Different Kinds Of Participation Research Articles

Controlled and Autonomous Motivation Relation with Social Media Network Content Contribution: Post-COVID-19 Scenario

People are dependent on Social Media Networks (SMNs) to get in time information about crises. Therefore, emergency managers are interested in how individuals participate in social media networking sites after crises, as well as in how to encourage their participation. Based on the theory of self-determination, this study builds a theoretical model to investigate how various varieties of motivation lead to different kinds of participation in SMNs after a crisis. A survey was conducted after COVID-19, which occurred in China and Europe at the end of December 2019. The 310 data were gathered by a "time-lagged, two-wave survey" and "convenience sampling." According to the findings of this study, autonomous motivation is strongly linked to posting new COVID-19 content, while controlled motivation is significantly linked to commenting on others' COVID-19 content. Moreover, perceived autonomy and perceived relatedness are positively associated with autonomous motivation. This study proposes that crisis managers might wish to enhance various kinds of motivations; dependent on the particular take-part behavior chosen post crises. Moreover, perceived autonomy and relatedness are positively associated with autonomous motivation. The study proposes that risk managers may seek to promote different forms of motives based on the preferred style of participation after a crisis.

To fight or demonstrate? Micro foundations of inequality and conflict

Do people from disadvantaged ethnic groups favor political violence over non-violent tactics? Studies of horizontal (between-group) inequality often concentrate on civil war. This article drills below the macro level and looks beyond civil war, to investigate individual participation in various types of conflict. Different types and combinations of ethnic disadvantage favor participation in different kinds of conflict, because of different opportunity structures. Political exclusion motivates leadership, which facilitates organized movements. Economic disadvantages restrict economic leverage, making non-violent tactics less likely to succeed. The article maps these components of groups’ opportunity structure onto different constellations of inequality. It uses Afrobarometer survey data ( N = 29,727) to show that economic disadvantages increase participation in political violence short of civil war. When they coincide with political exclusion, they also make people steer actively away from demonstrations. The evidence is less conclusive for political disadvantages alone, but points toward increased participation in demonstrations.

Intervention effect of psychodrama on depression and anxiety: A meta-analysis based on Chinese samples

In this meta-analytical study, we investigated the effectiveness of psychodrama as a treatment for depression and anxiety in Chinese participants. Although documents verifying the effects of psychodrama are rich in western countries, the studies on the effects of psychodrama in Chinese samples are rare, partly because psychodrama has been newly introduced. Considering the differences between Chinese and Western culture, it is necessary to examine the effectiveness of psychodrama applied in Chinese participants. This study analyzed experimental studies that investigated the effectiveness of psychodrama (N = 9) with regard to depression and anxiety. Sub-group analyses were conducted to compare different kinds of participants (clinical and non-clinical) and different types of psychodrama (classical and scene). Results suggest that psychodrama significantly mitigates the symptoms of depression and anxiety in Chinese participants, which concurs with findings from studies in Western culture. The findings also suggest that in the Chinese cultural setting, Psychodrama is more effective for the participants who have some anxious and/or depressive emotions but without clinical diagnoses than for those clinical diagnosed and hospitalized clients. Moreover, we found that classical psychodrama is more effective for Chinese participants compared with scene psychodrama, a new well-known form of psychodrama in China. Future research possibilities and application of psychodrama in the Chinese cultural context are discussed.

A Blockchain-Based Reward Mechanism for Mobile Crowdsensing

Mobile crowdsensing (MCS) is a novel sensing scenario of cyber-physical-social systems. MCS has been widely adopted in smart cities, personal health care, and environment monitor areas. MCS applications recruit participants to obtain sensory data from the target area by allocating reward to them. Reward mechanisms are crucial in stimulating participants to join and provide sensory data. However, while the MCS applications execute the reward mechanisms, sensory data and personal private information can be in great danger because of malicious task initiators/participants and hackers. This article proposes a novel blockchain-based MCS framework that preserves privacy and secures both the sensing process and the incentive mechanism by leveraging the emergent blockchain technology. Moreover, to provide a fair incentive mechanism, this article has considered an MCS scenario as a sensory data market, where the market separates the participants into two categories: monthly-pay participants and instant-pay participants. By analyzing two different kinds of participants and the task initiator, this article proposes an incentive mechanism aided by a three-stage Stackelberg game. Through theoretical analysis and simulation, the evaluation addresses two aspects: the reward mechanism and the performance of the blockchain-based MCS. The proposed reward mechanism achieves up to a 10% improvement of the task initiator’s utility compared with a traditional Stackelberg game. It can also maintain the required market share for monthly-pay participants while achieving sustainable sensory data provision. The evaluation of the blockchain-based MCS shows that the latency increases in a tolerable manner as the number of participants grows. Finally, this article discusses the future challenges of blockchain-based MCS.

