Different Doses Of Propofol Research Articles

Assessment of Intubating Conditions with Different Doses of Propofol without Muscle Relaxant in Children

Background: The aim of our study was to assess of tracheal intubation by different doses of propofol preceded by fentanyl for successful tracheal intubation and to see its effectiveness in blunting pressors response in children aged 2-10 years. Methods: This prospective, blind, randomized study was conducted on 120 ASA grade I and II children, between 2 and 10 years undergoing elective surgery who were divided into three groups. The children received different doses of propofol (group I, 2.5 mg/kg; group II, 3.0 mg/kg; and group III, 3.5 mg/kg) preceded by a fixed dose of fentanyl (2 μg/kg) 5 min earlier. The tracheal intubating conditions were graded based on scoring system devised by Helbo-Hensen et al. with Steyn modification which includes five criteria; ease of laryngoscopy, degree of coughing, position of vocal cords, jaw relaxation, and limb movement and graded on a 4-point scale. Heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) changes were also noted. Results: Tracheal intubating conditions were acceptable in 65% of the patients in group I, while significantly higher (P<0.001) in group II (97.5%) and in group III (100%). The pressor response was not effectively blunted in group I (17% increases in HR), while effectively blunted in groups II and III. A fall in hemodynamic was seen in group III indicated by a decrease in MAP (16%) and HR (11%). No airway complications were noted. Conclusions: Propofol 3.5 mg/kg (group III) preceded by fentanyl 2 μg/kg is the excellent dose combination in our study. It provides acceptable intubating conditions in 100% patients, blunts pressor response to intubation without significant cardiovascular depression.

Using fentanyl and propofol for tracheal intubation during sevoflurane induction without muscle relaxants in children: A randomized prospective study.

Context:Tracheal intubation is frequently facilitated with sevoflurane induction without the use of muscle relaxants in children.Aim:The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two different doses of propofol preceded by a fixed dose of fentanyl during sevoflurane induction on quality of tracheal intubation in children.Settings and Design:This was a prospective randomized study.Subjects and Methods:Ninety American Society of Anesthesiologists I-II children aged 2–6 years were randomly assigned to one of two equal groups to receive 2 μg/kg of fentanyl with 2 mg/kg of propofol (Group I) or 2 μg/kg of fentanyl with 3 mg/kg of propofol (Group II) during sevoflurane induction. The intubating conditions and hemodynamic responses were evaluated. The time from sevoflurane induction to loss of consciousness, to intravenous line insertion, and to intubation was measured. The occurrence of any adverse effect was recorded.Statistical Analysis Used:Results were analyzed using Student's t-test, paired t-test, and Chi-square test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:The incidence of excellent intubating conditions was achieved more significantly in Group II (41/45 patients, 91%) than that in Group I (31/45 patients, 69%) (P = 0.008) (95% confidence interval [CI] =0.39–0.8). Whereas, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the overall acceptable intubating conditions in Group I (40/45 patients, 89%) and Group II (43/45 patients, 96%) (P = 0.81) (95% CI = 0.71–1.31). No patient developed any adverse effect.Conclusion:The administration of 3 mg/kg propofol preceded by 2 μg/kg fentanyl provided a higher proportion of excellent intubating conditions compared with 2 mg/kg propofol preceded by 2 μg/kg fentanyl during sevoflurane induction in children without muscle relaxants.

Effect of propofol on mitochondrial ATP content and ATPase activity in hippocampus of rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

