Different Kinds Of Contributions Research Articles

“What Do You Think She’s Going to Do Next?” Irresolution and Ambiguity as Resources for Collective Engagement

Understanding how learning environments productively mobilize children’s ideas as resources for participation in joint activity is an ongoing focus of research on classroom instruction. We investigated whole-class mathematics conversations in which multiple students participated in ways previous research suggests are consequential for learning. We found that in such conversations, students rarely presented the entirety of their solutions before other students engaged. Rather, incomplete explanations and written representations that emerged over time created entry points for other students to contribute in mathematically substantive ways. These aspects of student participation operated in combination with teachers’ in-the-moment responses to create opportunities for, and publicly recognize, different kinds of contributions as resources for collective work. Our findings suggest that, rather than challenges to communication that must be overcome, students’ vague, unfinished, and ambiguous ideas present productive contributions that can be leveraged to support collective mathematical work.

The Rise and Fall of the Note

In this note, I quantitatively examine various trends in the lengths of published papers in ACM CSCW from 2000-2018, focusing on several major transitions in editorial and reviewing policy. The focus is on the rise and fall of the 4-page note, which was introduced in 2004 as a separate submission type to the 10-page double-column "full paper" format. From 2004-2012, 4-page notes of 2,500 to 4,500 words consistently represented about 20-35% of all publications. In 2013, minimum and maximum page lengths were officially removed, with no formal distinction made between full papers and notes. The note soon completely disappeared as a distinct genre, which co-occurred with a trend in steadily rising paper lengths. I discuss such findings both as they directly relate to local concerns in CSCW and in the context of longstanding theoretical discussions around genre theory and how socio-technical structures and affordances impact participation in distributed, computer-mediated organizations and user-generated content platforms. There are many possible explanations for the decline of the note and the emergence of longer and longer papers, which I identify for future work. I conclude by addressing the implications of such findings for the CSCW community, particularly given how genre norms impact what kinds of scholarship and scholars thrive in CSCW, as well as whether new top-down rules or bottom-up guidelines ought to be developed around paper lengths and different kinds of contributions.

Temporal Motivations of Volunteers to Participate in Cultural Crowdsourcing Work

Crowdsourcing (CS) by cultural and heritage institutions engage volunteers in online projects without monetary compensation. Uncertainty concerning online volunteer motivation has led to a growing body of academic research. This study contributes to that debate, by extending focus to CS volunteer work in nonprofit cultural institutions where no monetary benefit is offered to volunteers. This study examines motivations of high performing volunteers in a newspaper digitisation CS project, initiated by the National Library of Australia. Volunteers are motivated by personal, collective, and external factors, and these motivations change over time. Volunteers initially show intrinsic motivations, though both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations play a critical role in their continued participation. Volunteer contributions range from data shaping (e.g., correcting digitised optical character recognition data) to knowledge shaping (e.g., shaping historical data through tagging and commenting, but also through development of norms and social roles). The locus of motivation (intrinsic or extrinsic) also changes with different kinds of contributions. The distinction between data and knowledge shaping contributions, and the locus and focus of motivation behind these activities, has implications for the design of CS systems. Design for improved usability through cognitive and physical system affordances and development of social mechanisms for ongoing participation is discussed.

Systematic mapping study on MBT: tools and models

Every year several contributions to the model-based testing (MBT) field are published. Therefore, to follow the evolution and trends of several tools and models available is difficult. Moreover, since the variety of models and tools that became available in recent years, choosing an approach to support the MBT process is a challenging activity. The main objective of this study is to provide an overview on MBT tools and models used by those tools. Furthermore, the authors' study can help academic researchers and companies to understand the topics involving MBT. Therefore, a systematic mapping study was conducted in which 1197 distinct papers were evaluated. At the end, 87 primary studies were selected to be analysed in a quantitative and qualitative way. As a result, they classified the tools and models that are currently used to support MBT. Moreover, they identified 70 MBT tools, as well as different domains in which MBT is already applied to. Therefore, there are some evidence that MBT continues to be a broad and ‘alive’ research field since every year a significant number of papers presenting different kinds of contributions are published.