‘Social Control’ and the Politics of Public Participation in Water Remunicipalization, Cochabamba, Bolivia

During the Water War in 2000, residents of Cochabamba, Bolivia, famously mobilized against water privatization and gained back public control of the city’s water utility. Nearly two decades later, the water movement’s vision of democratic water provision under the participatory management of ‘social control’ remains largely unfulfilled. This paper points to the difficulties in rebuilding a strong public water service in Cochabamba, focusing on the different—and often incompatible—understandings and interpretations of public participation. Addressing the concept’s malleability to a spectrum of ideologies, this paper builds a typology of different kinds of participation according to their intentionality, outcomes, tools, and practices. Applying this framework to the water politics in Bolivia serves to untangle competing perspectives of participation, uncover whose interests are served, and which groups are included or excluded from access to water and decision-making. This analysis reveals how transformative participation has failed to take hold within the municipal service provider in Cochabamba.

Distributed programming using role-parametric session types in go: statically-typed endpoint APIs for dynamically-instantiated communication structures

This paper presents a framework for the static specification and safe programming of message passing protocols where the number and kinds of participants are dynamically instantiated. We develop the first theory of distributed multiparty session types (MPST) to support parameterised protocols with indexed roles—our framework statically infers the different kinds of participants induced by a protocol definition as role variants, and produces decoupled endpoint projections of the protocol onto each variant. This enables safe MPST-based programming of the parameterised endpoints in distributed settings: each endpoint can be implemented separately by different programmers, using different techniques (or languages). We prove the decidability of role variant inference and well-formedness checking, and the correctness of projection. We implement our theory as a toolchain for programming such role-parametric MPST protocols in Go. Our approach is to generate API families of lightweight, protocol- and variant-specific type wrappers for I/O. The APIs ensure a well-typed Go endpoint program (by native Go type checking) will perform only compliant I/O actions w.r.t. the source protocol. We leverage the abstractions of MPST to support the specification and implementation of Go applications involving multiple channels, possibly over mixed transports (e.g., Go channels, TCP), and channel passing via a unified programming interface. We evaluate the applicability and run-time performance of our generated APIs using microbenchmarks and real-world applications.

Making music in early childhood: A study of the formats of participation

This paper presents research carried out in a kindergarten in Catalonia with the aim of studying the different kinds of musical activity that take place during one school day. This is an ethnographic study where the researcher became an extra teacher in a group of one to two-year-olds and interacted with them musically. The methodology is based in a participatory observation approach and data are collected via video-recordings, field notes and a daily exchange of impressions and reflections with the teacher. The results show four different kinds of participation that determine the type of musical activity carried out when children are placed in the spotlight: (a) active audience, (b) performer pointer (c) performer proof with expert, and (d) performer proof without expert.

Paradigms of Participation in Origen

The article provides a classification of different kinds of participation in the conceptual framework by Origen, namely, those of natural participation and those of individual participation. In these concepts, Origen did not always borrow from Platonic philosophy – as it was commonly thought. In fact, Origen used as well Aristotelian and other approaches to the universalia and related questions.

Coordinated bidding of wind and thermal energy in joint energy and reserve markets of Spain by considering the uncertainties

There are several reasons why participants, namely conventional participants, and moreover, wind power producers, have been facing an inevitable uncertainty problem in the current short-term electricity market; one reason is the stochastic nature of market prices, and the other is the wind output power uncertainty. To relive the undesirable effects of these uncertainties on wind energy trading, this research proposes a coordinated bidding of wind and thermal units in day-ahead market, adjustment market and regulation reserve market based on the Iberian Peninsula short-term electricity market rules. In the proposed method, a blended integer stochastic linear programming design maximises the expected profits while controlling the risks. One of the main properties of the developed method is modelling the uncertainty of market expenses and wind output energy. Another feature is considering the conditional value at risk criterion to handle the trading risks. The case study is divided into four specific cases in which different kinds of participation are evaluated. These differences attribute to the bidding in various market types. Simulation results indicate that coordinated bidding in the regulation reserve market has more advantages over coordinated bidding in the adjustment market. Furthermore, participation in both adjustment market and regulation reserve market leads to a dramatic decrease in likely deviations in the regulation reserve market, and as a result, coordination advantages become less effective.