ObjectiveStudy on the influence of the cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury (IRI) on mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and ATPase activity in hippocampus of rats, as well as the protective effect of propofol on IRI in rats.MethodsA total of 40 male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham operation group (Group A), ischemia reperfusion control group (Group B) and ischemic reperfusion with propofol pretreatment group (C group). Group C was further divided into three sub groups according to the different doses of propofol: Group C1 (50 mg/kg), Group C2 (100 mg/kg) and Group C3 (150 mg/kg). The rats from Groups B and C were applied for the IRI model preparation by blockage of the blood flow in arteria carotis communis. For the Groups A, arteria carotis communis were separated without blockage of the blood flow. Before preparation of IRI model for rats in Group C, different doses of propofol were intraperitoneally injected into the rats. For rats in Groups A and B, only saline solution with same volume was intraperitoneally injected at the same time. The ultra-structures of mitochondria in hippocampus of rats were observed under transmission electron microscope, and the mitochondrial degeneration rate was counted. The contents of ATP were determined by HPLC and the ATPase activity was characterized by ATPase activity assay kit.Results(1) Mitochondria in the hippocampus from Groups B and C showed different degrees of ultrastructural damage and more significant mitochondrial degeneration than those from Group A. The degree of damage and the rate of degeneration were in the order of B > C1 > C2 > C3 and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). (2) The contents of ATP and the ATPase activity in hippocampus from Groups B and C were significantly lower than those of Group A, while these indices from Group C were significantly higher than those in the B group, and the sequence was C3 > C2 > C1, indicating that the ATP content and ATPase activity were significantly correlated with the dose of propofol, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05).ConclusionIn summary, the contents of ATP and ATPase activity in hippocampus of rats can be decreased by cerebral IRI. The structure and function of the impaired mitochondria in IRI rats could be significantly improved by propofol, and the improvement effect is related to the dose of propofol.

Anesthesia With Propofol Does Not Reduce Interleukin-6 Release in Response to Abdominal Surgery of Varying Severity

Background: Data on whether anesthesia with propofol promotes or attenuates interleukin-6 (IL-6) production are conflicting. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different doses of propofol, but similar doses of opiates, on plasma concentrations of IL-6 in patients undergoing two distinct operations of different severity and duration. Methods: This study was a prospective, single-center, two-armed observational study. Blood samples were collected in 28 patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy (H) or vulvectomy (V). IL-6 was measured 24 hours preoperatively, prior to induction, at the end of the operation, and at 24 and 96 hours postoperatively. We tested the effect of propofol on IL-6 levels with linear regression. Results: IL-6 concentrations at the end of surgery were significantly higher in group H than in group V (38.6 (31.3) pg/mL vs. 3.7 (2.7) pg/mL, P < 0.001). Peak levels of IL-6 were seen in group H at the end of operation, while maximum levels in group V were attained 24 hours after surgery. No relationship between administered amount of propofol and IL-6 release could be identified. However, peak levels of IL-6 were significantly correlated to surgery duration in both group H and group V (r = 0.773, P = 0.002 vs. r = 0.568, P = 0.034). Conclusions: Propofol does not diminish perioperative levels of IL-6 in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy or vulvectomy. The results also suggest that surgery duration is the main determinant of IL-6 response in both patient groups. Our findings indicate that there may be a clinical benefit to reduce the duration of surgery. J Clin Gynecol Obstet. 2016;5(4):106-111 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jcgo413w

Effects of different doses of propofol on traumatic brain injury in rats

Objective To evaluate the effects of different doses of propofol on traumatic brain injury in rats .Methods Forty-eight healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats , aged 7-8 weeks , weighing 270-320 g , were randomly divided into 6 groups （ n=8 each ） using a random number table ：sham operation group （group S ） , traumatic brain injury group （group I） ,fat emulsion group （group F） and low-dose propofol group （group L） , medium-dose propofol group （group M ） ,and high-dose propofol group （group H ） .Traumatic brain injury model was established according to the method described by Feeney .In group S ,0.9% normal saline was infused into the left femoral vein at 3.49 ml·kg-1 ·h-1 .In I ,F ,L ,M and H groups ,0.9% normal saline ,20% fat emulsion 3.49 ml·kg-1 ·h-1 ,and propofol 17.46 ,34.92 and 69.84 mg·kg-1 ·h-1 were infused into the left femoral vein ,respectively .Blood samples were collected from the right common carotid artery at 15 and 60 min of infusion （T1-2 ） for determination of serum S100β protein concentrations . The rats were then sacrificed after collecting blood samples at T2 and brains were removed for microscopic examination of the pathological changes of the cerebral cortex （light microscope ） and ultrastructure of neurons in the cerebral cortex （transmission electron microscope） .Results The serum S100β protein concentrations were significantly higher at T1 ,2 in the other five groups than in group S （ P〈0.05 ） .Compared with I and F groups ,the serum S100βprotein concentrations were＆nbsp;significantly decreased at T1 ,2 in L ,M and H groups （ P〈0.05） .Compared with group L ,the serum S100βprotein concentrations were significantly decreased at T2 in M and H groups , and the serum S100β protein concentrations were increased at T1 in H group （ P〈 0.05 ） . The serum S100β protein concentrations were significantly higher at T1 ,2 in H group than in group M （ P〈0.05 ） .Light microscopic examination showed that nucleus condensation , cell necrosis , and cell edema were significantly attenuated in L ,M , and H groups as compared with group I;normal neurons could be found in group M .Transmission electron microscopic examination showed that the severity of neuronal damage was significantly attenuated in L ,M ,and H groups as compared with group I .Conclusion Different doses of propofol can reduce traumatic brain injury in rats . Key words: Propofol; Brain injuries

