Different Kinds Of Products Research Articles

Free Sorting and Association Task: A Variant of the Free Sorting Method Applied to Study the Impact of Dried Sourdough as an Ingredienton the Related Bread Odor.

This paper presents a new variant of the free sorting method developed to analyze the relationship between dried sourdough (DSD) and corresponding DSD-bread (bread) odors. The comparison of DSD and bread sensory characteristics is complicated due to their specific features (for example, acidity for DSD and a characteristic "baked bread" aroma for breads). To analyze them at the same time, this study introduces a new variant of the free sorting method, which adds an association task between DSD and bread after those of free sorting and verbalization. This separation makes it possible to change the product between tasks. It was applied to study the impact of 6 European commercial DSDs on their related DSD-bread. According to our results, this methodology enabled an association between different kinds of products and thus underlined the relationship between them. Moreover, as this methodology contains a verbalization task, it provides product descriptions. Compared with the standard free sorting method, free sorting with an association task gives the distance (i) between DSDs, (ii) between breads, and (iii) between DSDs and breads. The separation of product assessment through sorting and association avoids the separation of products according to their category (DSD or bread).

Low Dose Fibrinolytic Therapy for Treating Right Heart Thrombus

Over the past few decades, China has “leaked out” massive oil resource through exporting different kinds of products, which intensified the county’s energy dilemma and obviously is unsustainable. The aim of this paper was to calculate the total and industrial amount of oil embodied in China’s export during 2002~2012 and to analyze its influence factors. An exported embodied oil model was built based on the Input Output Analysis, and the influence factors of embodied oil were decomposed into energy utilization technology, export structure and export scale on the basis of the Structure Decomposition Analysis. The results indicated that the direct and the complete oil consumption efficiency in 2012 are lower than that in 2002. The total exported embodied oil grows from 0.58 × 108 tons in 2002 to 1.11 × 104 tons in 2012, which accounts for a large percentage of the domestic oil consumption. The enlargement of export scale is the main positive promotion for embodied energy increase in exports during 2002~2007 and 2007~2012, and the energy utilization technology is the key factor for the part of negative influence in embodied energy decrease. Though the export structure factor doesn’t play a key role in embodied energy change in exports, comparing with the other two factors, it has substantial potential for decreasing the exported embodied oil. Finally, policy suggestions were proposed based on the results to improve the situation.

Beyond Devilish Humor: The Serious Side of Jehan-Georges Vibert, “Painter of Cardinals”

Art historians, art dealers, curators and collectors—mostly American—who know the work of Jehan-George Vibert (1840–1902), are familiar with his canvases featuring monks and cardinals. Vibert’s paintings were the centerpiece of an exhibition about anecdotal paintings at the Taft Museum of Art in Cincinnati in 1992. Art restorers who know Vibert’s name, however, are more familiar with two other significant aspects of his activity: chemistry and writing. Vibert published many technical books, including The Science of Painting (1892). Moreover, Vibert collaborated with pigment and paint manufacturers in order to develop new markets with different kinds of products for artists.Recent archival research done at the Getty Research Institute has turned up intriguing new information that provides depth to the full range of Vibert’s multiple engagements with painting, writing, the art market, and chemistry. In the context of the artistic, scientific, and industrial revolutions, Vibert sat astride multiple disciplines.

About acquiring and processing light transport matrices for transparent object inspection

Abstract Transparent materials are employed for creating different kinds of products and have to meet high quality requirements. First of all, transparent materials have to be free from scattering defects, e.g., enclosed air bubbles. Visual inspection systems based on dark field setups are principally capable of imaging these kinds of defects, however, it usually requires much effort to adapt them to the test object on hand. This article shows how light transport matrices can be calculated for an optical system consisting of a programmable area light source and a telecentric camera. Two features are proposed that can be extracted out of these matrices and that allow to image scattering defects present in a transparent object without the need of adapting the system to the actual test object. The results of synthetic experiments obtained using a physically based and adequately extended rendering framework approved the proposed approach and showed that it even outperforms classical inspection systems in some situations.

