Different Frames Of Reference Research Articles

How we perceive the width of grasped objects: Insights into the central processes that govern proprioceptive judgements.

Low-level proprioceptive judgements involve a single frame of reference, whereas high-level proprioceptive judgements are made across different frames of reference. The present study systematically compared low-level (grasp grasp) and high-level (vision grasp, grasp vision) proprioceptive tasks, and quantified the consistency of grasp vision and possible reciprocal nature of related high-level proprioceptive tasks. Experiment 1 (n = 30) compared performance across vision grasp, a grasp vision and a grasp grasp tasks. Experiment 2 (n = 30) compared performance on the grasp vision task between hands and over time. Participants were accurate (mean absolute error 0.27 cm [0.20 to 0.34]; mean [95% CI]) and precise ( = 0.95 [0.93 to 0.96]) for grasp grasp judgements, with a strong correlation between outcomes (r = -0.85 [-0.93 to -0.70]). Accuracy and precision decreased in the two high-level tasks ( = 0.86 and 0.89; mean absolute error = 1.34 and 1.41 cm), with most participants overestimating perceived width for the vision grasp task and underestimating it for grasp vision task. There was minimal correlation between accuracy and precision for these two tasks. Converging evidence indicated performance was largely reciprocal (inverse) between the vision grasp and grasp vision tasks. Performance on the grasp vision task was consistent between dominant and non-dominant hands, and across repeated sessions a day or week apart. Overall, there are fundamental differences between low- and high-level proprioceptive judgements that reflect fundamental differences in the cortical processes that underpin these perceptions. Moreover, the central transformations that govern high-level proprioceptive judgements of grasp are personalised, stable and reciprocal for reciprocaltasks. KEY POINTS: Low-level proprioceptive judgements involve a single frame of reference (e.g. indicating the width of a grasped object by selecting from a series of objects of different width), whereas high-level proprioceptive judgements are made across different frames of reference (e.g. indicating the width of a grasped object by selecting from a series of visible lines of different length). We highlight fundamental differences in the precision and accuracy of low- and high-level proprioceptive judgements. We provide converging evidence that the neural transformations between frames of reference that govern high-level proprioceptive judgements of grasp are personalised, stable and reciprocal for reciprocal tasks. This stability is likely key to precise judgements and accurate predictions in high-level proprioception.

The Yogavāsiṣṭha and the Philosophy of the Absurd: A Hindu Response to the Heart’s Cry

AbstractIn this article, I call attention to the Yogavāsiṣṭha’s depiction of Rāma’s existential crisis and Vasiṣṭha’s various methods for resolving it. However, I illuminate this crisis and Rāma’s lengthy monologue by turning to an altogether different frame of reference: Albert Camus’s philosophy of the absurd as developed in his absurd-oriented works, from The Myth of Sisyphus to The Rebel. Arguing that Rāma’s existential crisis is strongly reminiscent of Camus’s awakening to life’s absurdity, and that his monologue may be considered among the most successful meditations on this predicament, I examine not only Rāma’s quandary but also what the Yogavāsiṣṭha deems the ultimate response to it. In this way, I throw into sharp relief two contrasting responses to the absurd condition in human life that effectively challenge one another. Considering some of the Indian classical works, such as the Yogavāsiṣṭha, in this light suggests that they too acknowledge the absurd as their starting point and, at least to a certain extent, develop doctrines that aid their practitioners in facing it. Nevertheless, the Yogavāsiṣṭha also enables us to develop our thinking about absurdity and expand the discussion of constructive responses to the reality of the absurd.

Two-Dimensional Projected-Momentum Covariance Mapping for Coulomb Explosion Imaging.

We introduce projected-momentum covariance mapping, an extension of recoil-frame covariance mapping for 2D ion imaging studies. By considering the two-dimensional projection of the ion momenta as recorded by the detector, one opens the door to a complex suite of analysis tools adapted from three-dimensional momentum imaging studies. This includes the use of different frames of reference to unravel the dynamics of fragmentation and the application of fragment momentum constraints to isolate specific fragmentation channels. The technique is demonstrated on data from a two-dimensional ion imaging study of the Coulomb explosion of the cis and trans isomers of 1,2-dichloroethene, following strong-field ionization by an intense near-infrared femtosecond laser pulse. Classical simulations are used to guide the interpretation of projected-momentum covariance maps. The results offer a detailed insight into the distinct Coulomb explosion dynamics for this pair of isomers and lay the groundwork for future time-resolved studies of photoisomerization dynamics in this molecular system.