Connection Changes in Somatosensory Cortex Induced by Different Doses of Propofol

BackgroundThe mechanism by which general anesthetics, widely used in clinical practice for over 160 years, effects on sensory responsiveness has been unclear until now. In the present study, the authors sought to explore the effect of different doses of propofol on somatosensory cortex by whisker stimulation in rats.MethodsIn a fixed cage, rats were anesthetized with propofol 80 mg/kg intraperitoneally and then cathetered tail vein with 23-gauge metal needle connected with a pump. Two holes (2 mm diameter) were drilled and recording electrodes implantated in the primary somatosensory cortex barrel field (S1BF) and secondary somatosensory cortex (S2). The extracellular (20 rats) and intracellular (8 rats) recordings were used to test the neuron activity in both cortices at different doses of propofol (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg/h) through tail vein by pump. Meantime, vibrissal, olfactory, corneal responses (VOCR, sedation), and tail-pinch response (TRP, analgesia) were tested every 10 min during the doses of propofol 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg/h.ResultsVOCR and TRP were depressed by propofol in a dose-dependent manner. The amplitude by whisker stimulation in S1BF was stronger and the peak latency was shorter compared with that of in S2. The response latency of S1BF and S2 was increased by raising infusion rate of propofol with the response latency in S2 being longer than that in S1BF at the same doses of propofol. The cross-correlation between S1BF and S2 decreased as the propofol infusion rate increased. The input resistance was higher by increasing infusion rate of propofol.ConclusionThe sedation and analgesia effects of propofol were dose-dependent. Both the connectivity and instinctive oscillation between S1BF and S2 were proportionally modulated by the different doses of propofol.

Propofol Protects against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Associated with Reduced Apoptosis in Rat Liver

Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic, reported to have a protective effect against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in heart and brain, but no definite data are available concerning its effect in hepatic I/R. This work investigated the effect of propofol anesthesia on hepatic I/R injury using in vivo rat model. Four groups of rats were included: sham operated, I/R (30 min ischemia and 2 h reperfusion), I/R treated with propofol (10 mg/kg/h), and I/R treated with propofol (20 mg/kg/h). Liver enzyme leakage, TNF-α and caspase-3 levels, and antiapoptotic Bcl-xL/apoptotic Bax gene expression, together with histopathological changes, were used to evaluate the extent of hepatic I/R injury. Compared with sham-operated group, I/R group showed significant increase in serum levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST), TNF-α, and caspase-3 and significant decrease in the Bcl-xL/Bax ratio, associated with histopathologic damage in liver. Propofol infusion significantly attenuated these changes with reduced hepatic histopathologic lesions compared with nonpreconditioned I/R group. However, no significant differences were found between two groups treated with different doses of propofol. In conclusion, propofol infusion reduced hepatic I/R injury with decreased markers of cellular apoptosis. Therefore, propofol anesthesia may provide a useful hepatic protection during liver surgery.