Hydrogenase biomimetics: structural and spectroscopic studies on diphosphine-substituted derivatives of Fe2(CO)6(µ-edt) (edt = ethanedithiolate) and Fe2(CO)6(µ-tdt) (tdt = 1,3-toluenedithiolate)

Reactions of a series of diphosphines with Fe2(CO)6(µ-edt) (1) and Fe2(CO)6(µ-tdt) (2) have been explored, the nature of the products being highly dependent upon the diphosphine. Reaction of 1 with bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm) in acetonitrile at 82 °C affords monosubstituted Fe2(CO)5(κ1-dppm)(µ-edt) (3) in which the phosphine occupies an apical site and disubstituted Fe2(CO)4(µ-dppm)(µ-edt) (4) in which the phosphine is acting as a bridging ligand, while a similar reaction of 2 with dppm yields only Fe2(CO)4(µ-dppm)(µ-tdt) (5). In contrast, 1 and 2 react with 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) to form the chelate complex Fe2(CO)4(κ2-dppe)(µ-edt) (7) and Fe2(CO)4(κ2-dppe)(µ-tdt) (8), respectively; in both the diphosphine binds in an apical–basal fashion to a single iron atom. A second product of the dppe reaction with 1 is tetranuclear [Fe2(CO)5(µ-edt)]2(κ1,κ1-dppe) (6) in which the diphosphine again occupies apical sites. Similar reactions of 1 and 2 with 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) give single products, namely Fe2(CO)5(κ1-dppf)(µ-edt) (9) and Fe2(CO)5(κ1-dppf)(µ-tdt) (10), respectively, which are structurally similar to 3. All seven complexes have been characterized by a combination of analytical and spectroscopic data, together with single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis for 3, 7, 9 and 10. Reactivity of Fe2(CO)6(µ-edt) and Fe2(CO)6(µ-tdt) toward a series of diphosphines has been investigated from which a number of different kinds of products are isolated and characterized.

Automatic visual inspection: An approach with multi-instance learning

One of the industrial applications of computer vision is automatic visual inspection. In the last decade, standard supervised learning methods have been used to detect defects in different kind of products. These methods are trained with a set of images where every image has to be manually segmented and labeled by experts in the application domain. These manual segmentations require a large amount of high quality delineations (on pixels), which can be time consuming and often a difficult task. Multi-instance learning (MIL), in contrast to standard supervised classifiers, avoids this task and can, therefore, be trained with weakly labeled images. In this paper, we propose an approach for the automatic visual inspection that uses MIL for defect detection. The approach has been tested with data from three artificial benchmark datasets and three real-world industrial scenarios: inspection of artificial teeth, weld defect detection and fishbone detection. Results show that the proposed approach can be used with weakly labeled images for defect detection on automatic visual inspection systems. This approach is able to increase the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) up to 6.3% compared with the naïve MIL approach of propagating the bag labels.

Greenhouse gas emissions of small scale ornamental plant production in Austria - A case study

The aim of this paper is to analyze the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from floricultural production in Austria based on a small-scale case study in which emissions were calculated using highly detailed accounts of a specific nursery for the years 2009–2013. The nursery produces a large assortment of cut flowers and pot plants. In terms of methods, the study is based on a life cycle assessment approach, presenting global warming as impact indicator. To reach a meaningful comparison of cut flowers and pot plants, the functional unit “days of flowering” is developed, referring to the function of ornamental plants. This new functional unit enables to a comparison of different kind of products based on their longevity. Including this factor allows a more nuanced comparison of flowers in terms of their GHG emissions. For example, if the widespread functional unit “piece of product” is applied, cyclamen appear to be associated with high emissions, whereas their emissions are slightly below average when the functional unit “days of flowering” is used.

