Experts In Different Fields Research Articles

Intellectual Property, Open Science and Research Biobanks

In biomedical research and translational medicine, the ancient war between exclusivity (private control over information) and access to information is proposing again on a new battlefield: research biobanks. The latter are becoming increasingly important (one of the ten ideas changing the world, according to Time magazine) since they allow to collect, store and distribute in a secure and professional way a critical mass of human biological samples for research purposes. Tissues and related data are fundamental for the development of the biomedical research and the emerging field of translational medicine: they represent the “raw material” for every kind of biomedical study. For this reason, it is crucial to understand the boundaries of Intellectual Property (IP) in this prickly context. In fact, both data sharing and collaborative research have become an imperative in contemporary science, whose development depends inextricably on: the opportunities to access and use data, the possibility of sharing practices between communities, the cross-checking of information and results and, chiefly, interactions with experts in different fields of knowledge. Data sharing allows both to spread the costs of analytical results that researchers cannot achieve working individually and, if properly managed, to avoid the duplication of research. These advantages are crucial: access to a common pool of pre-competitive data and the possibility to endorse follow-on research projects are fundamental for the progress of biomedicine. This is why the open movement is also spreading in the biobank's field. After an overview of the complex interactions among the different stakeholders involved in the process of information and data production, as well as of the main obstacles to the promotion of data sharing (i.e., the appropriability of biological samples and information, the privacy of participants, the lack of interoperability), we will firstly clarify some blurring in language, in particular concerning concepts often mixed up, such as “open source” and “open access”. The aim is to understand whether and to what extent we can apply these concepts to the biomedical field. Afterwards, adopting a comparative perspective, we will analyze the main features of the models – in particular, the Open Research Data model – which have been proposed in literature for the promotion of data sharing in the field of research biobanks. After such an analysis, we will suggest some recommendations in order to rebalance the clash between exclusivity - the paradigm characterizing the evolution of intellectual property over the last three centuries - and the actual needs for access to knowledge. We argue that the key factor in this balance may come from the right interaction between IP, social norms and contracts. In particular, we need to combine the incentives and the reward mechanisms characterizing scientific communities with data sharing imperative.

Confronting and Coping with Uncertainty in Biodiversity Research and Praxis

This paper summarises discussions in a workshop entitled “exploring uncertainties in biodiversity science, policy and management”. It draws together experiences gained by scientists and scholars when encountering and coping with different types of uncertainty in their work in the field of biodiversity protection. The discussion covers all main phases of scientific work: field work and data analysis; methodologies; setting goals for research projects, taking simultaneously into account the agency of scientists conducting the work; developing communication with policy-makers and society at large; and giving arguments for the societal relevance of the issues. The paper concludes with a plea for collaborative learning that would build upon close cooperation among specialists who have developed expertise in different fields in research, management and politics.

La seguridad como componente de la calidad de un destino turístico: aproximación al caso de Galicia

La seguridad está cobrando importancia en la elección de un destino y ha pasado a ser una de las variables decisivas. Hoy en día se ha convertido en un indicador más de competitividad. Esta nueva dimensión turística guarda mucha similitud con la cultura de la calidad: ambas disciplinas buscan como objetivo la ausencia de defectos. A pesar de que Galicia se considera como un destino seguro, se ha visto afectada también por sucesos negativos; por este motivo, Galicia debería explotar su imagen de destino seguro y de calidad. Este estudio se ha llevado a cabo mediante entrevistas en profundidad con diversos expertos en distintos sectores.

Shifting Expert Configurations and the Public Credibility of Science: Boundary Work and Identity Work of Hydraulic Engineers (1980–2009)

ArgumentIn the Netherlands, a country of water, dikes, and dams, the role of civil engineering in policy making and public debates over flood safety have changed over the last four decades. This had not just implied that new directions in flood safety policy were considered by politics, but also that engineering experts traditionally working in this area found their credibility challenged by competing expertises. I will argue that in responding to those challenges, experts combined boundary work (upholding boundaries between science and non-science, or between different fields of expertise) with identity work, in which the planning of actions and learning from experience are informed by the identity of oneself as an expert. The views of experts on the boundary zone of science, policy, and public debate, and the role and skills one attributes to oneself, are regarded as important aspects of that identity work. On the basis of biographical-narrative research, this will show that although the four experts studied here belong to a specific generation of engineers, experiencing common challenges and developments in their field of work, the combination of identity work and boundary work results in specific roles and responses for each individual expert.