Effects of different doses of propofol or isoflurane on cochlear blood flow in guinea pigs

Objective To evaluate the effects of different doses of propofol or isoflurane on the cochlear blood flow (CBF) in guinea pigs.Methods Fifty-four adult male guinea pigs,aged 3 months,weighing 400-500 g,were randomly divided into 6 groups (n =9 each).In P1,P2 and P3 groups,propofol was infused for 115 min at 10,20 and 40 mg· kg-1 · h-1,respectively,after a loading dose of 5 mg/kg was injected over 5 min.In S1,S2 and S3 groups,isoflurane was inhaled for 120 min with end-tidal concentrations of 1％,2％ and 3 ％,respectively.Mean arterial pressure and CBF were recorded before administration (baseline,T1) and during the period of drug administration.Distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) was measured at T1,at the end of administration (T2) and 1 h after administration (T3).Five animals in each group were sacrificed and organs of Corti were harvested for observation of morphology of out hair cells by scanning electron microscopy.Results Propofol decreased MAP and increased CBF and DPOAE amplitude in a dose-dependent manner.Isoflurane decreased MAP and CBF in a dose-dependent manner.1％ isoflurane increased DPOAE amplitude,however,2％ and 3％ isoflurane decreased it and caused damage to out hair cells.Conclusion Propofol induces an increase in CBF in guinea pigs,while high concentration of isoflurane induces a decrease in CBF.Isoflurane inhibits CBF autoregulation,which makes CBF more sensitive to perfusion pressure,thus causing damage to hearing function.This is the reason why high concentration of isoflurane induces a decrease in CBF. Key words: Propofol ; Isoflurane ; Cochlea ; Regional blood flow ; Auditory perception

Propofol induces rat embryonic neural stem cell apoptosis by activating both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways

Propofol has previously been shown to have detrimental effects on the developing brain. Neural stem cells, identified in the embryonic brain as well as in the adult brain, are multipotent, self-renewing cells, which are capable of differentiating into different phenotypes of the nervous system. The present study was designed to investigate propofol-induced rat embryonic neural stem cell apoptosis and its potential mechanisms. Rat embryonic neural stem cells were isolated, cultured and characterized. Treatment of these cultured stem cells with different doses of propofol was carried out and cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay and apoptosis by flow cytometric analysis. Cellular levels of active forms of caspase-3 and caspase-8, which regulate the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, and of caspase-9 and cytochrome C, which regulate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, were detected by western blotting. Over 95% of isolated rat embryonic neural stem cells expressed the Nestin protein, as detected by immunofluorescence staining. Using an in vitro cell culture system, we showed that propofol inhibited cell growth and induced cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, western blot analysis showed that propofol treatment significantly elevated levels of active forms of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 and cytochrome C in the embryonic neural stem cells. Propofol induced rat embryonic neural stem cell apoptosis and activated caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 and cytochrome C, suggesting that propofol-induced stem cell apoptosis may be regulated through both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways.

Propofol for laryngeal mask airway insertion in children: Effect of two different doses

Purpose:To compare two different doses of propofol for laryngeal mask airway (LMA) insertion in children undergoing out-patient surgeries.Background:Insertion of LMA just after anesthesia induction is facilitated using propofol. However, the optimal dose of this drug not determined yet as heavy doses may lead to severe complications, whereas lower doses may not be quite as effective.Methods:In a double-blind randomized clinical trial, 120 children undergoing out-patient surgeries were recruited to receive intravenous propofol at a dose of either 2.5 mg/kg (group 1) or 3.5 mg/kg (group 2) for induction. Intravenous midazolam (0.03 mg/kg) and fentanyl (1 μg/kg) were used as pre-medication in all patients and anesthesia induction was initiated using lidocaine (1 mg/kg) prior to propofol administration. Hemodynamic changes, probable complications, quality of the established airway and number of attempts for LMA insertion were compared between two groups.Results:There were no differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation and intraoperative complications between the groups (P>0.05). LMA insertion was successful at the first attempt in 55 (93.2%) and 54 (91.5%) cases in group 1 and group 2, respectively (P>0.05). The efficiency of the established airways was adequate in all the patients of both groups.Conclusion:It seems that propofol doses of 2.5 and 3.5 mg/kg are equally effective for LMA insertion following intravenous midazolam, fentanyl, and lidocaine.

