Different Geographical Regions Of India Research Articles

Insight into the genomic diversity: Genome wide association study unveils the SNP diversity in horsgram germplsam

Genome wide association study (GWAS) was performed to identify loci associated with three agronomic traits namely seeds per pod, pods per plant and number of seeds per plant of horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum). Total 87 accesions of horsegram from different geographical regions of India and one wild relative from Australia were utilised for the genome wide association studies. The genotyping was carried out using genotype-by-sequencing technology and after high quality filtering, minor allele frequency of 0.05, a total of 55,656 quality SNPs were utilised for determining Marker-Trait Association. The LD decay varied across the chromosomes form 8 kb to 300 kb. Further, the population structure analysis has clustered the accession into three subpopulations. All the 88 accessions of horsegram were evaluated at Palampur (32.1109° N, 76.5363° E) and Bajaura (31.8465°N, 77.1605°E) locations of North-Western Himalayan region, India from. In the current study, 143 MTAs associations were observed for seeds per pod distributed on all 8 chromosomes, 2 for pods per plant at chromosomes 2 and 3 and 1 for number of seeds per plant at chromosome 7. However, total 11 stable QTLs (9 for number of seeds per plant and 2 for pods per plant) were also identified. These QTLs can serve as a potential source for marker assisted selection. The genes identified within and in proximity to the stable QTLs will serve as a bridge between genetic information and its practical application for crop improvement.

Structural and sequence analysis of the RPO30 gene of sheeppox and goatpox viruses from India

Sheeppox and goatpox are transboundary viral diseases of sheep and goats that cause significant economic losses to small and marginal farmers worldwide, including India. Members of the genus Capripoxvirus (CaPV), namely Sheeppox virus (SPPV), Goatpox virus (GTPV), and Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), are antigenically similar, and species differentiation can only be accomplished using molecular approaches. The present study aimed to understand the molecular epidemiology and host specificity of SPPV and GTPV circulating in India through sequencing and structural analysis of the RNA polymerase subunit-30 kDa (RPO30) gene. A total of 29 field isolates from sheep (n = 19) and goats (n = 10) belonging to different geographical regions of India during the period: Year 2015 to 2023, were analyzed based on the sequence and structure of the full-length RPO30 gene/protein. Phylogenetically, all the CaPV isolates were separated into three major clusters: SPPV, GTPV, and LSDV. Multiple sequence alignment revealed a highly conserved RPO30 gene, with a stretch of 21 nucleotide deletion in all SPPV isolates. Additionally, the RPO30 gene of the Indian SPPV and GTPV isolates possessed several species-specific conserved signature residues/motifs that could act as genotyping markers. Secondary structure analysis of the RPO30 protein showed four α-helices, two loops, and three turns, similar to that of the E4L protein of vaccinia virus (VACV). All the isolates in the present study exhibited host preferences across different states of India. Therefore, in order to protect vulnerable small ruminants from poxviral infections, it is recommended to take into consideration a homologous vaccination strategy.

Divulgence into Mung Bean Growth Promotion Potential of Endophytes Isolated Across Different Geographical Regions of India

Background: Endophytic fungi in symbiotic association with their host plant are well known to improve plant growth and reduce the adverse effects of abiotic stresses. Therefore, fungal endophytes are beginning to receive increased attention in an effort to find growth-promoting strains that could be applied to enhance crop yield and quality. Methods: In our study, the plant growth promoting activities of endophytic fungi isolated from various parts of India have been revealed and investigated. Fungal isolates were identified using molecular taxonomical methods, while their plant growth promoting abilities were evaluated in plate assays and in vitro studies. Altogether, seven strains were selected, representing the genera Fusarium, Chaetomium and Ulocladium. Result: Six of the isolates possessed phosphate solubilization activities, four secreted siderophores and four showed amylase activity, while all of them were able to produce indoleacetic acid (IAA). In order to investigate the effect of endophytes on plant growth, all seven fungi were selected concerning their potential ability to promote growth in mung bean. The results indicated that microbial endophytes selected from different geographical regions living originally in the plant host are able to influence the growth and fitness parameters of other plants through their promotion effects and could be used as inoculants to establish a sustainable crop production system.

