Different Forms Of Analysis Research Articles

Parametric imaging in salivary gland scintigraphy.

Salivary gland scintigraphy (SGS) is an imaging technique to evaluate functional aspects of the salivary glands. First described in 1965, visual analyses of summed images and of time-activity curves generated through regions of interest (ROI) are still the main evaluation tools used in clinical practice. An alternative to ROI-based analysis is the use of parametric images, which are images generated through pixel-by-pixel calculation of parameters from the original frames. In this article, we would like to present some parametric images for SGS studies and how to create and use them. Two images, vascular flow and uptake velocity, were created using the intercept and slope of a linear model of the frames from after the first to fifth minute of acquisition. And two others, excretion fraction and absolute excretion, by subtraction and division methods of the frames before and after sialogogue stimulation. These images allow the visualization of the spatial distribution and heterogeneity of these quantitative parameters, favoring different forms of analysis and helping with image segmentation. After more than a year of using these images in daily routine, our general impression is that they have been very helpful. This article, however, still represents only our early experiences with this technique, and clinical studies are yet needed to better evaluate this method.

Reusable graphite-based electrochemical sensors for L-dopa and dopamine detection.

Afully reusable electrochemical device is proposed for the first timemade from laser cutting and a homemade conductive ink composed of carbon and nail polish. As a sensor substrate, we applied polymethyl methacrylate, which allows the surface to be renewed by simply removing and reapplying a new layer of ink. In addition to the ease of renewing the sensor's conductive surface, the design of the device has allowed for the integration of different forms of analysis. The determination of L-Dopa was performed using DPV, which presented a linear response range between 5.0 and 1000.0μmol L-1, and a LOD of 0.11μmol L-1. For dopamine, a flow injection analysis system was employed, and using the amperometric technique measurements were performed with a linear ranging from 2.0 to 100.0μmol L-1anda LOD of 0.26μmol L-1. To demonstrate its applicability, the device was used in the quantification of analytes in pharmaceutical drug and synthetic urine samples.

Perceptual Learning Modules (PLM) in CS1: a Negative Result and a Methodological Warning

Perceptual Learning Modules (PLMs) is a variation of Perceptual Learning based on multiple-choice questionnaires. There exists successful research of the use of PLMs in math and flight training. The possibility of designing and adopting PLMs in Introductory Programming Courses (CS1) is still an open area of study. The goal of this study is to test whether students that received a PLM training on recognising segments of programs will perform better at writing programs. Two PLM interventions were administered to students. The first intervention was a nonrandom controlled experiment, in which students opted to answer the PLM questionnaire (N=40), while the control group consisted of students that did not answer it (N=629). The second intervention was a randomized controlled experiment with a placebo, in which students were randomly assigned to perform either the PLM questionnaire (N=51) or another a placebo activity (N=51). The different forms of analysis of the first experiment results yielded Cohen’s d ranging from 0.23 to 0.34 in favor of the PLM intervention. For the second experiment, the effect size was d = -0.11 against the PLM intervention, but the two results were significant. We believe that the cautious conclusion is that there is a null effect in using a PLM activity as part of a CS1 course. The paper is also of interest because of the methodological decisions and techniques used.

Fatigue reliability assessment of the new design of universal upright for the JCU Formula SAE car

The objective of this paper is to calculate fatigue reliability of the new design of universal upright for the James Cook University Formula SAE car. The upright design is the back bone of the unsprung mass on the car as it provides connection points for many necessary components. Several different forms of analysis were used to ensure the upright design is capable of handling the frequent loading from different load cases. The main form of analysis was computational modelling using finite element method (FEM) to determine and apply loads to the initial upright design. Using these results the upright was further optimised to save weight and improve cooling effects to the upright and surrounding components. Also, in order to maintain the minimum amount of reliability at a certain value, the number of variable components is defined at each time of inspection. The results showed that reducing the time interval between periodic inspections and increasing the number of replaced components at each stage of the inspection can keep the system reliability as expected.