The conceptualization of pricing schemes: From product-centric to customer-centric value approaches

Using different conceptualizations of value, the literature provides various approaches to value-based pricing. Against this background, this article examines the suitability of product-centric and customer-centric pricing schemes for a value-based pricing strategy. In this context, we elaborate a conceptualization of the term “pricing scheme” and provide a classification of different kinds of product- and customer-centric pricing schemes by means of their measurement unit. The focus of this article is on analyzing innovative customer-centric pricing schemes and their consequences. To support our analysis, we examine case studies and conduct expert interviews to gain insights into the experience of executive marketing managers using customer-centric pricing schemes successfully. The results show that customer-centric pricing schemes are more aligned with the customer’s value-in-use, they shift the revenues from transactions to the customer’s usage phase, and they are useful to strengthen the relationship between customer and provider.

Pyrolysis of furan and its derivatives at 1100 °C: PAH products and DFT study

In this work, the pyrolysis of furans (furan, 2-methylfuran, furfuryl alcohol, and furfural) have been checked by Py-GC–MS at 1100°C to detect the decomposition of furans and the formation of benzene derivatives and PAH. From the Py-GC–MS results, different side chain functional groups on furan-ring lead to different kinds of products and product distributions, such as hydroxyl group leading to dimers, and aldehyde group leading to pyrans, but the mechanism for furan-ring opening and decomposition is universal for furans pyrolyzed in this study. In order to explain the experimental results and the formation of benzene derivatives and PAH, the formation of benzene from furan has also been calculated by B3LYP/6-31G++(d,p). Two possible benzene formation mechanisms, Diels-Alder and acetylene reaction mechanism, have been proposed and calculated. By comparison, it has been regarded that Diels-Alder reaction was more possible for PAH formation as this mechanism has a lower activation energy for initiation step, but acetylene reaction mechanism was more possible for benzene formation as this mechanism has a lower global activation energy.

Design of on-line system for measuring and tracking time of assembly

Abstract Manual assembly performed at assembly workstations nowadays still has a unique place in different kinds of production. To increase the productivity and quality of manual assembly it is necessary to analyse the existing workplaces and find ways to improve and streamline work done at these workplaces. The article deals with the design of a model for on-line analysis of a manual assembly process. The proposed model is based on the use of sensors or the so-called button-box and the use of software for recording and evaluating data. Based on the obtained data it is then possible to evaluate the time characteristics of the assembly process, aswell as to find sources of delays and mistakes and then take appropriate action to correct them.

Payment Methods and Purchase Intention from Online Stores

Online retail stores are a new booming phenomenon in the Arab world. Recent years witnessed a significant increase in the number of Arabic online stores launched for different kinds of products and services. Stores offer grocery products, fashion and life style items, and electronics and technology devices. Regardless of the growing investments in the Arabic online retail sector, Arabic consumers are still doubtful about online shopping. This research investigated the factors affecting Jordanians' purchase intentions from online stores by extending the technology acceptance model (TAM) to include payment method. The model included payment method (PM), perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived usefulness (PU), as direct predictors of the intention to use online stores and moderated by consumers' level of trust of such factors. Results indicated that TAM predictors, and payment methods do affect consumers' intention to purchase online. However, PM and PEOU relationships with the intention to shop online are the only relationships moderated by trust.

Role of Women in Consumption Behaviour: A Comparison of Working and Non Working Wives in Shimla Town

Women have a significant role in the consumption processes of a family and are an influential marketing segment. The objective of this paper was to compare the roles played by working wives (WW) and non working wives (NWW) of Shimla in consumption of different kind of products the families used. The study is based on a sample of 60 respondents of which 30 were working wives and 30 were non-working wives. The data was collected by using a structured questionnaire dealing with roles played by women in purchase of non durables, durables, and high value products. It was observed that working wives were more active in consumption related roles of high involvement products, while non-working wives were more active in consumption related roles in connection with low involvement products.

Seed heteromorphism in Triticum dicoccoides: association between seed positions within a dispersal unit and dormancy.