Stakes and struggles in liminal spaces: construction practitioners interacting with management-consultants

Although external consultant interventions are usual in construction organizations to mediate strategic change, micro-level analyses of these interactions remain scarce. We draw on rich data from a qualitative case study and focus on observations of a set of three management-consultant strategy workshop interventions, aka away-days, with top, middle and project managers, respectively, in a large construction company in Sweden. Our analysis uses the conceptual construct ‘liminality’ to frame the intervention practice and elements of Bourdieu's theory of practice to examine the unfolding of the interaction at the boundary interface. The consultants failed to achieve take-up of their novel ideas, and the workshops became sites of contention in which power struggles were played out between two very different fields of expertise. Using an integrated framework provides better understanding of power struggles at intra- and inter-organizational boundary interfaces.

Survey, modeling, interpretation as multidisciplinary components of a Knowledge System

Cultural Heritage represents a very difficult subject to be handled. Despite its cross-cutting and multi-level characters (scientific, social, economic, political, etc.), nevertheless the topic can hardly be framed in a proper and comprehensive way. Any project addressing Cultural Heritage (documentation, preservation, retrofitting, valorisation and so on) actually tends to exalt a specific point of view and, therefore, to neglect potentially crucial contributions coming from different fields of expertise. Comprehensive solutions to this problem seem by now available thanks to ICT and the 3D Digitalization and Multimedia Technologies: nevertheless the more the platforms improve their multidisciplinary capabilities and interoperability, the more they need an intelligent design and an accurate control during the implementation phase. Built Cultural Heritage (as historic buildings, districts, sites, etc.) perfectly represents the wide range of situations, which have to be tackled. Any intervention, in fact, from the design phase to its realization and validation, actually deals with several different interlaced layers that together depict a “complex system”. The construction of a Knowledge System represents a crucial step in correctly addressing the problem.

Five years of implementation of guidelines in hematology and transfusion medicine in Brazil.

In 2009, the Associacao Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia (ABHH) started to participate in an important mission proposed by the Associacao Medica Brasileira (AMB) and the Conselho Federal de Medicina named “Project Guidelines”. This project had already been adopted by some other specialties. It aims to determine diagnostic, monitoring, prevention and therapeutic practices according to the best scientific evidence available in the international literature. Some attempts had already been made within hematology, but without systematization or continuity. Thus the ABHH brought together a group of experts representative of the most important teaching and research institutions of Brazil and from the most varied areas of knowledge in hematology to discuss diverse issues. After training, this group prepared several guidelines from the results of systematic investigations of the literature. Seventeen priority themes, working groups and their coordinators were defined as were the start and end dates for each issue. It was decided that all the reports would be published in Portuguese in the journal of the Associacao Medica Brasileira (RAMB) and in English in the Revista Brasileira de Hematologia e Hemoterapia (RBHH). The working methodology included regular meetings between the group of researchers and those who were carrying out the systematic reviews of the literature. The most important questions were identified by experts of different fields within clinical hematology, pediatric hematology and transfusion medicine. The first set of guidelines, completed and published in 2012, was related to chronic myeloid leukemia,1 an

Reliability of multiple-degree incisal/occlusal tooth wear assessment on dental casts: findings from a fiveexaminer investigation and related clinical implications.

The aim was to answer the clinical research question: is incisal/occlusal tooth wear assessment on dental casts performed by five professionals with expertise in different fields of dentistry reliable? Five examiners with different fields of expertise in the dental profession assessed tooth wear on dental casts of 45 subjects, based on a six-degree rating of incisal/occlusal wear. After a calibration meeting, the examiners evaluated the casts individually and various issues concerning interexaminer agreement and reliability were assessed. A total of 872 teeth were evaluated. The five examiners agreed only for the rating of 6.6% of the teeth. The teeth with the highest percentage of agreement were the premolars. Pairwise comparison of the assessments of the examiners #1 (bruxism expert), #2 (orthodontist), #3 (temporomandibular disorders [TMD] and occlusion expert), #4 (dental nurse) showed fair to moderate agreement, with κ-values ranging from 0.306 to 0.577, whilst the examiner #5 (lab technician) achieved low interexaminer reliability values with all the other four examiners. The interexaminer reliability of tooth wear assessment on dental casts performed by five professionals with expertise in different fields of dentistry is highly variable. General practitioners should keep in mind that consensus decisions by the examiners and assessment by raters belonging to the same dental discipline are recommended strategies to increase the reliability of tooth wear evaluation in the clinical setting. This investigation adds to the literature suggesting that, in a clinical setting, a single examiner's assessment of tooth wear on dental casts does not have optimal reliability and that it may be source of internal validity problems in the research setting.