NIKLAS LUHMANN E KARL MARX: POSSÍVEL (E NECESSÁRIO) CONTRIBUTO PARA O ESTUDO DO DIREITO

No presente estudo se vislumbra relacionar os pressupostos gerais das obras de Niklas Luhmann e Karl Marx, descrever suas lógicas de explicar a forma pela qual a ação social se ordena para, a partir disso, analisar a visão desses autores sobre o papel ocupado pelo direito na realidade social. Os pontos fundamentais das visões luhmanniana e marxiana acerca do fenômeno jurídico são analisados de modo a explicitar suas possíveis contribuições para a teoria do direito. Embora os fundamentos epistemológicos das teorias sejam diversos, tanto Luhmann como Marx apresentam visões objetivistas acerca do fenômeno jurídico, que decorrem das próprias formas de análise da organização social propostas pelos autores. Ambas as construções teóricas salientam a natureza contextual do sentido, em oposição a concepções prevalentes no âmbito da teoria do direito, que costumam atribuir um certo caráter universalista ao fenômeno jurídico.

Optimal rotated staggered-grid finite-difference schemes for elastic wave modeling in TTI media

The rotated staggered-grid finite-difference (RSFD) is an effective approach for numerical modeling to study the wavefield characteristics in tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) media. But it surfaces from serious numerical dispersion, which directly affects the modeling accuracy. In this paper, we propose two different optimal RSFD schemes based on the sampling approximation (SA) method and the least-squares (LS) method respectively to overcome this problem. We first briefly introduce the RSFD theory, based on which we respectively derive the SA-based RSFD scheme and the LS-based RSFD scheme. Then different forms of analysis are used to compare the SA-based RSFD scheme and the LS-based RSFD scheme with the conventional RSFD scheme, which is based on the Taylor-series expansion (TE) method. The contrast in numerical accuracy analysis verifies the greater accuracy of the two proposed optimal schemes, and indicates that these schemes can effectively widen the wavenumber range with great accuracy compared with the TE-based RSFD scheme. Further comparisons between these two optimal schemes show that at small wavenumbers, the SA-based RSFD scheme performs better, while at large wavenumbers, the LS-based RSFD scheme leads to a smaller error. Finally, the modeling results demonstrate that for the same operator length, the SA-based RSFD scheme and the LS-based RSFD scheme can achieve greater accuracy than the TE-based RSFD scheme, while for the same accuracy, the optimal schemes can adopt shorter difference operators to save computing time.

Glass Ceilings and Iron Bars: Women, Gender, and Poverty in the Post-2015 Development Agenda

This paper argues that it is necessary to focus on gender rather than exclusively on women in discussions on global poverty eradication. It argues firstly, that the drivers of poverty are complex and multifaceted leading to a least two different forms of deprivation – transitory and structural poverty – each requiring different forms of analysis and treatment. Transitory poverty can arise as a consequence of an event or shock that would diminish an individual’s capacity to retain or secure employment and where a State lacks an appropriate form of social protection. Structural poverty, on the other hand, arises where groups are excluded from the workforce on a more permanent basis due to a wide variety of factors of discrimination such as sex, race, ethnicity, and age. Focusing on the sex of an individual alone cannot explain why some are more likely to experience different forms of poverty than others. Policies that protect women against transitory poverty, such as care related allowances, are not sufficient to eradicate structural poverty. Secondly, structural poverty prompts an examination of gender roles and relations. Unlike the category of ‘women’, the concept of gender demands consideration of a wider range of intersecting factors that influence life chances. The structure of contemporary gender relations, where women continue to experience higher levels of violence, and carry the greatest burden of responsibility for non-market based production activities, create the social conditions where domination and dependence thrive, and where persistently high rates of poverty seem inevitable. Such circumstances are generated by human agency. Thus, thirdly, it argues that these circumstances can and should be changed through human action. Knowledge of these circumstances gives rise to moral obligations for both men and women to avoid upholding values and practices that lead to domination and dependence as a matter of basic justice.

Measuring the Socio-economic Activity of Countries with Social Accounting Matrices

Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs) will be presented as tools that have specific features for studying the socio-economic activity of countries. Such features allow for the reading and interpretation of the reality under study, leading to the production of an empirical work that is not only capable of highlighting specific aspects of that activity, but also offers the chance to experiment with different interventions in regard to its functioning. In stating that the knowledge of the socio-economic activity of countries involves the use of national accounts, emphasis is placed on the desirability of working in a matrix format, which simultaneously includes activities (or industries), products, factors of production and institutions. This will be considered to be a way of capturing the relevant network of linkages and the corresponding multiplier effects in the subsequent modelling of the socio-economic activity of the countries studied. A methodological framework based on the works of R. Stone, G. Pyatt and J. Round, will be adopted outlining the main features of the SAM-based approach, according to which the SAM can describe the activity of countries either empirically or theoretically, depending on whether it is presented in a numerical or an algebraic version, respectively. Based on the latest version of the System of National Accounts (2008 SNA), a proposal for a numerical version of a SAM will be presented. Firstly, a basic structure will be presented and the need to ensure its consistency with the whole system will be emphasized. Such emphasis will then be reinforced through the analysis of possible disaggregations and extensions to that basic structure. The different forms of analysis made possible by the use of aggregates, indicators and balancing items that can be calculated from such a version and which lie outside the matrix format will also be discussed. Finally, that proposal will be compared with the matrix format of the national accounts, proposed by the above referred System of National Accounts. Because any socio-economic study made of a specific space, namely, a country, should involve the consideration of its population, Socio-Demographic Matrices (SDMs) will also be briefly presented and two examples of approaches based on SAMs and SDMs will be sketched out. The exposition will be illustrated with an application to Portugal.