Accessible birding in the United States: constraints to and facilitators of birding with disabilities

ABSTRACT While approximately one-quarter of the U.S. population has a disability, many people with disabilities remain excluded from equitable participation in birding. In this study, we compared the constraints and facilitators of birders with and without disabilities from a nationwide survey of U.S. wildlife viewers. Next, we analyzed open-ended responses in a survey of birders with disabilities to characterize constraints and facilitators using models of disabilities, or different frames of reference to understand disabilities. We found that birders with disabilities, compared to those without, experienced constraints to birding to a greater extent. However, birders with and without disabilities expressed interest in various facilitators (e.g. access to more high-quality birding locations, information about birding), suggesting that facilitators can benefit both groups. Birders invoked multiple models when describing their constraints to and facilitators of birding, highlighting a need for a multi-faceted approach to fostering greater levels of inclusivity in birding.

Contact framework for total Lagrangian smoothed particle hydrodynamics using an adaptive hybrid kernel scheme

AbstractTotal Lagrangian SPH (TLSPH) offers many advantages that can overcome instability and computational time issues. However, it is not naturally applicable to problems with contact. Many problems in solid dynamics and structural analysis require contact definition. In order to use the total Lagrangian formulation, further development for the contact algorithm is required. This research proposes an algorithm to implement inter‐particle contact in TLSPH using an adaptive hybrid‐kernel scheme for the first time. A combination of the updated and total Lagrangian formulations at the contact surface is introduced, in which the kernel type change automatically when particles from a different body are detected. In kernel change from the updated to the total Lagrangian formulation, the gradient correction cannot be performed using a common correction method because different frames of reference are used. Therefore, a hybrid‐kernel correction technique is proposed to maintain the zeroth‐ and first‐order completeness. Then, the contact force is obtained from the inter‐particle force using the conservation of momentum. The proposed method does not require a user‐defined parameter that makes the application straightforward. Based on the test, the proposed method agrees well with the data available in published literature and the finite element method. Compared with the contact method in classical SPH, the proposed TLSPH shows a significant stability improvement.

"Augmented" eco-design thanks to the methodological drivers of the "Usefulness Thinking" approach

Faced with the environmental emergency, eco-design needs to be "augmented" in order to further reduce the environmental impact of the products we use. To avoid products that are overloaded with unnecessary functions or that do not fully meet the consumer's needs, products whose lifespan is too short in relation to the resources consumed for their production, or products that are never fully used because they meet needs that are too infrequent, this article argues that we should consider a different frame of reference than lifecycle thinking, based on the maximum usefulness of exploitation of the extracted raw materials. This new framework called "Usefulness Thinking" focuses on the usefulness of the consumed resources in relation to 1/ the usage needs of consumers, 2/ the product exploitation time and 3/ its exploitation space/community. Following an analysis of the literature, the article presents the initial methodological drivers for an eco-design approach based on "Usefulness thinking" and applies it to the case of a cordless upright vacuum cleaner for a consumer living in an apartment or a detached house. For each configuration, a significant environmental performance is obtained, approaching a gain factor of 2.

A Numerical Test Rig for Turbomachinery Flows Based on Large Eddy Simulations With a High-Order Discontinuous Galerkin Scheme—Part I: Sliding Interfaces and Unsteady Row Interactions

Abstract In this first paper of a three-part series, we present the extension and validation of the high-order discontinuous Galerkin scheme in DLR’s CFD-solver trace for scale-resolving simulations of unsteady row interactions. The translational movement of rows in linear cascade experiments is represented in the numerical model by solving the equations in the relative frame of reference. To couple rows in different frames of reference, a sliding interface approach based on the mortar technique for non-conforming meshes has been developed. The verification of the approach is exemplified by three canonical test cases. First, the experimental order of convergence is verified for the isentropic vortex convection. Subsequently, the suitability of the sliding interface approach for scale-resolving simulations is tested on the Taylor–Green vortex flow and a turbulent cylinder flow. Finally, the LES solver is applied to the T106D cascade with upstream moving bars at an exit Reynolds number of 200,000 and exit Mach number of 0.4. The flow physics with and without bars is discussed in terms of the instantaneous flow field, and time- and phase-averaged quantities. The comparison with experimental data shows overall a good agreement, especially for the total pressure losses in the wake, but also reveals uncertainties related to the reproduction of an experiment in the numerical model.

