Different Forms Of Support Research Articles

СОХРАНЕНИЕ ЯЗЫКОВОГО РАЗНООБРАЗИЯ РОССИИ: КОНТУРЫ ПРОГРАММЫ

This article proposes a draft program of preserving the linguistic diversity of Russia, as conceived from a linguist’s perspective. The process of mass extinction of languages accelerates in Russia, and the society must give indigenous language speakers and linguistic communities a chance to preserve their languages. The proposed program for the preservation of linguistic diversity is based on the fact that languages are acquired in early childhood in a spoken vernacular form, and it is this process of natural acquisition that must be supported in the fi rst place. Various linguistic situations call for different forms of support. Three necessary conditions of linguistic revitalization include key participation of local activists, administrative and monetary support, and scientifi cally grounded methodology. The feasibility of the program is provided by three considerations including the manageable number of the languages of Russia, the availability of substantial prior experience accumulated in the world, and the centralized character of the Russian state.

Assessing the Hindrances and Prospects of Women’s Entrepreneurship Development: The Case of Hosaena Town, Hadya Zone, SNNP, Ethiopia

Women’s entrepreneurship is considered to have a noteworthy part in economic development. The issue of women empowerment has been important for Governments and other non-governmental organizations. Both primary and secondary data was collected. The result of the study indicates that women entrepreneurs are exposed to various obstacles in the area of economy such as: limited access to loan and finance, difficulties in accessing markets, the lack of own land and inheritance, and difficulties in accessing raw materials. The main difficulties identified by women entrepreneurs in the area of legal and administrative functions in the survey are: high interest rates, high taxes, difficulties in getting a loan, insufficient support from Governmental and Financial institutions, and the lack of possibility to influence policy making. In relation to social and cultural factors, results from the survey are ambiguous. The government should create gender- neutral laws and policies to create a stimulating environment for potential women entrepreneurs. Therefore, government should offer different forms of support to women entrepreneurs such as: tax incentives and grants for starting a business. Additional effort should be directed to increase the quality of existing support to entrepreneurship development as well to designing new programs that would better alleviate the obstacles identified in this study.

EUROPEAN UNION SUPPORT FOR AFFORESTATION IN POLAND – PERFORMANCE AND RESULTS

The aim of the paper is to evaluate the effects of EU support for afforestation in Poland. The research concerns afforestation measures under three subsequent Rural Development Programmes: 2004-2006, 2007-2013, 2014-2020. The examined period covers the years between 2004 and 2018. The analysis indicated that during the examined years about 80,000 ha of land were afforested. Thanks to the measure, forest area in Poland increased by 0.87%. The highest effect of the measure was achieved under RDP 2004-2006. The share of afforested area under that RDP was estimated to be at nearly 50% of total afforested area and in the case of RDP 2007-2013 at 46.7%. Under the current RDP 2014-2020, the interest of eligible agents in the measure and results are very modest. The afforested area, after five years of the financial perspective, was thirteen times lower than during three years of RDP 2004-2006. Although a rather unambitious target was set under RDP 2014-2020 – support for 82,000 ha of afforested land – small interest in new afforestation under the measure will probably be a barrier for achieving the target. The modest result is caused by a few factors, such as terms of the measure or farmer interest in different forms of support for agricultural activity.

Contrasting multidisciplinary clinic follow up for patients with high and low grade glioma.

Abstract Patients with high grade glioma (HGG) and low grade glioma (LGG) may enter a period of stability in their disease when surveillance is required; during this time they often require different forms of support. We describe two different multidisciplinary clinics approaches to patients with gliomas, both of which are linked to the relevant multidisciplinary meetings (MDMs). Since 1987 the ‘joint glioma clinic’ (HGG clinic) has been run with a neurosurgeon, neurooncologist and clinical nurse specialist seeing patients and their carers in one room. Patients under surveillance undergo MRI scans and if there is evidence of recurrence then an immediate discussion can be held with the patient regarding options for further management. Since 2011 the Low grade glioma clinic (LGG clinic) has run with a multi room model. There are two neurosurgeons, a neurooncologist, a neuroradiologist, a neuropsychologist, a neurologist and a clinical nurse specialist present who discuss patients in a MDM. Subsequently a patient may then see one or more of the team in sequence in different rooms as needed. This allows issues such as epilepsy, neuropsychology, treatment options and surveillance intervals to be discussed with patients at one visit. There is a cohort of 106 patients under surveillance in the HGG joint glioma clinic and 270 patients in the LGG clinic. We believe a single visit can minimize the impact of the disease and provide different forms of support a needed. Both models allow rapid decision making when the period of surveillance ends due to transformation or recurrence.