Quantitative Estimation of Variability in Content of Asiaticoside in Centella asiatica Linn Collected from Different Geographical Regions of India by HPLC

Centella asiatica Linn is a significant and highly valued medicinal plant in various indigenous system of medicine Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani Indian system of medicines and Chinese medicines. It is one of the chief herbs for treating skin disorder, wounds healing, gastrointestinal disorders, asthma, ulcers, leprosy, vein diseases and memory improvement. In the present study an attempt is made to develop HPLC method for qualitative and quantitative estimation of an important bio active marker Asiaticoside in Centella asiatica collected from different geographical regions of India. Three samples were collected from different geographical regions of India and analyzed by HPLC. The compound separation was achieved on C18 Eclipse, XDB, 4.6mm × 150mm, 5μm particle size column using mobile phase consisted of Acetonitrile: Buffer (25:75v/v) in isocratic elution with flow rate 1.8ml/min. The detection of analytes at 210nm was carried out by using Diode Array Detector (DAD). The comparative study was carried out for variations of Asiaticoside content in Centella Asiatica Linn Collected from different geographical regions of India i.e. Chennai (Tamilnadu), Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh) and Raniketh (Uttarakhand). The studies reveal that the maximum amount of the marker compounds Asiaticoside (0.6157%) is present in the sample collected from Chennai compare to the other regions samples.

Combining ability for capsule characters in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

The combining ability for capsule characters was estimated in 8x8 full diallel mating design using 8 elite varieties of sesame which are cultivated across different geographical regions in India. The ratio of GCA: SCA indicated predominance of non- additive gene effects for capsule characters. Among 8 parents, GT-2 was the best general combiner of capsule width, capsule length and seed number/capsule, while TKG-22 was the best combiner for seed weight/capsule.

Characterization of uropathogenic E. coli from various geographical locations in India

ObjectivesUropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the most common causative agent of urinary tract infection, accounting for more than 80% of cases worldwide. This study presents data on prevalent serotypes, resistance profiles, and colonization-aiding virulence characteristics of UPEC from different geographical regions in India. MethodsUPEC were serotyped through microtiter plate agglutination. Standard techniques were used to detect various virulence characteristics, i.e., biofilm formation (tissue culture plate method), siderophore production (screened on Chrome Azurol S agar and categorized with Csaky's and Arnow's methods), colicin release (agar overlay technique), gelatin hydrolysis (on gelatinase agar), and cell surface hydrophobicity (salt aggregation method). Antibiotic resistance profiles (against 20 antimicrobial agents) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) were evaluated according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. ResultsUPEC strains exhibited very high drug resistance rates to most of the commonly used antimicrobial agents; the highest resistance rates were observed for ampicillin (63.4%), nalidixic acid (63.4%), and cefotaxime (62.1%). High rates of multi-drug resistance (63.36%), ESBL-production (34.1%), and carbapenem-resistance (25.0%) were detected in UPEC strains from all geographical regions of India. Hydrophobicity (61.2%), biofilm production (62.5%), and siderophore production (67.7%) were the most common virulence characteristics of UPEC isolates. Co-expression of virulence characteristics was common (69.8%) in UPEC strains. ConclusionUPEC strains with very high antimicrobial-resistance are in circulation in India, and have diverse serotypes and virulence characteristics.

Effect of phenophases on nutritive value, fodder quality and digestibility of different ecotypes of Moringa oleifera

A study was conducted to assess fodder quality and digestibility with varying levels of maturity of leaves and phenophases among fourteen Moringa oleifera ecotypes collected from different geographical regions of India. Mature leaves had near to neutral pH (6.23) with high crude protein (24.50%); however, dry matter was observed maximum (26.80%) in twigs. In general, dry matter was higher in north Indian ecotypes, while CP was more in south Indian ecotypes (28.70%). South Indian ecotypes had low concentration of fibre and as a result found best for fodder quality traits. Dry matter intake, digestible dry matter, total digestible nutrients, and relative feed value were maximum in tender leaves due to comparative low amount of NDF and ADF in tender leaves. ME was found higher in tender leaves. In vitro dry matter digestibility was found higher in mature leaves than twigs and tender leaves. North Indian ecotypes showed higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (81.90%) than others. In general, MO3 (ODC-3) ecotype was found best for high crude protein (~28.7%), while MO3 (ODC-3) and MO4 (PAU local source) both had highest metabolized energy (~2.83 Mcal/kg), and highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (~81.90%) was recorded in MO11 (PAU-5). However, MO4 (Mandya, Karnataka) ecotype was found best for fodder quality traits. The high proximate composition and adequate cell wall fractions in M. oleifera leaves showed its potentiality as quality forage.