A profile and tool for modelling safety information with design information in SysML

Communication both between development teams and between individual developers is a common source of safety-related faults in safety---critical system design. Communication between experts in different fields can be particularly challenging due to gaps in assumed knowledge, vocabulary and understanding. Faults caused by communication failures must be removed once found, which can be expensive if they are found late in the development process. Aiding communication earlier in development can reduce faults and costs. Modelling languages for design have been shown through practical experience to improve communication through better information presentation and increased information consistency. In this paper, we describe a SysML profile designed for modelling the safety-related concerns of a system. The profile models common safety concepts from safety standards and safety analysis techniques integrated with system design information. We demonstrate that the profile is capable of modelling the concepts through examples. We also show the use of supporting tools to aid the application of the profile through analysis of the model and generation of reports presenting safety information in formats appropriate to the target reader. Through increased traceability and integration, the profile allows for greater consistency between safety information and system design information and can aid in communicating that information to stakeholders.

Effectiveness of Educational Intervention on ECG Monitoring and Interpretation among Nursing Students

One of the important critical care nursing skills is monitoring ECG. It can provide evidence to support a diagnosis, and it is crucial for patient management by helping in diagnosing the abnormal cardiac rhythm.In potentially life threatening situations, the nurse is expected to interpret the rhythm accurately and respond appropriately. To do this the nurse must be well educated in rhythm interpretation. The present study was carried out with the objectives to assess the knowledge of nursing students in ECG monitoring and interpretation,to assess the skill in interpreting ECG among nursing students,to determine the effectiveness of teaching program on ECG monitoring and interpretation, to find out the association between knowledge on ECG monitoring and interpretation andvariables,to find out the association between the skill in interpreting ECG and the variables and to determine the relationship between knowledge and skill of nursing students in ECG monitoring and interpretation.The research approach used for this study was evaluative research. One group pretestposttest design was adopted. About 40 MSc Nursing 1st year students were selected using convenient sampling technique. The data collection instruments were: Demographic Proforma,Strucutred knowledge questionnaire on ECG monitoring and interpretation and Tool to assess skill in ECG interpretation. Teaching content on ECG monitoring and interpretation was prepared on the basis of review of literature and in consultation with experts. Content validity of the teaching content was established by giving it to nine experts in different fields and modifications were made according to experts’ suggestions. The tools were pretested before use among 5 PBBSc(N) students.Reliability coefficient of Structured knowledge questionnaire was found out by using Split half technique and the tool was found reliable (r=0.90). Test retest method was used to find out the reliability coefficient of skill tool and it was found reliable (r=0.80).Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The significant findings of the study were: Majority 31(77.5%) of the students had ICU experience and majority 19(47.5%) and 18(45%) had work experience of 1-3 years respectively. It was found that the majority 22(55%) had good knowledge on ECG monitoring and interpretation and only one student had poor knowledge whereas during post test it was found that majority 26(65%) had good knowledge and no one had poor knowledge.The results also revealed that majority 23(57.5%) hhad poor skill in interpreting ECG during pretest whereas majority 36(90%) had good skill in interpreting ECG and no one belonged to the category of poor skill.Statistical analysis showed there was a no significant increase in knowledge scores (t(39) =1.302, p>0.05) but the skill scores had significant improvement(t(39) =13.181, p<0.05) after the teaching program. It was found that there was significant association between the knowledge of nursing students on ECG monitoring and interpretationand areas of work experience (χ2=12.10,p=0.001) and years of work experience(χ2 =29.00,p<0.001). Also there was significant association between the skill of nursing students in ECG interpretation and areas of work experience (χ2 =12.10,p=0.001) and years of work experience(χ2=29.00, p<0.001).