Effect of different doses of propofol on cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Objective To investigate the effect of different doses of propofol on cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Methods Eighty male SD rats weighing 200-250 g,aged 3 months,were randomly divided into 8 groups (n =10 each) ∶ control group (group C),cisplatin 7.5 mg/kg group (group Cis),propofol 180 mg/kg group (group P),intralipid 15 ml/kg group (group Ⅰ),cisplatin 7.5 mg/kg + intralipid 15 ml/kg group (group CisI),cisplatin 7.5 mg/kg + propofol 60 mg/kg group (group CisP1),cisplatin 7.5 mg/kg + propofol 120 mg/kg group (group CisP2),and cisplatin 7.5 mg/kg + propofol 180 mg/kg group (group CisP3).The rats in groups C,Cis,P and I received single intraperitoneal injection of normal saline,cisplatin,propofol and intralipid respectively.While in the groups CisI,CisP1,CisP2 and CisP3,rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of propofol or intralipid at 1 min before a single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin.At 24 h after cisplatin injection,venous blood samples were taken from inferior vena cava for measurement of plasma ALT and AST activities.The liver tissues were taken for microscopic examination.Results Compared with group C,plasma ALT and AST activities were significantly increased and pathological injury was aggravated in groups Cis,CisI and CisP1-3 (P ＜ 0.05).The activities of ALT and AST were gradually decreased and the pathologic injury was attenuated in groups Cis and CisP1-3 (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Propofol can reduce cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner in rats. Key words: Propofol ; Cisplatin ; Hepatotoxicity

Effects of propofol on oesophageal sphincters: a study on young and elderly volunteers using high-resolution solid-state manometry

The oesophageal sphincters play an important role in protecting the airway. During manometric studies, administration of an anxiolytic agent is often required to make insertion of the catheter acceptable for the patient. The anxiolytic should not affect the results of the measurements. This study evaluates the effects of two different doses of propofol on the pressures in the oesophageal sphincters. The effect of increased abdominal pressure was also studied. Twenty healthy volunteers, 10 young (mean age 25 years) and 10 elderly (mean age 71 years), were recruited. The effects of a low dose of propofol [0.3 mg kg(-1) intravenously (i.v.)] and a high dose of propofol (young group 0.9 mg kg(-1) i.v. and elderly group 0.6 mg kg(-1) i.v.) were studied with and without external abdominal pressure. There were no statistically significant changes in lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) pressure after the low dose of propofol. After the high dose, there was an increase in LOS pressure, which was statistically significant in the young group (P < 0.05). The upper oesophageal sphincter (UOS) pressure decreased after both doses of propofol (P < 0.01 for the higher dose and P < 0.05 for the lower dose). A low dose of propofol (0.3 mg kg(-1) i.v.) leaves the LOS unaffected in young and elderly volunteers and can be used safely as an anxiolytic agent during studies of the LOS without influencing the results. However, the UOS is more sensitive to the effects of propofol and we do not recommend the use of propofol as an anxiolytic agent during manometric studies of the UOS.

Evaluation of intubating conditions with varying doses of propofol without muscle relaxants

Since 1988 anaesthesiologist have proved that induction dose of propofol is sufficient to intubate patient without muscle relaxants. Propofol is unique in having property to suppress airway reflexes better than any other agent. Therefore study was undertaken to evaluate clinically acceptable intubating conditions with different doses of propofol without muscle relaxants. 90 ASA grade I and II patients posted for elective surgery requiring general anesthesia divided randomly into group I (propofol 2 mg kg(-1)); group II (2.5 mg kg(-1)); groupIII (3mg kg(-1)). Premedication with inj.Glycopyrollate, inj.Ranitidine, Inj.Ondensetron; inj.Midazolam and inj.fentanyl was done. After waiting for 5 minutes, induction dose of propofol was given followed by inj.lignocaine 90 seconds prior to intubation. Intubating conditions were assessed and hemodynamic changes were recorded at various levels. Ideal intubating conditions were obtained in 96.7%of patients in group II (2.5 mg kg(-1) propofol) and 100% in group III (3 mg kg(-1) propofol). We found that clinically acceptable intubating conditions can be achieved with 2.5 mg kg(-1) and 3 mg kg(-1) propofol without significant hemodynamic changes and 100% success can be obtained with 3 mg kg(-1) of propofol Ideal intubating conditions without muscle relaxants can be achieved with propofol 3 mg kg(-1) with fentanyl 2 μg kg(-1) and lignocaine 1.5 mg kg(-1) without significant hemodynamic changes.