The moderating role of individual resilience in refugee and Dutch adolescents after trauma.

Exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) has been identified as a risk factor for various psychological problems in adolescents generally and in young refugees. The aim of this study was to examine whether individual resilience (assessed as a personality characteristic) can protect adolescents in diverse contexts from negative effects of trauma exposure. A path model was used to assess whether individual resilience buffered the negative effects of exposure to PTEs in a cross-sectional study of adolescent refugees (aged 12-17 years; n = 117) and their Dutch peers (n = 148). Measurements included the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Resilience Scale. The moderating effects of individual resilience on the relationship between PTEs and mental health problems and life satisfaction were mixed: In the nonrefugee group, but not in the refugee group most moderation effects reached significance. Findings suggest that not all groups benefit similarly from individual-level resilience. Consequently, adolescents, who differ with regard to the risks to which they are exposed, may need different forms of support. This study points to the interplay of factors that contributes to demonstration of individual resilience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Attachment orientations, filial piety and future parent support provision among Mainland Chinese college students

The literature has documented the close associations of attachment orientations and filial obligations with parent support provision and caregiving in Western samples. Nevertheless, little is known about the way these factors jointly determine adult children’s support provision or caregiving, especially in Chinese societies. This cross-sectional study examined the way attachment orientations and filial piety would be associated with the willingness of providing different forms of support (emotional and informational, tangible, affectionate, financial support, and positive interaction) to aging parents in future among Chinese college students. Results showed that attachment avoidance was negatively associated with the willingness to provide all forms of support, and such associations were mediated by reciprocal filial piety. Attachment anxiety had a negative direct effect on the willingness to provide financial support and showed a positive indirect effect on the willingness to have positive interaction through the mediation of authoritarian filial piety. The findings highlight the salient role of attachment avoidance in dampening adult children’s willingness to provide support to aging parents in future, due to a lower level of reciprocal filial piety.

Vegetarian, vegan, activist, radical: Using latent profile analysis to examine different forms of support for animal welfare

There are many different ways that people can express their support for the animals that exist in factory farms. This study draws on insights from the social identity approach, and adopts novel methods (latent profile analysis [LPA]) to examine the qualitatively different subgroups or profiles that comprise broader community positions on this issue. North American participants ( N = 578) completed measures of the frequency with which they engaged in 18 different animal welfare actions. LPA identified 3 meaningful profiles: ambivalent omnivores ( n = 410; people who occasionally limited their consumption of meat/animal products), a lifestyle activist group ( n = 134; limited their consumption of animal/meat products and engaged in political actions), and a vegetarian radical group ( n = 34; strictly limited their consumption of animal/meat products and engaged in both political and radical actions). Membership of the 3 populations was predicted by different balances of social identities (supporter of animal welfare, vegan/vegetarian, solidarity with animals), and markers of politicization and/or radicalization. Results reveal the utility of adopting person-centred methods to study political engagement and extremism generally, and highlight heterogeneity in the ways that people respond to the harms perpetrated against animals.

Practice of application the assumed functions of communal home of mutual aid in support of persons with mental disorders presented on the case of work program of the Communal Home of the Mutual Aid 2 in Stalowa Wola

Communal homes of mutual aid are day support centers for persons with mental disorders. They provide varied services for the persons with mental disorders and with intellectual disabilities. The aim of this article is to show the role and scope of operation of such facilities in a formation of social support network for persons with mental disorders, using the case of the Communal Home of Mutual Aid no 2 in Stalowa Wola. The analysis conducted based on the Home’s internal documentation, demonstrated that the facility provides for its beneficiaries different forms of support and activation, including practical trainings which involve: trainings of functioning in everyday life (e.g. personal hygiene training, cleaning training, cooking training, management of financial resources), trainings of interpersonal skills and resolving conflicts, trainings of the ability to spend free time as well as various forms of therapies (e.g. occupational therapy, art therapy) and relaxation trainings (e.g. classes held in the garden). The centre also provides actions aimed at preparation of the beneficiaries to participate in other programmes of communal support, including also the professional activity. The main objective of such activities is forming and strengthening of life and social skills of persons with mental disorders, encouraging their resourcefulness and autonomy, and to help them to overcome isolation barriers and ensure conditions of social integration of people with disabilities in their local environment.

Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes.

Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes.

Fostering entrepreneurship: an innovative business model to link innovation and new venture creation

The paper investigates the link between academic innovation and new venture creation. It presents a case study of an Italian firm that has developed an innovative business model, transforming academic innovation into new ventures and tackling some of the key challenges of the academic entrepreneurial process. This case is particularly interesting because it can be seen as an “Enterprises Factory” that has already created 14 startups. It differs from both incubators and venture capital funds because it combines different forms of support—including both technical competencies to develop the innovation and managerial and entrepreneurial skills to create a new venture—and also acts as a founder of each new venture. The paper has theoretical and practical implications since it describes how this innovative business model fosters academic entrepreneurship, and it provides a model for possible replication in different contexts.

Virtual social support buffers stress response: An experimental comparison of real-life and virtual support prior to a social stressor

Background and objectivesFace-to-face and text-based social support have been shown to attenuate stress responses in past studies. Yet as social interactions increasingly take place online by means of virtual humans, our objective was to examine whether different forms of social support (virtual vs. real) prior to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) would also decrease stress. Additionally, the effect on subsequent real-life social behaviors (helping and approach) was evaluated while controlling for affective states and social presence. Methods56 participants were either supported by an avatar, an agent, a real human or received no support before completing the TSST and two subsequent social behavior tasks (pen task and seating task). ResultsResults show no difference in agency regarding social presence. Yet, participants with agent support and no support had significantly higher heart rates during the TSST and reported to be more worried. Also, they were more irritated and showed significantly slower helping reactions (picking up pens). LimitationsA limitation to this study is that only emotional verbal and non-verbal support were provided by a stranger. Different forms of support as well as a different source (i.e., a friend) may have a more pronounced effect on stress buffering. ConclusionsVirtual social support is as effective as face-to-face support in terms of stress buffering, as long as the recipient has the impression that it is provided by another human (via an avatar). This has wide ranging implications not only for health-related application in prevention and treatment but also for further research.

A characterization of types of support between structured arguments and their relationship with support in abstract argumentation

Argumentation is an important approach in artificial intelligence and multiagent systems, providing a basis for single agents to make rational decisions, and for groups of agents to reach agreements, as well as a mechanism to underpin a wide range of agent interactions. In such work, a crucial role is played by the notion of attack between arguments, and the notion of attack is well-studied. There is, for example, a range of different approaches to identifying which of a set of arguments should be accepted given the attacks between them. Less well studied is the notion of support between arguments, yet the idea that one argument may support another is very intuitive and seems particularly relevant in the area of decision-making where decision options may have multiple arguments for and against them. In the last decade, the study of support in argumentation has regained attention among researchers, but most approaches address support in the context of abstract argumentation where the elements from which arguments are composed are ignored. In contrast, this paper studies the notion of support between arguments in the context of structured argumentation systems where the elements from which arguments are composed play a crucial role. Different forms of support are presented, each of which takes into account the structure of arguments; and the relationships between these forms of support are studied. Then, the paper investigates whether there is a correspondence between the structured and abstract forms of support, and determines whether the abstract formalisms may be instantiated using concrete forms of support in terms of structured arguments. The conclusion is that support in structured argumentation does not mesh well with support in abstract argumentation, and this suggests that more work is required to develop forms of support in abstract argumentation that model what happens in structured argumentation.