Users' participation and social influence during information spreading on Twitter.

Online Social Networks generate a prodigious wealth of real-time information at an incessant rate. In this paper we study the empirical data that crawled from Twitter to describe the topology and information spreading dynamics of Online Social Networks. We propose a measurement with three measures to state the efforts of users on Twitter to get their information spreading, based on the unique mechanisms for information retransmission on Twitter. It is noticed that small fraction of users with special performance on participation can gain great influence, while most other users play a role as middleware during the information propagation. Thus a community analysis is performed and four categories of users are found with different kinds of participation that cause the information dissemination dynamics. These suggest that exiting topological measures alone may reflect little about the influence of individuals and provide new insights for information spreading.

Participation of Spanish older people in educational courses: The role of sociodemographic and active ageing factors

This study examines the factors associated with participation in educational courses among Spanish older people. Data were drawn from the Survey on Older People 2010, carried out by Spain’s National Institute of Older People and Social Services and based on a nationally representative sample. Overall, only 7.4 percent of the sample participated in an educational course. To analyse the factors related to this participation, we ran multivariate analyses using sociodemographic background data and participation in different kinds of active ageing activities. Gender, location, age, leisure activities, volunteering and political activity were found to be predictors of participation in educational courses. Leisure and productive activities showed greater predictive value for participation in educational courses than sociodemographic variables. In the light of the data, policies to promote older people’s participation in educational courses are discussed.

Being a service user and a social work academic: balancing expert identities

I am a service user and academic working in a university social work department. My hybrid identity allows me to draw on different types of knowledge in all aspects of my work, including: academic, practice and experiential wisdom. Service user involvement is mandated across social work education but the scope and breadth of different kinds of participation is developed in diverse ways across university contexts. This article affirms the value of service user involvement in health and social care education, exploring its positive impact on students. When lecturers share personal experience of using services alongside practice and academic wisdom in the course of teaching, sometimes the value of experiential knowledge is doubted and its influence dismissed. I examine the importance of experiential wisdom in social work education, specifically when it is embedded in an academic role in a university social work department, and consider how it can be respected and valued. The parallel experiences of involving peer support workers in mental health services, who use their knowledge of recovery to mentor other service users, are then briefly examined, together with reflection of the concerns across mental health with professionals sharing their experiential wisdom with the people that they support.

How do online communities matter? Comparison between active and non-active participants in an online behavioral weight loss program

This paper contributes to the discussion on the potential of different social media platforms in health behavior change programs. More specifically, it compares the outcomes of participation in different online community platforms in an online behavioral weight loss program. Results show that active participants on online community platforms perceive their service experience more positively, follow instructions more precisely, have a more positive perception of achieving their goals, and also feel that they receive more social support than do those who do not actively participate in online community channels, although no differences were found related to weight loss itself. Furthermore, interesting differences were found in the perceptions of participants on different types of social media platforms. For example, those who actively participated in a Facebook-based online community reported receiving more emotional support than did those who participated in a discussion forum-based online community. The results shed light on what types of outcomes active participation in different kinds of online communities might have for individuals. A description is provided of possible strategies for service providers in terms of facilitating the service experience that they provide.

Hydrodeoxygenation of Cresols Over Mo/Al2O3 and CoMo/Al2O3 Sulfided Catalysts

The hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of cresol isomers was investigated at 340 °C under 4 MPa over Mo/Al2O3 and CoMo/Al2O3 sulfided catalysts. Over both catalysts, the reactivity of cresols followed the order: m-cresol > p-cresol > o-cresol. These phenolic compounds were converted by two deoxygenation routes. The desired direct deoxygenation (DDO) route, leading to toluene, was strongly promoted by cobalt. On the contrary, the HYDrogenation route (yielding methylcyclohexenes and methylcyclohexane) was favored over Mo/Al2O3 and practically not affected by the presence of cobalt. To explain the formation of these deoxygenated products, the participation of different kinds of active sites such metal-decorated edge and brim-model was suggested. Thus, we proposed a reaction mechanism involving a schematic CoMoS active site which allowed to explain (i) the highest reactivity of m-cresol by the involvement of a stabilized cationic intermediate and (ii) the lowest reactivity of o-cresol, ascribed to a steric hindrance of methyl group during the initial tautomerization step.

Universities and external engagement activities: Particular profiles for particular universities?