CFD Analysis of a Transient Rotor-Stator Axial Steam Turbine Stage

An axial steam turbine stage has both stationary and rotating components, which are coupled together in a CFD model by multiple frames of reference. There are three types of interface techniques available to exchange the information between the different frames of reference namely frozen rotor, stage, transient stator rotor. Both frozen rotor and stage interfaces are used in steady state analysis. The operation of axial turbine is inherently an unsteady process. The aerodynamic interaction between the rotating part and the stationary parts are the important contributor to the unsteadiness of the flow present in the turbine. Neither of the two interfaces implemented in the steady state CFD analysis is capable of predicting the unsteady effects resulting from the rotor-stator interaction due to their relative position change. The third type of interface, the transient stator-rotor interface, is available to simulate the fluid motion caused by the relative movement between a rotor and stationary components in axial turbine. Although enormous computer resources are needed for this modelling, it simulates real flow physics best of all, while steady or quasi-steady numerical approaches only approximate the real flow, because they neglect important effects of blade row interactions. The paper presents the CFD analysis carried out for an axial steam turbine stage with three different interface techniques and compares the results.

Utopia of the New Town – Implemented or Degraded? Novi Beograd, Nowa Huta and Tirana e Re in a Socialist and Post-Socialist Perspective

The paper follows in the assumption that the transformations of central-European and Balkan cities taking place in the second half of the 20th century can be considered a symptom of complex economic, social and political processes related to the development and decline of the culture of socialism. Changes after the Second World War were closely interconnected with the urbanization project, which was implemented in two ways – either by rebuilding, reorganizing and resemantizing old cities, or by creating cities and urban communities – in a modernist spirit – from scratch. We consider these issues by comparing three examples of cities with different historical experience, which shaped their identities within culturally and politically different frames of reference. The subject of thus oriented considerations is the question of what happened to the socialist utopia which at the end of the 20th century was put to the test. What was its fate depending on various politically – but also culturally-motivated scenarios of political transformation? In what way and by whom is its heritage appropriated in the 1990’s? While analyzing the fate of the utopia of the new city from a post-communist perspective, it should be noted that although individual projects did not meet the ideals and hopes of their designers, they proved to be an impulse that released social activityqualitatively different from existing traditional patterns and initiated a thorough redefinition of urban identities.

Image Repair Strategies in Public Relations Crisis: A Case Study of Real Madrid’s Response Strategies to the Bernabeu Leaked Audio Scandal

In July 2021, Real Madrid president Florentino Pérez was in the midst of a controversial leaked audio crisis in which he heavily criticized some historical icons of the team, such as Iker Casillas, Raúl González, Cristiano Ronaldo, and Luís Figo. The leaked audio clips by El Confidencial newspaper and secretly recorded ages ago by José Antonio Abellán ignited a firestorm of criticism that threatened Pérez’s reputation and integrity. Pérez offered an official statement to repair his damaged image. This article analyzes and evaluates his image repair messages, which relied heavily on reducing offensiveness. It seems that his defense helped to dispel the cloud surrounding him, as Figo accepted Pérez’s apology and adopted his point of view that the comments were taken out of context. Pérez succeeded in minimizing the event to the extent that the media shrank their discussion. He attempted to create new beliefs about El Confidencial and Abellán by attacking the accuser by undermining their credibility and honesty to diminish the attack. By employing the transcendence strategy, he tried to place the leaked audio clips issue in a broad context in a different frame of reference – the European Super League debate. Using transcendence and attacking the accuser helped Real Madrid frame the crisis in a way that backfired on the accuser. The findings of this study have significant implications for understanding how leaders at the helm of power of top sports clubs might communicate during a crisis and underscores the potential importance of image repair in sports organizations.