Approach to the Socio-Economic Activity of Countries with a Social Accounting Matrices Supported by Socio-Demographic Matrices: An Application to Portugal

Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs) will be presented as tools that have specific features for studying the socio-economic activity of countries. Such features allow for the reading and interpretation of the reality under study, leading to the production of an empirical work that is not only capable of highlighting specific aspects of that activity, but also offers the chance to experiment with different interventions in regard to its functioning. In stating that the knowledge of the socio-economic activity of countries involves the use of national accounts, emphasis is placed on the desirability of working in a matrix format, which simultaneously includes activities (or industries), products, factors of production and institutions. This will be considered to be a way of capturing the relevant network of linkages and the corresponding multiplier effects in the subsequent modelling of the socio-economic activity of the countries studied.A methodological framework based on the works of R. Stone, G. Pyatt and J. Round, will be adopted outlining the main features of the SAM-based approach, according to which the SAM can describe the activity of countries either empirically or theoretically, depending on whether it is presented in a numerical or an algebraic version, respectively.Based on the latest version of the System of National Accounts (2008 SNA), a proposal for a numerical version of a SAM will be presented. Firstly, a basic structure will be presented and the need to ensure its consistency with the whole system will be emphasized. Such emphasis will then be reinforced through the analysis of possible disaggregations and extensions to that basic structure. The different forms of analysis made possible by the use of aggregates, indicators and balancing items that can be calculated from such a version and which lie outside the matrix format will also be discussed. Because any socio-economic study made of a specific space, namely, a country, should involve the consideration of its population, Socio-Demographic Matrices (SDMs) will also be briefly presented and two examples of approaches based on SAMs and SDMs will be sketched out.The exposition will be illustrated with an application to Portugal.

석면노출연구를 위한 공간분석기법

Objectives: Spatial analysis is useful for understanding complicated causal relationships. This paper focuses trends and appling methods for spatial analysis associated with environmental asbestos exposure. Methods: Literature review and reflection of experience of authors were conducted to know academic background of spatial analysis, appling methods on epidemiology and asbestos exposure. Results: Spatial analysis based on spatial autocorrelation provides a variety of methods through which to conduct mapping, cluster analysis, diffusion, interpolation, and identification. Cause of disease occurrence can be investigated through spatial analysis. Appropriate methods can be applied according to contagiousness and continuity. Spatial analysis for asbestos exposure source is needed to study asbestos related diseases. Although a great amount of research has used spatial analysis to study exposure assessment and distribution of disease occurrence, these studies tend to focus on the construction of a thematic map without different forms of analysis. Recently, spatial analysis has been advanced by merging with web tools, mobile computing, statistical packages, social network analysis, and big data. Conclusions: Because the trend in spatial analysis has evolved from simple marking into a variety of forms of analyses, environmental researchers including asbestos exposure study are required to be aware of recent trends.

Calling for Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Spanglish and Its Linguistic Manifestations

The aim of the present paper is to provide an overview of the so-called Spanglish phenomenon and its linguistic repertoires (code-switching utterances). We propose that it is necessary to link all different forms of analysis in order to verify hypotheses regarding the relationship among social, linguistic, and cognitive processes behind Spanglish. We argue that Spanglish consists of mixed utterances that result from the contact between two languages: Spanish and English. The characteristics of the contact situation separate Spanglish from pidgins and creoles. Zentella (1997) claims that those characteristics do not fit into a second language acquisition setting either, since the code-switching of Spanish-English bilinguals is different from the transfer-laden speech of second-language learners. However, there is debate regarding Spanglish being either a popular/colloquial Spanish variety within the United States (Otheguy 2009) or part of a more anthropological linguistic entity that corresponds to social formation (Zentella 2008). After years of research (Myers-Scotton 2002; Poplack 1980), the questions concerning the identification of gram- matical constraints governing code-switching remain unanswered. Methodologies are changing toward a more comprehensive multilayered approach aimed at a better understanding of how Spanglish functions. Interdisciplinary approaches are highlighted in the paper when identifying future venues of research.