Developing information systems to support situational awareness and interaction in time-pressuring crisis situations

Crises (such as a plane accident) require fast and effective responses. In order to respond effectively, actors need to be aware of the situation. Actors who are experts in different fields also need to interact and cooperate with one another. The focus of this study is on theoretical study and model development in which cases are used as material. As a result of the research, we have identified common features in four emergency response cases. We present a model that explains how the actors comprehend the situation and how they interact during the operations. We offer ideas for developing the information systems – often called situation pictures or common operational pictures – that are used in the emergency situations as a means of supporting situational awareness, interaction and decision-making. The results highlight especially the importance of a narrative in situational awareness creation and sharing processes. The results enable actors to develop the processes and the tools to better support emergency response operations.

Exploring the environmental value of ecosystem services for a river basin through a spatial multicriteria analysis

Environmental quality preservation and nature conservation are complex land use planning problems, involving not only environmental aspects but also socio-economic and operational factors and represent ecosystem services of fundamental importance to human well-being, for health, livelihoods and survival. The present paper proposes a Multicriteria Spatial Decision Support System (MC-SDSS) development for the assessment of the environmental quality of the river basin of the Pellice river in the Province of Turin (Italy) with the objective of increasing awareness of environmental issues in the territorial planning phase. In order to fulfill this goal, the environmental quality issues were divided into two main aspects, “naturalness” and pressures”, which represent the strengths and the weaknesses of the territory. Different criteria were considered for each theme and were integrated into composite maps by a weighted linear combination of factors resulting from a focus group with several experts in different fields. The results of this approach generated a final suitability map of the study area. The map identifies some critical zones that need mitigation measures and highlights areas with high environmental quality which require future specific monitoring procedures and valorization actions. The application was performed by means of the IDRISI software. This paper is based on an integrated approach which facilitates the comprehension of complex phenomena and aims at exploring innovative MCDA models in the field of the environmental quality preservation assessment of territorial transformation.

Persistent excitation condition within the dual control framework

Model Predictive Control framework is currently used in many different fields of expertise. The inherent part and very often also the main bottleneck is the model of a process used for the computation of predictions.Due to many reasons e.g. ageing, from time to time there exists a need to adjust/re-identify (if there was already some kind of a model-based controller) or to construct a brand new model (in other cases). Frequently, the process generating the data is under some kind of control, imposing thus problems when classical open loop identification methods are considered. The need for models identified from the data gathered in a closed-loop fashion and a request for possible re-identification of the model parameters lead to the emerge of dual control where the problems of control and system identification are addressed simultaneously.In this paper, we present a new algorithm based on the persistent excitation condition when the minimal eigenvalue of the information matrix is maximized in order to have sufficiently exciting optimal control signal satisfying the control requirements.

THE SIMULATION EVALUATION SYSTEM FOR WEAPON OPERATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS BASED ON KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

The objective of the simulation evaluation system for weapon operational effectiveness based on knowledge management is to solve the problem that the evaluation activities need the participation of many experts in different fields. Three kinds of expert knowledge models used in evaluation activities and the general framework of the evaluation system were proposed. The storage models of evaluation knowledge, simulation experiment database and evaluation project database were designed. The evaluation system has been applied in many evaluation activities and the results show that it can improve the efficiency of simulation evaluation for weapon operational effectiveness and reduce the cost for employing experts.

Future perspectives on rare pulmonary diseases and rare presentations of common disorders

The International Congress on Pulmonary Rare Diseases and Orphan Drugs is a unique European event which, since 2005, has been held every 2 years in Milan, Italy. The 5th Congress was held in February 2013 (www.pulmonaryrarediseases.com) with the next Congress being held on February 27–28, 2015, in conjunction with World Rare Diseases Day and during the year of the Universal Exposition 2015, which will also take place in Milan. Over the years, the Congress has increasingly expanded; it has grown in importance and has become an important European, as well as international, event. Nowadays, this event is a well-known and eagerly awaited rendezvous, and has become a valuable asset for the entire international scientific community in the field of rare (orphan) pulmonary diseases. The success of this Congress is based on its many profiles, international, translational and clinical, which gather together scientists from different fields of expertise (from pulmonary hypertension (PH) to lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM)) providing them with a valuable opportunity to encompass a broad range of insights within the area of respiratory medicine. Although most topics relate to rare pulmonary diseases, representing the core of the Congress, this year several rare presentations of common respiratory diseases …

Research of Multi-Objectives Priority Selection System of Traffic Information Release Mode

Providing timely and accurate traffic information for road users can effectively improve the efficiency of road network by choosing the appropriate traffic information release mode in different places properly. Based on the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of several main information release mode at present, this paper selects the optimization model indexes of information release mode according to the appraisal index selection principles. Because of the different important degree of each evaluation index and the cognitive limitations of experts in different fields, it introduces expert credibility to optimize the traditional method of determining the weights locally, and determines the weights, and then sets up the multi-objectives priority selection method of traffic information release mode.