Technical and Vocational Education and Training in Workforce Development

There are many contributions of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) on a nation’s economy. TVET has been proved as the key for skill development. With its feature focused on specific occupation, it has allowed individuals to find skill related jobs or start own employment. TVET stands a major player in economic growth of a nation through development of workforce and rise in employment rate. On one hand, TVET’s role stands on employment generation in the job market while on the other hand, TVET is regarded more significant to promote self employment where employment opportunities are scare and individuals are enrolled in informal or agricultural sector. This paper tries to explore different contributions of TVET on employment in the labour market and in uplifting self employment through the development of relevant skills and the different kinds of contributions it gives and importance it holds depending upon the economic development of the nations.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jtd.v1i0.13094 Journal of Training and Development Vol.1 2015: 77-84

Editor's Note

Editor's Note

Influence of Scaling Rules on the Loss of Acoustic Energy

The damping of acoustic oscillations in two different design concepts of rocket engine demonstrators is assessed. Both engines represent different scaling strategies for subscale demonstrators. In this context, one major question is which of the two designs are less prone to combustion instabilities. Different methods are presented to show the influence of geometry on the loss of acoustic energy. The decay coefficient is determined, which accounts for the overall loss of acoustic energy independent of the physical mechanism. The admittance at the intersection of the combustion chamber and nozzle is evaluated. The acoustic flux is calculated and divided into different kinds of contributions. In this regard, the importance of the relation between pure acoustic transport and convective transport is emphasized. It shows that the pure acoustic transport is directed into the combustion chamber.However, its fraction of acoustic energy is compensated by the convective transported acoustic energy,which is convected out of the thrust chamber. Thus, the overall acoustic energy in the system is decaying. The two designs show different damping characteristics for different modes. The photoscaled design is less stable for longitudinal modes but more stable for transverse modes. The first transverse mode in the Mach-scaled design is barely damped.

Spend Time on Patients and Families or on Documentation?

Spend Time on Patients and Families or on Documentation?

Evolutionary Theory and the Social uses of Biology

Stephen Jay Gould is rightly remembered for many different kinds of contributions to our intellectual life. I focus on his criticisms of uses of evolutionary ideas to defend inegalitarian doctrines and on his attempts to expand the framework of Darwinian evolutionary theory. I argue that his important successes in the former sphere are applications of the idea of local critique, grounded in careful attention to the details of the inegalitarian proposals. As he became more concerned with the second project, Gould was inclined to suggest that the abuses of evolutionary ideas rested on an insufficiently expanded Darwinism. I suggest that what is valuable in Gould's contribution to general evolutionary theory is the original claim about punctuated equilibrium (advanced, with Niles Eldredge in1972), and the careful defense of that claim through the accumulation of paleontological evidence. I try to show that the more ambitious program of a hierarchical expansion of neo-Darwinism is misguided, and that the endeavor to go beyond local critique fails.

Mediation and the Transformation of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

During the 1990s, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict underwent a profound transformation, which has proceeded slowly and sometimes with severe disruptions and retrogressions. This article examines the diverse contributions of different kinds of mediators to the transformation at various stages of the process. Particular attention is given to the Oslo negotiations, their forerunners, and subsequent negotiations. Comparisons are made regarding the different kinds of contributions made by different kinds of mediators. Mediators include intermediaries with leverage, such as a United States President, and mediators with few material resources, such as unofficial facilitators. At various stages of a conflict's escalation and de-escalation, different kinds of mediators can make appropriate and effective contributions. Making and building peace in protracted conflicts requires a wide variety of complementary actions by diverse actors, including persons within the adversary sides as well as by intermediaries. Mediating effectiveness is constrained by the circumstances of each adversary, the adversary relations, and the historical context.