The BBC and culture wars

The participants explore the role of culture wars in the decline of BBC editorial standards. They discuss accusations that the BBC is in thrall to the 'woke', while noting a long history of pressure to conform from the Conservative Party, and the recent series of partisan editorial appointments. They also note the BBC's relentless delegitimation of the left, particularly in reporting on Jeremy Corbyn. They discuss the demographics of BBC staff, who tend to be uncritical liberals, seeing the legitimate political spectrum as being circumscribed by the space between the Guardian and the Daily Mail. Issues discussed include Brexit, Covid, trans issues, anti–vaxxers, the war in Ukraine, strikes, the monarchy and antisemitism, all of which the BBC discusses within a fairly narrowly defined range of acceptable positions, and with little opportunity for genuine dialogue. It can be difficult to defend the BBC against attacks from the right. A different frame of reference for the conversation would be to argue for more democratic structures for the BBC – and for the recognition that public broadcasting needs to be independent from the power structure.

Sublating Sinic Relationism

This paper aims to bring into the global ethics debate concrete alternative models of specific relational ethics developed in the context of Sinic traditions that have not yet been widely introduced into Western scholarship or integrated into the framework of global discourses on ethics and morality. Although much research has been done on certain elements and aspects of such ethical models, there have been no concrete attempts to incorporate them into a global axiological framework that could have helped humanity develop strategies for solving the current global crises we face. The paper first provides a critical overview of the conceptual history, specific characteristics, and social relevance of relationism. It then addresses the question of how relational ethical models could be integrated into the value system of contemporary global ethics without reproducing the still dominant normativity of Western epistemology and its corresponding axiology. After highlighting some problems related to the methodology and structure of traditional models of comparative philosophy and ethics, the author suggests that this integration of relationism into the general framework of global ethics could be done by applying a new method, which can be tentatively called the method of transcultural philosophical sublation. Starting from different frames of reference that define the basic tenets of modern Western and traditional Chinese axiology, the author demonstrates the application of this method on the example of different conceptions of the human self.

Spatial relation learning in complementary scenarios with deep neural networks.

A cognitive agent performing in the real world needs to learn relevant concepts about its environment (e.g., objects, color, and shapes) and react accordingly. In addition to learning the concepts, it needs to learn relations between the concepts, in particular spatial relations between objects. In this paper, we propose three approaches that allow a cognitive agent to learn spatial relations. First, using an embodied model, the agent learns to reach toward an object based on simple instructions involving left-right relations. Since the level of realism and its complexity does not permit large-scale and diverse experiences in this approach, we devise as a second approach a simple visual dataset for geometric feature learning and show that recent reasoning models can learn directional relations in different frames of reference. Yet, embodied and simple simulation approaches together still do not provide sufficient experiences. To close this gap, we thirdly propose utilizing knowledge bases for disembodied spatial relation reasoning. Since the three approaches (i.e., embodied learning, learning from simple visual data, and use of knowledge bases) are complementary, we conceptualize a cognitive architecture that combines these approaches in the context of spatial relation learning.

TO THE METHOD OF STUDYING THE BASICS OF SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY

Special Theory of Relativity (STR) is a fundamental physical theory that underlies modern physics andhas enormous worldview potential. At the same time, in the process of teaching (studying) the elementsof STR in school and higher education institutions face a number of problems. These problems areprimarily related to the complex mathematical apparatus that describes it; consideration of imaginarymodel representations that do not really exist in nature; formation of the concept of “event” anddistinguishing under different initial conditions of the concepts of “relative”, “portable” and“absolute” movements, etc. In this regard, it is important to find ways to improve the methodology ofstudying the elements of STR, which is what this article is about.The article offers one of the tested options for studying the main provisions of the special theory ofrelativity in the general course of physics, which is taught in the programs of physical andmathematical specialties of pedagogical universities. The main approaches on which the proposedmethodology is based are the reference to the principle of conformity in the transformation of physicaltheories from their partial cases to more general ones. In this regard, the limits of application ofclassical Galilean-Newton mechanics in the plane of absolutization by this theory of categories of spaceand time, the simultaneity of events in a different frame of reference, the instantaneous transmission ofinteractions between bodies at a distance, etc. are analyzed.The physical meaning of Einstein’s postulates, which underlie the theory of relativity, regarding thespecial status of the speed of light propagation as a natural phenomenon is clarified. On the basis ofthese postulates, the formulas of the Lorentz coordinate and time transformations are deduced. Aconsistent, detailed derivation of the formula for the transition coefficient from the Galilean coordinateand time transformations (for the transition from one inertial frame of reference to another) to theLorentz coordinate and time transformations, which reflects their relativistic content, is given. Theestablishment of these formulas is based on the mathematical apparatus, which corresponds to the levelof school mathematical training of participants in the educational process. Based on the obtainedresults on the formulas of Lorentz transformations, the relativity of the concepts of “duration ofevents”, “time intervals”, “changes in size and shape of bodies”, etc. is demonstrated mathematically,if they are considered in reference systems that are in motion relative to each other.
 Keywords: classical mechanics; reference system; the principle of relativity; space-time invariant;coordinate and time conversion.