Calling for Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Spanglish and Its Linguistic Manifestations

The aim of the present paper is to provide an overview of the so-called Spanglish phenomenon and its linguistic repertoires (code-switching utterances). We propose that it is necessary to link all different forms of analysis in order to verify hypotheses regarding the relationship among social, linguistic, and cognitive processes behind Spanglish. We argue that Spanglish consists of mixed utterances that result from the contact between two languages: Spanish and English. The characteristics of the contact situation separate Spanglish from pidgins and creoles. Zentella (1997) claims that those characteristics do not fit into a second language acquisition setting either, since the code-switching of Spanish-English bilinguals is different from the transfer-laden speech of second-language learners. However, there is debate regarding Spanglish being either a popular/colloquial Spanish variety within the United States (Otheguy 2009) or part of a more anthropological linguistic entity that corresponds to social formation (Zentella 2008). After years of research (Myers-Scotton 2002; Poplack 1980), the questions concerning the identification of grammatical constraints governing code-switching remain unanswered. Methodologies are changing toward a more comprehensive multilayered approach aimed at a better understanding of how Spanglish functions. Interdisciplinary approaches are highlighted in the paper when identifying future venues of research.

Análise de dados longitudinais em experimentação animal

Longitudinal data analysis with repeated measures over time can be done in different ways: in experiments using the split plot design, with the animal as plots and time as subplots; through the analysis of multivariate models; and also by adjusting mixed models, which enables the use of different structures for the covariance matrix. The main problem involved in the analysis of repeated measures over time is related to the lack of randomization, because pairs of measurements taken along the time are correlated, which can invalidate the tests involving the time factor. To discuss the different forms of analysis, data were used from an experiment in which Santa Ines lambs were infected with 6,000 L3 Haemochus contortus and treated with condensed tannin. The source of tannin was the acacia extract obtained from Acacia mearnsii (commercially available). The data were analyzed using the software R 2.11.1 (2010). No significant effect was found (p > 0.05) of supplementation with tannin, acting on the body weight of animals. The methods used for data analysis showed similar results, which does not always occur. And considering the dependence of observations taken over time, recommended the setting of mixed models, which may involve growth curves or polynomial models that include the covariance matrix that best explains the data.

Ethical Failures and History Lessons: The U.S. Public Health Service Research Studies in Tuskegee and Guatemala

Bioethics is often thought of as having been “born in scandal and raised in protectionism.” Less often acknowledged is that bioethics has been so nourished by melodramatic frames that the effort to provide a different form of analysis has been problematic. Using examples of the author’s scholarship on the history and coverage of the United States Public Health Service’s untreated syphilis study in Tuskegee (1932–72) and its sexually transmitted diseases inoculation research studies in Guatemala (1946–48), these histories of medical malfeasance, governmental overreach, and the use of racist and imperial power are examined for the limitations of emotional understandings of “bad scientists” and failures to obtain consent. It is argued that these two tragedies, which have provided an explanation for suspicion of medical and public health research, need to be understood in the context of research hubris and institutional power. They remind us of the necessity for protection of human rights against dangerous excesses of zeal in human research, and the need for researchers to imagine themselves in similar situations.