NMR spectroscopy-based analysis of gallstones of cancerous and benign gallbladders from different geographical regions of the Indian subcontinent.

Analysis of the chemical composition of gallstones is vital for the etiopathogenesis of gallstone diseases that can ultimately help in the prevention of its formation. In the present study, gallstones from seven different regions of India were analyzed to highlight the major difference in their composition. Also, gallstones of different pathological conditions i.e., benign (chronic cholecystitis, CC) and malignant gallbladder disease (gallbladder cancer GBC) were characterized. The type of polymorphs of cholesterol molecules was also studied to provide insight into the structure of gallstones. 1H solution state NMR spectroscopy 1D experiments were performed on a total of 94 gallstone (GS) samples collected from seven different geographical regions of India. Solid-State NMR spectroscopy 13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) experiments were done on the 20 CC GS samples and 20 GBC GS samples of two regions. 1H NMR spectra from the solution state NMR of all the stones reveal that cholesterol was a major component of the maximum stones of the north India region while in south Indian regions, GS had very less cholesterol. 13C CPMAS experiments reveal that the quantity of cholesterol was significantly more in the GS of CC in the Lucknow region compared with GBC stones of Lucknow and Chandigarh. Our study also revealed that GS of the Lucknow region of both malignant and benign gallbladder diseases belong to the monohydrate crystalline form of cholesterol while GS of Chandigarh region of both malignant and benign gallbladder diseases exists in both monohydrate crystalline form with the amorphous type and anhydrous form. Gallstones have a complicated and poorly understood etiology. Therefore, it is important to understand the composition of gallstones, which can be found in various forms and clinical conditions. Variations in dietary practices, environmental conditions, and genetic factors may influence and contribute to the formation of GS. Prevention of gallstone formation may help in decreasing the cases of gallbladder cancer.

Identification of Eight High Yielding Strains via Morpho-Molecular Characterization of Thirty-Three Wild Strains of Calocybe indica.

Calocybe indica, generally referred as milky mushroom, is one of the edible mushroom species suitable for cultivation in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. However, lack of potential high yielding strains has limited its wider adaptability. To overcome this limitation, in this study, the germplasms of C. indica from different geographical regions of India were characterized based on their morphological, molecular and agronomical attributes. Internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS4)-based PCR amplification, sequencing and nucleotide analysis confirmed the identity of all the studied strains as C. indica. Further, evaluation of these strains for morphological and yield parameters led to the identification of eight high yielding strains in comparison to the control (DMRO-302). Moreover, genetic diversity analysis of these thirty-three strains was performed using ten sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers/combinations. The Unweighted Pair-group Method with Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA)-based phylogenetic analysis categorized the thirty-three strains along with the control into three clusters. Cluster I possesses the maximum number of strains. Among the high yielding strains, high antioxidant activity and phenol content was recorded in DMRO-54, while maximum protein content was observed in DMRO-202 and DMRO-299 as compared with the control strain. The outcome of this study will help the mushroom breeders and growers in commercializing C. indica.

Exploring the Relationship between Sexual Desires, Fulfilment and Relationship Satisfaction among Long-Distance Couples

Abstract: The current study is an attempt to understand the influence of sexual fulfilment on relationship satisfaction among long-distance relationships. A correlational research design with quantitative approach was adopted. The data for the study was gathered from across the country through Google Forms using a method of convenient sampling. The tools used in the study include the Index of Sexual Satisfaction and the Couple Satisfaction Index. The participants were 74 adults aged 18-30 compromising of males and females who have been in a long-distance relationship or are currently in a long-distance relationship from different geographical regions of India. The results of the current study suggest that there is a moderate negative correlation between sexual satisfaction and the relationship satisfaction among long distance couples.

Premodern Yogāsanas and Modern Postural Yoga Practice: Distinct Regional Collections of Āsanas on the Eve of Colonialism

In this chapter, we formulate a corpus of premodern praxis manuals on yoga that were composed in the 18th and 19th century in rudimentary Sanskrit and vernacular languages, which were likely documenting collections of yoga postures (āsana) current among practitioners of the time. Much of their detailed, praxis-focused content does not occur in the scholarly Sanskrit yoga treatises that predate them, and yet most of these manuals have received little attention in academic publications. Our analysis and comparative study of this material has identified three distinct collections of complex āsana that can be located to different geographical regions of India on the eve of colonialism. This research provides evidence for premodern āsanas that crossed sectarian and linguistic divides and were adopted by the gurus who popularised yoga in the early 20th century. This latter issue underlies contemporary debates on the continuity of modern postural yoga within the Indian tradition. Until this study, clear lines of transmission from premodern teachings on āsana to modern postural yoga have eluded academic research.