Zur Komplementarität von Diskurs und Macht in der Planung

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size At present the communicative or discursive model of planning—excluding the scientific-instrumental one—is fundamental for many planners, in Germany as well as the USA. Its capability to map the reality of planning processes and to guide thinking and acting of planners is doubted. Evidence is provided from the experiences of other planning theorists with their practical attempts at cooperation and from observing the planning process of a large real planning project. The observation was that during the whole tedious planning process a large variety of actors try to influence the outcome of the planning process by different kinds of contributions, discoursive as well as power acts. The concept of power is introduced, its underlying logic, its internal calculi (following a strategic rationality) and its instrumental forms in planning are shown. The conclusion is, not to replace one concept with the other, not to include one concept in the other, not to mix both up into a new kind of (real)rationality. It is rather adequate to see them as necessarily separate concepts in inevitably complementary interrelations. The kind of interrelations between both concepts in a complementarity model of planning is shown.

Return migration to Jamaica and its development potential.

Return migration to Jamaica is associated closely with the existence and nature of the transnational linkages established between migrants and their home country, especially at the level of the household and family. Remittances invariably precede, accompany and follow the actual return of migrants and comprise money as well as a range of consumer goods.Data on the number of returning migrants to Jamaica have been collected officially only since 1992; other information is derived from field studies. The figures show that the US is the source of most return migrants to Jamaica, with the United Kingdom second.Likewise, there are few official statistics on remittances, especially of those entering the country through informal channels. Nevertheless, data on the receipt of money through the Bank of Jamaica, indicate that during the 1990s remittances as a percentage of GDP exceeded that of the traditional foreign currency earners of bauxite and sugar.Growing awareness of the potential of the Jamaican overseas community has led the Government of Jamaica to establish programmes, including The Return of Talent programme, supported by the International Organization for Migration (IOM), to encourage the return of nationals.Different types of return migrants have the potential to make different kinds of contributions to national development – some through their skills, educational and professional experience, others through the financial capital which they transfer for investment or as retirement income. However, the most significant development potential of return lies in the social and economic conditions in Jamaica itself. If confidence levels are high, there will be little difficulty in attracting persons to return and financial transfers and investments will increase. Furthermore, the social and economic environment largely conditions the extent to which skills and talent as well as the financial capital are effectively utilized.

An appreciation of Laurence Rosenberg

It takes many different kinds of contributions to create a viable research community, and many dedicated people have made major contributions in the past decade to make things like the NSF Digital Libraries initiative happen. I'd like to take a few moments to honor one such individual who left our community when he died this past spring following a brave fight with cancer. Laurence Rosenberg affected many of our lives and careers through his activities and his vision as a program manager and a deputy director in the Division of Information, Robotics, and Intelligent Systems at the National Science Foundation.

On the Statistical Interpretation of Thermodynamic Entropy in a Strongly Coupled Gas

The first strong-coupling contribution to the canonical entropy of a classical gas is analyzed in the simple case of a Gaussian potential. In agreement with the results by Prigogine et al., it is shown that two different kinds of contributions appear and that only one of them can be identified with the thermodynamical entropy.

Nutrition and Resistance—Susceptibility to Infection 1

An invitation to discuss nutrition in relation to resistance before a gathering of students of tropical medicine when proffered to one who has never before participated in tropical medical activities can, I think, be best explained by (1) a tolerant broad-mindedness of the program committee and (2) a recognition that the tap roots of tropical medicine run deep into the subsoil of theory which underlies infectious disease in general. Among these roots our mutual problems lie tangled among the aged, yet by no means fossilized concepts of virulence and avirulence, resistance and susceptibility. It is my thesis this afternoon that nutrition, in its relationship to these central issues, has not yet come to flower, but if we wish to see its growth, we must look to its roots as it penetrates ever deeper. This penetration can be expected to make two different kinds of contributions, the one practical and the other theoretical in its implications.