The self-fashioning of French Newtonianism

J. B. Shank has written a major cultural history of Newtonianism in the French Enlightenment—or rather a study of how Newtonianism was constructed to serve the purposes of the ‘‘self-fashioning’’ of various key figures in the French Enlightenment. As straight history of ideas, it can be read as providing a French counterpart to works such as John Gascoigne’s masterful (1989) study of science and religion at Cambridge, or as a more detailed, more culturally and rhetorically sophisticated book-length extension of analyses such as Robert Schofield’s ‘‘taxonomy of eighteenth-century Newtonianisms’’ (Schofield 1978). But Shank is also interested in a different approach, a different form of analysis, which in fact challenges ‘‘the classic narrative produced by the Enlightenment philosophes’’ (21). He uses lots of language that harks back to the heyday of theory in the humanities— the book is ‘‘a critical genealogy of beginnings,’’ a ‘‘postmodern,’’ ‘‘postEnlightenment’’ history of an event—but in fact very little of this really has an impact on the detailed analyses produced over the next four hundred and fifty pages. Brunet’s (1931) book on the introduction of Newton’s theories into France in the early eighteenth century, and Koyre who refers to it approvingly, are targeted by Shank for their uncritical acceptance and reproduction of the philosophes’ narrative of the heroic Newton—a reproduction of ‘‘Enlightenment modernity itself,’’ as well as of the canonical narrative of the Scientific Revolution, which rests on the figure of Newton as its ‘‘climatic, synthetic hero.’’ Indeed, Shank calls his book a ‘‘postmodern and post-Enlightenment history of a crucial moment in the beginning of Enlightenment modernity,’’ which is precisely ‘‘the moment when Newtonian science became linked to it as its genetic code and avatar’’ (15). Shank wants to

The representation of the professions in the cinema: the case of construction engineers and lawyers

This paper considers how popular culture, especially the cinema, depicts two professions; namely, engineering and the law. It argues that despite the large number of engineers working in the developed economies their lives and their work are seldom portrayed in cinema. In contrast, the legal profession is ubiquitous in its presence in film. The paper seeks to use different forms of analysis, such as culturalism, Marxism, structuralism, feminism and post‐modernism when applied to film theory in settings where engineers and lawyers are depicted. The paper makes a distinction between the presentation of the work of engineers and lawyers in ‘real life’ and cinematic form. The process of engineering in real life is visible yet in cinematic terms it is ignored. In contrast, the legal process is invisible in real life but has high dramatic content in the cinema. When considering the products of the two professions, engineering produces tangible products whilst law produces intangible yet highly cerebral discourses. Yet, in the cinema, the engineering product is a backcloth for other messages where in law the legal product provides a backcloth for a central and dominant message about the legal process. The conclusion is that engineers have to re‐engineer themselves to be more visible in society if they are to be regarded as cinematic heroes.

El valor de marca: perspectivas de análisis y criterios de estimación

An important issue was raised for discussion trough the last decade regarding the meaning of brand equity. Different forms of analysis and estimation criteria have been applied, and that is the reason for the current ambiguity on its meaning. In this article, we present a theoretical frame were several forms of study and criteria for brand equity estimation are empirically analysed. Using six different brands of training shoes, seven estimation variables are empirically analysed in accordance with the opinions given by a sample of users for these different brands. By means of this analysis, it is our aim to contribute to a better knowledge on he concept of brand equity.

Releasing the Potential of Nursing Labour

The recent release of the "Report of the Ministerial Taskforce on Nursing: Releasing the Potential of Nursing" provides a useful point of reference to analyse again the changing division of labour in the production of health and sickness services in New Zealand following a period of significant reform. Sociological inquiry into the relationships between the various occupational groups engaged in the provision of health services has, in the past, tended to focus on the professionalising projects of the respective occupations, and on the contestation/cooperation at the 'closure boundaries' between those groups. This paper argues that, in the reformed health sector, with its cascade of principals and agents, output based contracts and contestable contracting; the historic form of analysis is adequate. A different form of analysis is needed to explore the new changing relationships both within and between the health occupational groups themselves; and secondly and perhaps more importantly, to analyse the changing relationships between the health industry occupations and the State.

Poverty in transition in eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States: conceptual issues and some findings

Data from the UNDP-sponsored national human development reports is used to assess the extent of poverty in countries in transition in eastern Europe and the CIS. In order to do so, however, it has been necessary to clarify some of the conceptual issues, issues that have tended to become confused in recent years. These are in particular: (i) income-related poverty vs. welfare more broadly; (ii) poverty measurement at respectively the macro (national) vs. the micro (house­ hold) levels. It is a conclusion ofthe paper that poverty especially in the countries of the CIS is very different in kind from poverty elsewhere, requiring different forms of analysis and eventually differ­ ent forms of intervention.

Knowledge work or working knowledge? Ambiguity and confusion in the analysis of the “knowledge age”

Analyses, critically, the interest in “knowledge work” and the “knowledge age”. Arguing that definitions of “knowledge work” and predictions regarding the future trajectories of knowledge organizations are characterized by confusion and ambiguity, calls for a quite different form of analysis. Argues that energy should be directed away from the study of “knowledge work” ‐ the privilege of a minority elite ‐ and redirected to acknowledge the extent of working knowledge across the workforce as a whole.