Different Doses Of Vitamin Research Articles

D-vitamin és kalciumpótlás az időskori csípőtáji törések megelőzésében

Abstract: Vitamin D plays an important role in maintaining calcium and bone metabolism, a risk factor of osteoporosis, fall and fracture in old age. Reduction in D-vitamin levels associated with compensatory increased level of parathyroid hormone causes significant loss of bone matrix, so substitutions of vitamin D and calcium are very important. Many authors publish their recommended doses used for prevention of hip fracture during the last years. Some authors are satisfied only with vitamin D supplementation while others have better experiences with vitamin D and calcium substitution. On the other hand, some metaanalyses give contradictory results and propose further investigations. It is important to consider the patients’ eating habits and lifestyle as well as the risk of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. Further trials should be done in different age groups in order to examine the effects of different doses of vitamin D without and with calcium to make a final decision. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(43): 1699–1707.

Multi-dose vitamin d supplementation in stable very preterm infants: Prospective randomized trial response to three different vitamin D supplementation doses

BackgroundPreterm newborns are born with lower vitamin D stores. Although vitamin D supplementation is recommended there is no consensus regarding the adequate dose of supplementation for preterm infants. AimsTo assess the effect of three different doses of vitamin D supplementation (400, 800 and 1000IU/d) in preterm infants ≤32weeks gestation on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and 25(OH) D levels at 36weeks postmenstrual age (PMA). Study designProspective randomized trial. Subjects121 preterm infants with gestational age of 24–32weeks were randomly allocated to receive 400, 800 or 1000IU/d vitamin D. Outcome measuresSerum concentration of 25(OH) D and the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency at 36weeks PMA. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25(OH) D concentrations <20ng/ml. ResultsOf the 121 infants 72% had deficient vitamin D levels before supplementation. The average 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations at 36weeks PMA were significantly higher in 800IU (40±21.4ng/ml) and 1000IU group (43±18.9ng/ml) when compared to 400IU group (29.4±13ng/ml). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (2.5 vs 22.5; RR: 0.09; CI:0.01–0.74) and insufficiency (30 vs 57.5; RR:0.32; CI:0.13–0.80) was significantly lower in 1000IU group when compared to 400IU group at 36weeks PMA. Conclusion1000IU/d of vitamin D supplementation in preterm infants ≤32weeks gestation age effectively decreases the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and leads to higher concentrations of 25(OH) vitamin D at 36weeks PMA Trial registrationClinical Trials.gov: NCT02941185.

Note of Concern: Effect of Two Different Doses of Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Profiles of Insulin-Resistant Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Note of Concern: Effect of Two Different Doses of Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Profiles of Insulin-Resistant Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Effect of Two Different Doses of Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Profiles of Insulin-Resistant Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

The current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of 2 different doses of vitamin D supplementation on metabolic profiles of insulin-resistant patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed on 90 insulin-resistant patients with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria aged 18-40 years old. Participants were randomly allocated into 3 groups to receive either 4 000 IU of vitamin D (n=30) or 1 000 IU of vitamin D (n=30) or placebo (n=30) per day for 12 weeks. Vitamin D supplementation (4 000 IU), compared with vitamin D (1 000 IU) and placebo, led to reduced fasting plasma glucose (-4.3±8.6 vs. -4.7±7.1 and +0.1±6.7 mg/dl, respectively, p=0.02), serum insulin concentrations (-2.7±2.7 vs. -1.4±4.2 and -0.1±4.1 μIU/ml, respectively, p=0.02), and HOMA-IR (-0.6±0.6 vs. -0.4±1.0 and -0.1±0.9, respectively, p=0.02). In addition, we found significant decreases in mean change of serum triglycerides (-10.3±7.3 vs. -3.6±14.5 and +6.9±23.8 mg/dl, respectively, p=0.001), VLDL- (-2.0±1.5 vs. -0.7±2.9 and +1.4±4.8 mg/dl, respectively, p=0.001), total- (-14.0±9.5 vs. -6.2±24.0 and +7.1±29.7 mg/dl, respectively, p=0.002), LDL- (-10.8±8.3 vs. -5.7±21.9 and +6.8±28.2 mg/dl, respectively, p=0.005), and total-/HDL-cholesterol ratio (-0.2±0.3 vs. -0.1±0.6 and +0.2±0.7 mg/dl, respectively, p=0.003) in the high-dose vitamin D group compared with low-dose vitamin D and placebo groups. Overall, vitamin D supplementation at a dosage of 4 000 IU/day for 12 weeks in insulin-resistant patients with PCOS had beneficial effects of glucose metabolism and lipid profiles compared with 1 000 IU/day of vitamin D and placebo groups.

Vitamin D supplement ameliorates hippocampal metabolism in diabetic rats

Vitamin D deficiency induced by diabetes mellitus is tightly associated with neurodegenerative diseases, but the mechanism is still unknown. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) is involved in hippocampal lesion and promote diabetic neuropathy, so we focus on the effects of 1, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 on ER stress in hippocampus of diabetic rats. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were administrated with different doses of vitamin D and divided into 3 groups: high, low, and blank, compared to wild-type rats which were received the same treatment. At the end of 12 weeks of treatment, the brains of the rats were analyzed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Rats were then weighed, tested for blood glucose, serum Ca, P, and vitamin D3, and sacrificed for histopathological analysis of the hippocampus. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression were measured, as well as ER stress markers, including glucose-regulated protein78 (GRP78), protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) phosphorylation, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α(eIF-2α) phosphorylation, and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP). Our study showed that treated with appropriate concentration of active vitamin D could decrease the number of pathological pyramidal neurons, improve hippocampal nerve metabolism, and reduce the over-expression of nNOS, along with the relieved activation of ER stress in hippocampus of diabetic rats. These results suggest that 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 treatment can ameliorate hyperglycemia-induced damage on hippocampal metabolism, possibly through alleviating the aberrant activation of ER stress.