Morpho-genetic variability of Rhizoctonia solani population causing sheath blight disease in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Aim: The present study aims to investigate the morpho-pathological and molecular variability among the R. solani isolates from different geographical regions of India. Methodology: R. solani isolates were collected from sheath blight infected rice plants from diverse regions of Western Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Morphological variability among the isolates was studied in-vitro on PDA medium. The anastomosis grouping was determined by hyphal fusion reactions paired with tester strain and confirmed by AG-specific-PCR assay. Pathogenicity assay was conducted in-vivo on four rice varieties using artificial inoculation method under greenhouse conditions. Evolutionary relationship among the isolates was determined using rDNA-ITS-PCR with ITS1 & ITS4 primers. Further, genetic variability among the isolates was assessed using ISSR primers. Results: A total of 21 isolates of R. solani were recovered and based on morphological and sclerotial features, significant variation was observed among the isolates. All the isolates belonged to AG1-IA group which was confirmed by AG-specific PCR assay. Based on pathogenicity, eight isolates were found highly virulent, eight were moderately virulent and six were less virulent. ISSR markers showed high level of polymorphism and grouped all isolates into three major clusters showing partial correlation with geographical origin of the isolates. Sequence variations in ITS region were observed in the form of insertions or deletions of the nucleotide when rDNA-ITS sequences were compared that led to the interspecies diversity and diversity was observed in clad-specific manner. The phylogenetic tree separated the isolates into ten distinct clades showing high level of genetic diversity. Interpretation: The results of the present study may be helpful for the phylogenetic classification of complex R. solani species and provide information on the genetic divergence and occurrence of pathogenic races. This information will be helpful for the development of effective disease management strategies based on the molecular breeding and other approaches. Key words: Anastomosis, Genetic diversity, ISSR, Pathogenicity, R. solani, Sheath blight

Genetic diversity of toxigenic Fusarium verticillioides associated with maize grains, India.

In the present investigation, prevalence, genetic diversity, and mycotoxin producing potential of Fusarium species associated with maize grain samples were studied from different geographical regions of India. The highest prevalence of Fusarium verticillioides was recorded as 88.52%, followed by F. coffeatum, F. foetens, and F. euwallaceae, 6.55%, 3.27%, and 1.63%, respectively. We isolated 54 strains of F. verticillioides, and their genetic diversity was studied by inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR). The ISSR fingerprints (AG) 8C and (AG) 8G showed 252 and 368 microsatellite sites in the genome of F. verticillioides and resulted in 99-100% repeatability and reproducibility. The Simpson (SID) and Shannon (H) indices (0.78 and 2.36) suggest that F. verticillioides strains exhibit moderate to high diversity. Molecular detection of fumonisin B1 (FB1) biosynthetic genes (FUM1 and FUM13) involved in FB1 production in F. verticillioides was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Furthermore, 91% of the strains were positive for FB1 production, which was affirmed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). In-vitro appurtenance of F. verticillioides spores exhibited a high to moderate effect on the growth and development of the maize. The current finding demonstrated that most F. verticillioides strains showed a wide range of genetic diversity with varied toxigenic and pathogenic potentials. In conclusion, for the first time, F. coffeatum, F. foetens, and F. euwallaceae species were reported from maize grain samples in India. They were positive for FB1 and negatively affecting grain quality, which is a major concern in food safety.

A novel approach towards the designing of WDM-FSO system incorporating three SOPs and its performance analysis under different geographical regions of India

Abstract Free space optical (FSO) communication is a propitious technology and emerged as a quintessential candidate for fifth-generation (5G) networks. Inter-channel crosstalk and high cost in wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems are predominant limitations. Therefore, in this work, a 180 Gbps WDM-FSO system is proposed by incorporating three different states of polarizations (SOPs) as SOP 0°, SOP 45°, and SOP 90° for the first time. Moreover, the proposed system is investigated in different geographical regions of India such as hilly, desert, coastal, and plain regions. Moreover, the effects of different SOPs on the system are also evaluated in terms of the Q factor and results revealed that SOP 0° performed best in the desert region.