Translator: Expert of ‘What’? Translator Training and the Changing/Changeful Identity of the Translator

The aim of this paper is to trace the contemporary perceptions/definitions of the translator and translation in Turkey where the translation profession is not a legally regulated profession. (In)visibility of the translator and the scope of his/her expertise are widely debated issues among both the scholars/students of translation and the various players in the world of translation. Although translation is no longer being defined as a mere linguistic activity, reductionist views of translation that equate translation to 'know’ing a foreign language still continues to prevail. What accompanies the said reductionist view is the claim that a translator can not translate 'all the texts’ in different fields of expertise, at least not as successfully as the 'real’ experts of the field who also know a foreign language such as engineer-translators or lawyer-translators who know English. However, recent developments concerning legal translation in plurilingual settings evidence a completely different understanding of translation and the identity/expertise of the translator. In such settings, translators work together with the drafters of the legal texts and are responsible for the source legal texts as well as the target ones, broadening the scope of the 'expertise’ of the translator in an unprecedented way. In the light of the implications of the said transformation of the identity of the legal translator, this paper argues that the identity/definition of the translator/translation needs to be reconsidered and the results should be reflected onto the translator training programs with the aim of helping students of translation (re)define their identity as real 'experts’ of the translation field and contributing to the transformation of the perception of translation and the translator.

SP0159 The Check Cohort, What have we Learned so Far?

CHECK (Cohort Hip & Cohort Knee) is a cohort of 1002 subjects with pain and/or stiffness of one or both knee(s) and/or hip(s), age between 45 and 65 years, that...

Developing Indicators of Service Quality Provided for CardiovascularPatients Hospitalized in Cardiac Care Unit.

Cardiovascular diseases are among the most prevalent chronic diseases leading to high degrees of mortality and morbidity worldwide and in Iran. The aim of the current study was to determine and develop appropriate indicators for evaluating provided service quality for cardiovascular patients admitted to Cardiac Care Units (CCU) in Iran. In order to determine the indicators for evaluating provided service quality, a four-stage process including reviewing systematic review articles in premier bibliographic databases, interview, performing two rounds of Delphi technique, and holding experts panel by attendance of experts in different fields was adopted. Finally, after recognizing relevant indicators in resources, these indicators were finalized during various stages using ideas of 27 experts in different fields. Among 2800 found articles in the text reviewing phase, 21 articles, which had completely mentioned relevant indicators, were studied and 48 related indicators were extracted. After two interviews with a cardiologist and an epidemiologist, 32 items of the indicators were omitted and replaced by 27 indicators coping with the conditions of Iranian hospitals. Finally, 43 indicators were added into the Delphi phase and after 2 rounds of Delphi with 18 specialists, 7 cases were excluded due to their low scores of applicability. In the experts' panel stage, 6 items were also omitted and 10 new indicators were developed to replace them. Eventually, 40 indicators were finalized. In this study, some proper indicators for evaluating provided service quality for CCU admissions in Iran were determined. Considering the informative richness of these indicators, they can be used by managers, policy makers, health service providers, and also insurance agencies in order to improve the quality of services, decisions, and policies.

Developing a new hybrid MCDM method for selection of the optimal alternative of mechanical longitudinal ventilation of tunnel pollutants during automobile accidents

Abstract Breathable air inside the tunnel is an undeniable necessity and beside natural ventilation, the tunnel should be reliably organized, to automatically provide healthy air under different conditions. Among methods of tunnel ventilation, longitudinal and transverse modes are the most common mechanical methods. This research is focused on selection of the optimal method for mechanical longitudinal ventilation of tunnel pollutants from four presented models. In terms of this research, the authors used SWARA (Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis) as one of the most versatile MCDM (Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making) methods for managerial decision making in complex situations with multiple and varied measures. Fourteen experts of different fields were involved. The research model was established based on expert ideas and the following criteria: smoke control (C 1), safety level (C 2), design complexity (C 3), investment costs (C4), increasing concentration of pollutants until portal (C5), smoke la...