The influence of population aging in Public Health

Introduction Population aging is one of the greatest challenges in contemporary public health. Thus, one of the consequences of this dynamic is a greater demand for health services. The aim of the present research consists in explaining the main topics that justify the fact that the increase of population-aging worldwide influences public health strategies applied. Materials and methods To carry out this review article the search strategies included electronic databases, such as PubMed, Cochrane Library and Science Direct, reference lists of articles, and selected textbooks. Articles and textbooks used in this study were mainly reached by using the following keywords: “Public health”; “Population-ageing “; “Global Aging”; “Elderly” and “Health”. Selection criteria included articles published from 1985 to the present year of 2018. At the end of the search, 11 scientific articles were selected. Results and Discussion The physical / biological, psychological and social changes associated with the elderly leads to decrease of health, withdrawal from the labor market and several unfavorable situations, which cannot be controlled. In this context, the elderly seek to find support in the family, neighborhood, friends and institutions that will influence their quality of life. Therefore, the path of Public Health has three essential points: first, health promotion and primary prevention, which requires a lot of health education to develop healthy living habits and improve understanding of the aging process; secondly, appropriate health treatments, including professionals trained in Geriatrics and Gerontology, aiming at early diagnosis and interdisciplinary administration of diseases, seeking to preserve functional capacity; and finally, the rehabilitation of the functions committed, aiming at functional independence and mental autonomy, in any type of incapacity or limitation. Conclusions Aging is a challenge to be integrated by Public Health and the vulnerability inherent in the elderly should never be seen in a unique way. Thus, we believe in the importance of different forms of support, not only in terms of assistance, clinical treatment and rehabilitation, but also in the implementation of public policies and disease prevention actions, as well as health promotion of the population of integral form.

How do refugees use their social capital for successful labor market integration? An exploratory analysis in Germany

Using Germany as an example, this qualitative study explores how refugees use their social capital within and outside organizations to enter their host countries' labor market. Following a grounded theory approach, we interviewed 36 Syrian refugees who had already secured employment in Germany. We aim to provide in-depth information regarding the available types, uses, and benefits of social capital with regard to their access and integration into the labor market. We found that refugees have access to different types of social capital and that these types can offer different forms of support to refugees during the labor market integration process. In addition, we identify subtle differences in the kinds of support offered through vertical and horizontal bonding and bridging social capital. More specifically, we found that vertical bridging social capital is a valuable source for securing adequate employment, whereas horizontal bonding social capital and independent job-searching methods may more often lead to low-skilled work or underemployment. Our findings provide new insights into how different forms of social capital can facilitate labor market integration of refugees at different stages.

FUNDS AND PROGRAMS FOR SUPPORTING EDUCATION IN RURAL AREAS IN POLAND

The aim of this paper is to present the different forms of support and the accompanying them sources of funding which were allocated for the education and development of the rural population between 2002 and 2016 and define the effects of these activities. A number of the EU policies, programs (including national ones), offers of various foundations for the rural population have been reviewed. Scientific literature, empirical materials and description of the EU and national institutions have been studied, as well as programs supporting the economic and social development of rural areas in Poland. The data required to write the article come from research institutions such as IRWiR, IERiGŻ and available GUS’s and The World Bank’s publications.

Giving versus acting: Using latent profile analysis to distinguish between benevolent and activist support for global poverty reduction.

There are a variety of ways that people can respond to inequality. This article considers the distinction between collective giving and collective acting, but also adopts a focus on the people who engage in those behaviours. Benevolent supporters engage in efforts to alleviate suffering through the transfer of money or provision of goods ('giving'), while activist supporters engage in actions that aim to challenging an underlying injustice or exploitation ('acting'). Using samples obtained through anti-poverty non-governmental organizations (N=2,340), latent profile analysis suggested two qualitatively different forms of support for global poverty reduction: a benevolent supporter profile (defined by moderate levels of charitable support) and an activist supporter profile (defined by engagement in a suite of socio-political actions). The two forms of support are predicted by different appraisals for, emotional reactions to (outrage v sympathy), and social change beliefs about, global injustice. Results highlight the theoretical and practical importance of considering subgroup differences in how social justice is pursued.

Patient-reported benefits from patient organization magazines and Internet-based peer support in Ménière’s disease

