation values from stochastic differential equations. The solutions obtained are given as sequential procedures using grey values of neighbouring pixels, though this is very time consuming so these procedures are approximated for usage of simpler array procedures working on the entire image. For the combination of diverse stochastic and non‐stochastic properties, different kinds of properties are represented by generalized measures. This is realized by fuzzy measures and fuzzy functions, relating to selected fuzzy measures. Whereas the fuzzy function describes rather isolated stochastic variations over small isolated regions, the fuzzy measures describe more extended regions by their stochastic properties. Both of these represented stochastic properties that are fused by a fuzzy integral. These results are used as new fuzzy measures or fuzzy functions and generate iterative procedures to select desired properties for the detection of contrails.