Variation in seed size and dormancy can take the form of seed heteromorphism, i.e., production of different kinds of seeds by a single individual. In this paper, I tested for the effect of seed position within a spikelet on its germination over time, and the contribution of this effect to population differentiation along an aridity gradient in an annual grass, Triticum dicoccoides. The results show that the upper grain in a spikelet is larger than the bottom grain, and either germinates in the season following dispersal, or dies. In contrast, a substantial fraction of the bottom grains do not germinate in the first season, but remain dormant in the soil seed bank for 1 and, very rarely, 2years. This pattern was observed in seeds of all origins, but the bottom grains from the most arid location had the lowest, and from the least arid location, the highest germination fraction in the 1styear and vice versa in the 2ndyear. This difference in germination fraction was observed under controlled irrigation conditions but not in the field experiment. These mixed results suggest that seed dimorphism is a life history trait with a complicated evolutionary history and wide adaptive implications. Seed dimorphism in T. dicoccoides could initially be an adaptation for reducing competition in productive (i.e., high precipitation) environments. In addition to this, seed dimorphism under increasing aridity could become a bet-hedging trait allowing a population to survive periods of insufficient rainfall through dormancy.

Photochemical technology of the formation of polymer materials’ nanomarkers

A new photochemical technology for forming latent markers, i.e., protective identifiers of different polymer products and other materials, is developed. This technique allows one to encode identifiers of both individual products and lots of different kinds of products. Designed markers can be nanostructured and do not violate the appearance of products. The possibility of forming resistant latent identifiers in a variety of materials is shown that can be performed with fine periodic structure, including nanotechnology. The use of these markers realizes the possibility of developing new design elements of the product with multilevel coding. The proposed technology in combination with the development of ways of reading latent and multilevel information can serve as the basis for the development of a new method of identifying and protecting against the falsification of products, documents, data carriers, and valuable objects.

The Effect of Culture Change on Smartphone Color Preference

Background : Culture has an impact on the relationship between a product and an individual, including the individual’s color preferences regarding the product. In contrast to prior research that focused only on differences in product color preferences, this research discusses not only cultural differences in color preference but also how these preferences change depending on the cultural context. Methods : To investigate color preference differences and changes in color preference, we designed three questionnaires on color preferences for smartphones. For the first questionnaire, the Japanese and Korean participants reported their color preferences after observing mockups of smartphones. For the second questionnaire, the Japanese and South Korean participants were asked to draw an “ideal image” of a smartphone, using eight colored crayons. For the last questionnaire, we reused the first questionnaire to investigate the cases of Koreans who had lived in Japan for over a year, in order to see whether their preferences had changed according to changes in their culture. Result : The results of the first questionnaire demonstrate that the Korean and Japanese participants differed in their smartphone color preferences. The results of the drawing questionnaire further revealed that Japanese and Korean customers expect different kinds of products when they think of “smartphones.” The results of the last questionnaire indicated that the smartphone color preferences of Koreans who had lived in Japan for over a year were similar to those of the Japanese, not the Korean participants. Conclusions : The results reveal the cultural differences in smartphone color preferences between Koreans and Japanese. Further, they indicate that changes in a person’s cultural background lead to changes in that person’s smartphone color preference.

Magnetic Sensors Based on Amorphous Ferromagnetic Materials: A Review

Currently there are many types of sensors that are used in lots of applications. Among these, magnetic sensors are a good alternative for the detection and measurement of different phenomena because they are a “simple” and readily available technology. For the construction of such devices there are many magnetic materials available, although amorphous ferromagnetic materials are the most suitable. The existence in the market of these materials allows the production of different kinds of sensors, without requiring expensive manufacture investments for the magnetic cores. Furthermore, these are not fragile materials that require special care, favouring the construction of solid and reliable devices. Another important feature is that these sensors can be developed without electric contact between the measuring device and the sensor, making them especially fit for use in harsh environments. In this review we will look at the main types of developed magnetic sensors. This work presents the state of the art of magnetic sensors based on amorphous ferromagnetic materials used in modern technology: security devices, weapon detection, magnetic maps, car industry, credit cards, etc.