Expanding Aesthetics.

This paper seeks to expand traditional aesthetic dimensions of design beyond the limits of human capability in order to encompass other species' sensory modalities. To accomplish this, the idea of inclusivity is extended beyond human cultural and personal identities and needs, to embrace multi-species experiences of places, events and interactions in the world. This involves drawing together academic perspectives from ecology, neuroscience, anthropology, philosophy and interaction design, as well as exploring artistic perspectives and demonstrating how these different frames of reference can inspire and complement each other. This begins with a rationale for the existence of non-human aesthetics, followed by an overview of existing research into non-human aesthetic dimensions. Novel aesthetic categories are proposed and the challenge of how to include non-human aesthetic sensibility in design is discussed.

“Thinking With” When Peer Reviewing: Introduction to the PoLAR Online Emergent Conversation on Peer Review

“Thinking With” When Peer Reviewing: Introduction to the <i>PoLAR Online</i> Emergent Conversation on Peer Review

Instrumental Music in Late Eighteenth-Century Naples: Politics, Patronage and Artistic Culture, by Anthony R. DelDonna

<i>Instrumental Music in Late Eighteenth-Century Naples: Politics, Patronage and Artistic Culture</i>, by Anthony R. DelDonna

A Tentative View on the Invariance of Theory of Relativity

This paper aims at studying the premises presupposed by classical mechanics and relativity by proposing a new concept of higher dimensional space to show that the distance traveled by light in space is not objectively the same for different frames of reference, as contemporary physicists such as Newton and Einstein have always understood, but is consistent for any frame of reference!

Differential visual and auditory effects in a crossmodal induced Roelofs illusion.

For vision and audition to accurately inform judgments about an object's location, the brain must reconcile the variable anatomical correspondence of the eyes and ears, and the different frames of reference in which stimuli are initially encoded. To do so, it has been suggested that multisensory cues are eventually represented within a common frame of reference. If this is the case, then they should be similarly susceptible to distortion of this reference frame. Following this reasoning, we asked participants to locate visual and auditory probes in a crossmodal variant of the induced Roelofs effect, a visual illusion in which a large, off-center visual frame biases the observer's perceived straight-ahead. Auditory probes were mislocalized in the same direction and with a similar magnitude as visual probes due to the off-center visual frame. However, an off-center auditory frame did not elicit a significant mislocalization of visual probes, indicating that auditory context does not elicit an induced Roelofs effect. These results suggest that the locations of auditory and visual stimuli are represented within a common frame of reference, but that the brain does not rely on stationary auditory context, as it does visual, to maintain this reference frame. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Educators’ Perceptions of the Development of Clinical Judgment of Direct-Entry Students and Experienced RNs Enrolled in NP Programs

<h3>Background</h3> Nurse practitioner (NP) education was originally reserved for experienced nurses, but it has gradually opened to nurses with little to no clinical experience at the registered nurse (RN) level as well as to non-nurses. The existence of multiple paths to NP training and practice raises questions about the role of generalist RN experience in learning clinical decision-making and other aspects of the NP role. <h3>Purpose</h3> To describe educators' perceptions of the role of prior nursing experience in the development of clinical judgment during NP graduate education. <h3>Methods</h3> In this qualitative descriptive study, 27 NP faculty from four universities participated in individual interviews. Transcripts were analyzed using a thematic approach. <h3>Results</h3> According to participants, previous nursing experience—or any relevant experience—can either be helpful or detrimental in the development of NP students' clinical judgment. Three themes were generated: variations in students' baseline knowledge and skills, different frames of reference to grasp new content and skills, and challenges related to professional identity. In addition, participants described factors that they believe can affect the impact of different types of experience. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Students with and without prior nursing experience face distinct challenges in learning NP-level clinical decision-making and judgment, but they reach similar end-of-program competence. Educators are confronted with contradictions between generally held wisdom, their professional socialization, and first-hand observations regarding the role of experience (inside and outside nursing) in preparing students to become NPs.