ObjectivesTo facilitate self-help, the Finnish Ménière’s Federation (FMF) provides various kinds of support to persons with Ménière’s disease (MD), which includes patient magazines (PM) and Internet-based peer support (iPS). The current study aimed to evaluate the benefits reported by MD patients in terms of PM and iPS.MethodThe study used a cross-sectional survey design with a mixture of structured and open-ended questions administered online. A sample of 185 patients from the FMF membership database provided complete data.ResultsNinety-two percent of the respondents rated PM as useful, or very useful. The main benefits of PM included: information on the disease and complaints, information about elements of peer support program, patient’s experience with useful positive case studies, relevant news on MD, and information of activity of the FMF. Of the 185 persons, 68 reported that they did not have a need for peer support as their disease was either in silent phase or did not cause any annoyance. The main reasons for nonuse were: mild disease, personal reasons, and problems in using. Regarding the benefits of iPS, 75% of recent and 64% of chronic MD patients said that they would benefit from such a program. The main benefits of iPS included: reliable information on the disease and its management, peer support useful for coping with the disease, information about managing MD symptoms, information about managing attitude, and information about therapy. Moreover, the study identified different groups of individuals, which included: nonusers of support from patient organizations, those who used the support but did not feel they benefited, and those who used and also benefited from such programs.ConclusionThe current study results provide some information about the preferences of MD patients regarding different forms of support and could certainly prove helpful while developing wider support strategies.

‘Hot’, ‘Cold’ and ‘Warm’ supports: towards theorising where refugee students go for assistance at university

ABSTRACTThis paper contributes a rich picture of how students from refugee backgrounds navigate their way into and through undergraduate studies in a regional Australian university, paying particular attention to their access to and use of different forms of support. We draw on the conceptualisation of ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ knowledge, offered by Ball and Vincent (1998. “‘I Heard it on the Grapevine’: ‘Hot’ Knowledge and School Choice.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 19 (3): 377–400), and the addition of ‘warm’ knowledge offered by Slack et al. (2014. “‘Hot’, ‘Cold’ and ‘Warm’ Information and Higher Education Decision Making.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 35 (2): 204–223), to develop an understanding of how students from refugee backgrounds make choices about how they locate, select and access support for their studies. The findings of this paper suggest that students from refugee backgrounds do not view the ‘cold’ (unfamiliar-formal) institutional support on offer as ‘for them’; instead they expressed a preference for the ‘warm’ (familiar-formal) support offered via ‘trusted’ people who act as literacy/sociocultural brokers or ‘hot’ (familiar-informal) support of their grapevine of other students (past and present) or experienced community members.

Quality of life of the elderly residents of nursing homes and patients of the Psychogeriatric Day Ward

Introduction. Due to the prolonged average life span and constantly increasing number of the elderly, research of this population’s quality of life (QoL) is being conducted to assess the spheres requiring improvement. Aim. To assess and compare the life quality in different domains between residents of nursing homes (NH) and patients of the Psychogeriatric Day Ward (PDW).Material and Methods. The study encompassed 68 PDW patients and 62 NH residents. The WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire and a structured interview concerning diseases, different forms of support and activities preferred were used. Results. Women predominated among the subjects (83%). The elderly aged 75–90 constituted the majority (64.62%). The average assessment of QoL in the whole group amounted to 3.6 points. No significant differences in the assessment of QoL satisfaction and one’s own health satisfaction were observed between PDW patients and NH residents. The participants of both groups assessed the highest QoL in the environment domain and the lowest in the social relationships domain. A relationship between higher QoL in the physical health domain and participation in social forms of spending free time was observed. Relationships between QoL in particular domains and age, marital status and length of stay in NH were found.Conclusions. Elderly people’s QoL, similarly to their satisfaction with health, were on an average level regardless of the institutional care. The QoL remains in a significant relationship with health. The changing needs of the elderly should be the basis for creating an individual plan of professional support.

Deviant employee behavior in the eyes of colleagues: the role of organizational support and self-efficacy

The present study investigates the influences of multifocal organizational support in the context of deviant employee behavior by examining the potential associations with employees’ self-efficacy characteristics. The study proposes that perceived multifocal support and self-efficacy have a direct relationship with deviant behavior, and that these two variables interact in their relationship with deviant workplace behavior. Using self- and peer-reported data from 225 academics, hypothesized relationships were investigated using structural equation modeling. The results indicate that two different forms of support (organizational and supervisory) strongly influenced two different forms of deviant behavior (organizational and interpersonal). Whereas perceived organizational support decreases organizationally relevant deviant behavior, supervisory support decreases deviant behavior toward colleagues. The results also showed that high self-efficacy moderates both the negative relationship between organizational support and deviant behavior toward the organization and that between supervisory support and deviant behavior toward colleagues. The study also discusses the implications of these findings for managers, along with recommendations for future research.