Behavior of Werner states under relativistic boosts

We study the structure of maps that Lorentz boosts induce on the spin degree of freedom of a system consisting of two massive spin-1/2 particles. We consider the case where the spin state is described by the Werner state and the momenta are discrete. Transformations on the spins are systematically investigated in various boost scenarios by calculating the orbit and concurrence of the bipartite spin state with different kinds of product and entangled momenta. We confirm the general conclusion that Lorentz boosts cause non-trivial behavior of bipartite spin entanglement. Visualization of the evolution of the spin state is shown to be valuable in explaining the pattern of concurrence. The idealized model provides a basis of explanation in terms of which phenomena in systems involving continuous momenta can be understood.

A Convenient Synthesis of Spiro[isoxazole-pyrazoloquinoline] Derivatives under Catalyst-Free Conditions

The same three-component reaction of aromatic aldehyde, 1H-indazol-6-amine and 3-phenylisoxazol-5(4H)-one in refluxing ethanol under catalyst-free conditions gave two entirely different kinds of products depending on the substituents on the benzene ring. The reaction selectively gave 5H-spiro[isoxazole-4,8′-pyrazolo[3,4-f]quinolin]-5-ones with strong electron-withdrawing groups on the aromatic aldehyde, while it resulted in ring-opened pyrazoloquinoline derivatives with other substituents. The former structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis.

수산물의 기능성 재사용 포장용기 사용을 통한 물류합리화에 관한 연구

Disposable marine product packaging materials such as wooden, Styrofoam, and corrugated cardboard boxes have a very low reuse rate, thus causing the logistics costs to rise and making it difficult to establish a unit load system for marine products. Disposable packing containers to be discarded are accompanied by resource and environmental issues home and abroad. Transportation vehicles for marine products have to return empty without loading different kinds of products after delivery due to the smell and properties of marine products, thus posing as an obstacle to logistics rationalization. In an effort to overcome those limitations, this study examined the stages of transportation including "producer-wholesale market in the producing area-commission merchant-wholesale market in the consumption area-commission merchant-quasi-wholesale market-consumer" and also analyzed the utilization and distribution of disposable packaging materials currently used in the circulation of marine products including wooden, Styrofoam, and corrugated cardboard boxes. Based on the analysis results, the investigator developed a logistics rationalization model capable of promoting semi-permanent reuse and lowering empty vehicle rate on return routes as an alternative to address environmental issues caused by disposable packaging materials, which have been an obstacle to the logistics rationalization of marine products, packaging costs in the process of repeating packing and unpacking at each stage of marine products circulation, and empty vehicle rates on return routes after marine products delivery.

β-Hydrogen Elimination Reactions of Nickel and Palladium Methoxides Stabilised by PCP Pincer Ligands.

Nickel and palladium methoxides [((iPr)PCP)M-OMe], which contain the (iPr)PCP pincer ligand, decompose upon heating to give products of different kinds. The palladium derivative cleanly gives the dimeric Pd(0) complex [Pd(μ-(iPr)PCHP)]2 ((iPr)PCHP = 2,6-bis(diisopropylphosphinomethyl)phenyl) and formaldehyde. In contrast, decomposition of [((iPr)PCP)Ni-OMe] affords polynuclear carbonyl phosphine complexes. Both decomposition processes are initiated by β-hydrogen elimination (BHE), but the resulting [((iPr)PCP)M-H] hydrides undergo divergent reaction sequences that ultimately lead to the irreversible breakdown of the pincer units. Whereas the Pd hydride spontaneously experiences reductive C-H coupling, the decay of its Ni analogue is brought about by its reaction with formaldehyde released in the BHE step. Kinetic measurements showed that the BHE reaction is reversible and less favourable for Ni than for Pd for both kinetic and thermodynamic reasons. DFT calculations confirmed the main conclusions of the kinetic studies and provided further insight into the mechanisms of the decomposition reactions.