The effect of additional propofol on intubation conditions

Study Objective To evaluate whether an additional dose of propofol prior to intubation improves intubation conditions. Design Prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical study. Setting Operating room in university hospital. Patients 102 ASA physical status I and II patients undergoing elective surgery with general anesthesia. Interventions Patients received different doses of propofol (Groups A and B, 1.5 mg/kg; Group C, 2 mg/kg) preceded by fentanyl (1.5 μg/kg). In Group B, additional propofol (0.5 mg/kg) was administered 45 seconds after rocuronium. Intubation was performed 90 seconds after administration of rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg. Intubation conditions and hemodynamic variables were compared among the three groups. Measurements and Main Results Intubation conditions were acceptable in 61.8% of Group A patients, 58.8% of Group C patients, and 91.1% of Group B patients ( P = 0.005). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) three minutes after intubation was significantly lower in Group C ( P = 0.006 vs. Groups A and B), while MAP did not differ between Group A and Group B. Conclusions Administration of an additional dose of propofol (0.5 mg/kg) prior to intubation may significantly improve intubation conditions without increasing the frequency of hypotension.

Less is better: A comparison of two different doses of propofol for elective external cardioversion

Dimitriou, V.; Mavridou, P.; Papadopoulou, M.; Tsionaras, V.; Manataki, A. Author Information

Effect of different doses of propofol on synaptophysin level in hippocampus of mentally depressed rats after electroconvulsive therapy

Objective To investigate the effects of different doses of propofol on expression of synaptophysin (SYP) mRNA and protein in the hippocampus of mentally depressed rats after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) .Methods Fifty adult male SD rats weighing 200-250 g were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10 each): group Ⅰ control (group C); group D mental depression (group D) ; group Ⅲ , Ⅳ , Ⅴ propofol 90, 110, 130 mg/kg + ECT (group M_1, M_2, M_3). Mental depression was induced by isolation and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in group Ⅱ-Ⅴ . Group M_1 , M_2 and M_3 received intraperitoneal (IP) propofol 90, 110 and 130 mg/kg respectively + ECT once a day ×7 consecutive days while group C and D received IP normal saline instead of propofol. The rats underwent open field test and sucrose liquid consumption test the day before and after mental depression was established and one day after treatment. The rats were killed after the last test for determination of expression of SYP mRNA (by RT-PCR) and protein (by immuno-histochemistry) in the hippocampus. Results The ambulation scores, rearing scores, grooming time and sucrose consumption percentage were significantly decreased while the center,grid detention time (CDT) was significantly increased in group Ⅱ-Ⅴ as compared with control group indicating mental depression was successfully induced. The ambulation scores, rearing scores, grooming time, sucrose consumption percentage, SYP mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased while CDT was significantly decreased after treatment in group M_1 and M_2 as compared with group D indicating that propofol 90 or 110 mg/kg combined with ECT was effective for the treatment of mental depression.Conclusion Propofol 90 or 110 mg/kg combined with ECT is effective in treating mental depression while proprofol 130 mg/kg combined with ECT is not. Excessive inhibition of SYP expression in hippocampus by large dose of propofol may explain the mechanism.` Key words: Propofol; Electroconvulsive therapy; Depression; Synaptophysin

Dose-dependent effects of propofol on expression ICAM-1 in rabbit aorta endothelial cells

The dose-dependent effects of propofol on expression intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) in rabbit aorta endothelial cells was examined. Twenty adult New Zeland albino rabbits were used in this study. One control and three experimantal groups were designed. In experimantal groups; for group I propofol was not applied, group II 0.5, group III 4.0 and group IV 8.0 mg/kg propofol were applied to rabbits by marginal ear vein. One hour after applying propofol, control and experimantal group rabbits were sacrificed and their aorta were removed. The sections were stained with APAAP immunohistochemical staining for evaluation using a light microscope. This marked ICAM-1 immunoreactivity was maintained in 8.0 mg/kg of propofol applied to rabbits of aorta endothelium, whereas mild stain was observed for other experimantal groups. The present study indicated that there is parallel relationship between endothelial cells ICAM-1 expression and different doses of propofol.