Exclusive use of different types of tobacco products, exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and risk of subtypes of head and neck cancer among Indian males.

Tobacco products are used in vary many forms in India. Although the risk of tobacco uses in developing head and neck cancer (HNC) is known, risk by exclusive use of different tobacco products on HNC and its subtypes is poorly understood. A case-control study was conducted at a tertiary cancer hospital, which receives cases from different geographical regions of India with use of different types of tobacco products. The study included 824 oral cavity (OC), 149 oropharynx (OPX) 104 hypopharyngeal (HPX) and 81 larynx (LX) cancer cases and 1206 visitor controls. Information on 11 different types of tobacco products and exposure to secondhand smoke was collected through structured questionnaires. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), for the association of various HNC subtypes with exclusive use of each tobacco product compared to nonusers of tobacco were estimated using logistic regression models, after adjusting for potential confounders. Exclusive use of any type of smokeless tobacco product was strongly associated with all subtypes of HNC. Gutka chewing (only) had highest risk (OR=33.67; 95% CI=19.8-57.0) while exclusive users of betel quid with tobacco (BQ + T), tobacco quid, Khaini, Mawa and Mishri users had a OR of 14.77, 24.20, 5.33, 2.96 and 3.32, respectively, for development of OC. Bidi smoking and secondhand smoke was independently associated with increased risk of HNC. Our study indicates that tobacco control policies should focus on product specific awareness messaging that switching between tobacco product types is not a safe alternative to complete cessation.

Characteristics of dynamical and thermo-dynamical variables during heavy rainfall events over the Indian region

There has been an increase in the frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall events (HREs) over the Indian region in recent years, and it is a huge challenge for the forecaster to accurately predict HREs with adequate lead time. In this study, four HREs, i.e., Kerala (KRA), Mumbai (MUM), Chennai (CHE), and Uttarakhand (UTK), occurred over different geographical regions of India considered. Total of five days (2 days before and after the event day-D0) of the HREs are extensively investigated. The ECMWF Fifth Generation Reanalysis (ERA5) and India Meteorological Department (IMD) data are used to examine rainfall and associated variables in these HREs. ERA5 is able to capture rainfall reasonably well in most of the HREs; however, there is a distinct underestimation found in UTK compared to IMD. Overall, the rainfall skills of ERA are mediocre for higher rainfall thresholds (>100 mm/hr). In general, higher convective available potential energy (CAPE) and lower convective inhibition (CIN) is distinctly noted for HREs. The strong monsoon flow facilitating intense moisture transport is the key factor for KRA and MUM events. Besides, unique convective signatures such as sudden and intense vertical velocity, flaring of relative vorticity, convergence, and moisture accumulation are seen for UTK, and thereafter, these variables rapidly weaken, indicating a short duration cloud burst type HRE. This is in clear contrast to other HRE events where convective conditioning and weakening of key variables occur in a gradual manner before and after D0, respectively. The ice hydrometeors are the major source of heavy rainfall in HREs except for UTK, where snow is the major contributor of rainfall in terms of rainwater and cloud liquid water. Further, it is revealed that an elevated moist static energy both at the lower and upper troposphere is found for UTK and MUM events compared to CHE and KRA. The intense lower troposphere moisture, low-level convergence, upper-level divergence, and intense relative vorticity, along with vertical motions, are key precursors for these HREs. Finally, a consolidated schematic flow of mechanisms responsible for HRE is proposed. The findings of this study are highly useful for improving early warning and disaster preparedness.

Metabolomic profiling of Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari bark, oleogum-resin, and stem collected from different geographical regions of India

Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari (Burseraceae) produces a medicinally important oleogum-resin, extensively used by Ayurvedic physicians to treat various ailments. However, most of the studies on C. wightii have been limited to its gum resin, stem, fruit, and leaves. For the first time, comprehensive metabolomic profiling of bark was done with respect to stem and oleogum-resin, for which samples of C. wightii were collected from different geographical regions of India (Jaipur, Jodhpur, Morena, and Kutch). The samples extracted in acetonitrile showed a high concentration range of guggulsterone (GS)-E and Z in the bark (0.54 mg/g to 1.74 mg/g) as compared to the stem (0.09 mg/g to 0.39 mg/g) of C. wightii. A precise and accurate high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed in the linear working concentration range of 7.59-30.61 µg/mL, 20.32-73.66 µg/mL with good correlations r2 0.9996 and 0.9999 for GS-E and Z in bark, respectively. Also, the hydro-alcoholic extract prepared from bark sample of each region showed a good percentage of GS-E and Z (1.66 mg/g to 3.93 mg/g). The LC-MS metabolic profiling of bark, revealed 44 common compounds with respect to oleogum-resin of C. wightii including steroids, sterols, sugars, terpenoids, flavonoids, and lignans. The present findings provide insight into important metabolites present in the bark of C. wightii such as guggulsterone-M, 6,7-dehydro-20-hydroxygugglsterone, guggulsterol-I, guggulsterol-III, guggulsterol-IV, dehydroguggulsterone-M, GS-E and Z, and these can be explored further for the development of phytopharmaceuticals, and also therapeutic utilization of bark can be done similar to oleogum-resin of C. wightii in Ayurvedic medicine.

A Comparative Diagnostic account of the Roots of Boerhavia diffusa Linn. From Four Different Geographical Regions in India

Boerhavia diffusa Linn (B. diffusa) belongs to the family Nyctaginaceae, commonly referred to as Punarnava. It is a rasayana plant that has anti-aging, disease prevention and life-building activities. In this study, B. diffusa Linn’s roots were collected from four different geographical locations in Indian territory i.e. Jhansi, Bangalore, Punjab and Delhi for comparative standardization. The study was carried out in accordance with WHO guidelines to determine the purity and correct identity of plant parts. It also helps detect adulterations, botanical verification, and physical and chemical parameters, and gives the notion of drug quality. In the present work, detailed comparative Pharmacognosy, morphology, anatomy and phytochemical studies of root of B.diffusa Linn from Four different geographical regions in India have been carried out. The results show that all four B.diffusa from different geographical regions revealed that all are very distinct. The anatomical parameters and physicochemical constants carried out in the present investigation serves as measures of a quality control for all the four plants i.e; Boerhavia diffusa Linn.(Jhansi, Bangalore, Pune and Delhi).

A Comparative Diagnostic account of the Roots of Boerhavia diffusa Linn. From Four Different Geographical Regions in India

Boerhavia diffusa Linn (B. diffusa) belongs to the family Nyctaginaceae, commonly referred to as Punarnava. It is a rasayana plant that has anti-aging, disease prevention and life-building activities. In this study, B. diffusa Linn’s roots were collected from four different geographical locations in Indian territory i.e. Jhansi, Bangalore, Punjab and Delhi for comparative standardization. The study was carried out in accordance with WHO guidelines to determine the purity and correct identity of plant parts. It also helps detect adulterations, botanical verification, and physical and chemical parameters, and gives the notion of drug quality. In the present work, detailed comparative Pharmacognosy, morphology, anatomy and phytochemical studies of root of B.diffusa Linn from Four different geographical regions in India have been carried out. The results show that all four B.diffusa from different geographical regions revealed that all are very distinct. The anatomical parameters and physicochemical constants carried out in the present investigation serves as measures of a quality control for all the four plants i.e; Boerhavia diffusa Linn.(Jhansi, Bangalore, Pune and Delhi).

Diversity of culturable gut bacteria of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) collected from different geographical regions of India.

Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella is one of the important pests of cole crops, the larval stages cause damage to leaves from seedling stage to the harvest thus reducing the quality and quantity of the yield. The insect gut posses a large variety of microbial communities among which, the association of bacteria is the most spread and common. Due to variations in various agro-climatic factors, the insect often assumes the status of major pest. These geographical variations in insects influence various biological parameters including insecticide resistance due to diversity of microbes/bacteria. The diverse role of gut bacteria in insect fitness traits has now gained perspectives for biotechnological exploration. The present study was aimed to determine the diversity of larval gut bacteria of diamondback moth collected from five different geographical regions of India. The gut bacteria of this pest were found to be influenced by different geographical regions. A total of 14 larval gut bacterial isolates were obtained. Majority of these bacteria belong to Enterobacteriaceae followed by Yersiniaceae, Morganellaceae and Enterococcaceae. Phylogeny analysis of all the bacterial isolates collected from five different geographical regions of India revealed that all the isolated strains are resolved in well-defined clades with their closest type species.