We use a multilevel regression approach on a complex combined dataset including a survey of 4,400 Norwegian academics and detailed data on the 31 higher education institutions in which they are employed. The aim is to test whether university-level characteristics matter for participation in different kinds of external engagement, when we also control for the influence of individual- and discipline-level factors. We find that university-level variables explain few of the differences in external engagement among academic staff in general.

Is action research necessarily collaborative? Changing mutuality within a project

ABSTRACTThis article reports a study on collaboration within an action research project that was conducted by university researchers and elementary school teachers in the Azores, Portugal. More specifically, it examines how different kinds of participants worked together in different phases of the project. The notion of mutuality (i.e., the relative status of the participants and their ownership of the project) was especially critical for understanding changes in collaboration within the project. However, mutuality cannot be fully understood if important aspects of the geographical and cultural context in which a project of that kind takes place are not taken into consideration. In this particular case, it is important to consider the fact that local policy is devoid of incentives for elementary school teachers’ participation in research projects.

The role of expressive therapies in therapeutic interactions; art therapy - explanation of the concept

Art therapy is a form of psycho-corrective interaction, using different artistic means to facilitate a patient to express emotions. It helps to meet the emotional needs, build self-acceptance, increase self-esteem, reduce anxiety, meet the cognitive needs and develop social skills. Art therapy develops imagination and creativity, empathy, forms pro-social attitude, and what is important, shows that artistic abilities do not play any role in the process of creation. More examples show that participation in different kinds of art therapy investigate emotional states, provoke positive changes in cognitive development, bypass the communication barrier. The scope of the benefits of art therapy seems to attract to this form of therapeutic and educational activities. Art therapy techniques are a great way to promote development of a child, and this is the reason of the wide application of the art therapy in education. Art therapy can be used both to healthy people and patients, children and adults. It should be emphasized that the art therapy is perfect way of nonpharmacological interventions in the patient's life.

Overcoming the crisis in the European integration process through changes in regulations concerning the participation of EUcitizens in making and implementing decisions

The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of citizen participation-enabling mechanisms in the EU decision-making process on the legitimacy of the Union. The inquiry measures and categorises participation in the EU, utilising the analytic instruments developed in existing theoretical approaches. The research problem is the evaluation of conditions created in the EU for active participation in the public life for their potential of overcoming the crisis in the European integration process. The aim of the study has been accomplished in two stages. First, the legislative process in the EU has been presented, with law-making and implementation phases distinguished. Second, the different kinds of participation in the EU have been categorised and their intensity described. The categorisation is adapted from the distinction made by W. Tegtmeier. The author is testing the hypothesis that the multitude of modes of engaging citizens in the decision making process in the EU confirms the Union’s legitimacy. She concludes that citizen participation in the decision-making at the EU level could potentially positively contribute to the process of overcoming the crisis of democracy in the EU.

36 different chocolate directives: how does the setting influence negotiation outcomes in an eu simulation?

The article analyses how the setting of EU simulations influences negotiation outcomes, that is, the content of the simulated directives. We have played the same simulation of the chocolate directive – the same roles and the same Commission proposal – in various settings (with different kinds of participants, various group sizes, for one or two days, with instructors or participants playing the European Parliament (EP)). A quantitative analysis elucidates relations between settings and outcomes we would not see when considering only one simulation at a time. First, the simulation scales well. Simulation duration, number and kind of participants have little impact on the range of outcomes. Second, the directive is more liberal if participants play the EP, indicating that our instructors play the EP too tough. Third, Swiss participants negotiate stricter and more consensual directives. These results can inform the further evolution of the simulation based on hard data.

Expressive and instrumental motivations explaining youth participation in non-profit voluntary associations: an application in Spain

This paper is intended to analyse some variables related to youth participation in voluntary nonprofit associations in order to identify the factors which lead young people to engage in active participation in society. Particularly, we present some preliminary results from a sample of young people aged 14 to 30 years old in Spain. Different measures were taken with regards to participants’ socio-demographic variables, current or past participation in different kinds of associations, intentions to enter a nonprofit association in the future, and expressive and instrumental motivations towards youth organizing. Results support that young people are more likely to take active part in expressive associations oriented to personal goals than in instrumental associations focused in social pursuits. Similarly, sociability and ludic motives are the main reasons mentioned for joining an association, while political considerations are highly unnoticed. Implications of these results for marketing in nonprofit contexts to enhance youth engagement for civic purposes are discussed.