Effects of propofol on Akt activity in rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury

Objective To investigate the effects of different doses of propofol on Akt activity in the brain tissue in rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (FC I/R) injury. Methods Ninety healthy SD rats of both sexes weighing 260-300 g were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=18 each):group Ⅰ sham operation (S);group ⅡFC I/R;group Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ received iv propofol 1, 2, 5 mg/kg respectively + FC I/R (P1, ,P2 ,P3). FC I/R was produced by 2 h middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 22 h reperfusian in group Ⅱ-Ⅴ. In group Ⅲ- Ⅴpropofol 1, 2 and 5 mg/kg were injected iv over 8 min starting from 3 min before reperfusion was started. Behavior was assessed using Longa score (0=no neurological deficit, 4=unable to crawl) at the end of 22 h reperfusion. Six animals were killed in each group for determination of infarct size, expression of caspase-3 (by irmnuno-histochemistry) and Akt activity (by Western blot). Results FC I/R caused cerebral infarct, significantly increased Longa score, and the expression of caspase-3 and decreased Akt activity in the brain tissue. Propofol 1 or 2 mg/kg significantly decreased the infarct size, Longa score and caspase-3 expression and increased phosphorylation of Akt in the brain tissue in group P1 and P2 as compared with group FC I/R (Ⅱ). Conclusion Propofol 1 and 2 mg/kg iv can reduce focal cerebral I/R injury by promoting phosphorylation of Akt in the brain. Key words: Propofol; Reperfusion injury; Brain; Protein kinascs

Dose-related Effect of Propofol on Pancreatic Enzymes and Triglyceride Levels in Patients Undergoing Non-abdominal Surgery

Various case reports have indicated a possible relationship between propofol and pancreatitis. However, it is not clear whether this relationship (if any) is dose-related or idiosyncratic. Therefore, a prospective study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different doses of propofol on postoperative pancreatic enzymes and serum triglyceride levels. One hundred and fifty patients, aged 18 to 60 years, belonging to ASA physical status I and II, undergoing non-abdominal surgery were divided into three groups. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol 2 to 2.5 mg/kg in all groups. It was maintained with isoflurane in group I, propofol infusion < 5 mg/kg/h in group II and propofol infusion > or = 5 mg/kg/h in group III. All three groups also received nitrous oxide in oxygen for maintenance of anaesthesia. Serum amylase, lipase and triglyceride were estimated before propofol administration and at 24 and 72 hours postoperatively. The mean values of serum amylase, lipase and triglyceride remained within the normal range in the three groups. These values did not differ significantly in between the groups even despite the significantly different doses of propofol in the three groups (P < 0.001). None of the patients in the three groups developed any feature suggestive of acute pancreatitis in the postoperative period. These findings indicate that propofol administration at recommended doses does not produce dose-related increases in pancreatic enzyme and triglyceride levels in ASA physical status I and II patients.

Comparative evaluation of different doses of propofol preceded by fentanyl on intubating conditions and pressor response during tracheal intubation without muscle relaxants

The aim of our study was to determine the optimal dose of propofol preceded by fentanyl for successful tracheal intubation and to see its effectiveness in blunting pressor response in children aged 3-10 years. This prospective, double blind, randomized study was conducted on 60 ASA grade I and II children, between 3 and 10 years undergoing elective surgery who were divided into three groups of 20 each. The children received different doses of propofol (group I, 2.5 mg x kg(-1); group II, 3.0 mg x kg(-1); group III, 3.5 mg x kg(-1)) preceded by a fixed dose of fentanyl (3.0 microg x kg(-1)) 3 min earlier. The tracheal intubating conditions were graded based on scoring system devised by Helbo-Hensen et al. with Steyn modification which includes five criteria; ease of laryngoscopy, degree of coughing, position of vocal cords, jaw relaxation, and limb movement and graded on a 4-point scale. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and oxygen saturation changes were also noted. Tracheal intubating conditions were acceptable in 25% of the patients in group I, while significantly higher (P < 0.001) in group II (80%) and in group III (90%). The pressor response was not effectively blunted in group I (17% increase in HR), while effectively blunted in groups II and III. A fall in cardiac output was seen in group III indicated by a decrease in MAP (16%) and HR (11%). No airway complications were noted. Propofol 3 mg x kg(-1) (group II) preceded by fentanyl 3 microg x kg(-1) is the optimal dose combination in our study. It provides acceptable intubating conditions in 80% patients, blunts pressor response to intubation without significant cardiovascular depression.