Role of Different Doses of Vitamin E in Protection Against Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Damage in Adult Male Albino Rat: A Light and Electron Microscopic Study

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are one of the most common diseases in the world. It is essential to find an efficient natural protective agent against the myocardial damage.Aim: To determine the protective role of different doses of vitamin E against isoproterenol-induced myocardial damage.Material and Methods: Fifty adult male albino rats were divided into four main groups: Control group (I), vitamin E-treated group (II) equally divided into 2 subgroups; subgroup (IIa) received Vit E (50mg/kg) and subgroup (IIb) received Vit E (100mg/kg) for one month, isoproterenol-treated group (III) received 3ml normal saline orally for one month and isoproterenol (150mg/kg) intraperitoneally (IP) in the last two days of that month. Vitamin E and isoproterenol-treated group (IV) equally divided into two subgroups; Subgroup (IVa) received vitamin E (50mg/kg) orally for one month and isoproterenol (150mg/kg) IP in the last two days of that month and subgroup (IVb) received vitamin E (100mg/kg) orally for one month and isoproterenol (150mg/kg) IP in the last two days of that month. Heart specimens were processed for light and electron microscopic studies.Results: Rats injected by isoproterenol developed structural changes in the myocardium in the form of fragmentation of the myofibrils, vacuolated destroyed mitochondria, dilated SER, intracellular and extracellular edema and interstitial mononuclear cellular infiltration. Animals pretreated with vitamin E at a dose of 50mg/kg before injection of isoproterenol revealed minimal protection as they showed myocardial damage similar to isoproterenol-treated group. While animals pretreated with vitamin E at a dose of 100 mg/kg before injection of isoproterenol showed minimal microscopic alterations of the myocardium with preservation of the normal structure of the cardiac myocytes.Conclusion: Vitamin E at a high dose (100mg/kg) has a protective role on myocardium against isoproterenol- induced myocardial damage.

Effects of different doses of vitamin D on serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in very low birth weight infants

Objectives To understand the effects of different doses of vitamin D supplementation on serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) and to provide guidance for early prevention of metabolic bone disease in VLBWI. Methods A total of 90 VLBWI hospitalized in the Department of Neonatology, Huzhou Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital between January 2014 and January 2016 were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups: high-dose group and low-dose group. High-dose group was given vitamin D 900 U/d orally and low-dose group was given 400 U/d since the eighth day after birth. Serum calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase 1evels were detected at 1, 7, 21 and 42 days of age and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were detected at 7, 21 and 42 days of age. Two-sample t-test, Chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance and LSD or Dunnett's T3 test were used for statistical analysis. Results No significant differences in serum calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels were found between the two groups at 1 and 7 days of age, nor were found in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level at 7 days of age (all P>0.05). At 21 days of age, high-dose group had higher serum calcium, phosphorus and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels than low-dose group [(2.38±0.09) vs (2.04±0.15) mmol/L, t=2.421; (1.80±0.50) vs (1.71±0.60) mmol/L, t=0.637; (45.58±18.43) vs (42.53±16.33) nmol/L, t=0.421], but lower alkaline phosphatase level [(505.12±185.61) vs (588.32±168.72) U/L, t=5.314] (all P<0.05). The same trends were found at 42 days of age. In high-dose group, serum calcium level increased at 7, 21 and 42 days of age as compared with that at 1 day of age [(2.43±0.13), (2.38±0.09), (2.39±0.08) vs (2.06±0.57) mmol/L]; serum phosphorus level at 7 days of age was lower than that at 1, 21 and 42 days of age [(1.31±0.26) vs (1.89±0.39), (1.80±0.50), (1.98±0.30) mmol/L]; serum alkaline phosphatase level at 7, 21 and 42 days of age was higher than that at 1 day of age [(475.18±133.73), (505.12±185.61), (538.43±168.16) vs (296.15±99.41) U/L] and a significant increase was observed at 42 days of age as compared with that at 7 days of age; serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level at 21 days of age was higher than that at 7 days of age, and that at 42 days of age was higher than that at 7 and 21 days of age [(73.55±23.65) vs (30.63±12.66) and (45.58±18.43) nmol/L]; the differences were all statistically significant (LSD or Dunnett's T3 test, all P<0.05). Conclusions Vitamin D supplementation from the eighth day after birth can improve calcium and phosphorus metabolism in VLBWI and the dose of 900 U/d is more effective than 400 U/d. Key words: Infant, very low birth weight; Vitamin D; Calcium; Phosphorus; Alkaline phosphatase; Biological markers

Statin Use and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Blood Level Response to Vitamin D Treatment of Older Adults.

To determine whether statin use alters response of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level to vitamin D treatment. Pooled analysis. Three double-blind randomized controlled trials that tested different doses of vitamin D. Participants of three trials (N=646; mean age 76.3±8.4, 65% female). In all three trials, 25(OH)D status and statin use were assessed repeatedly over time (baseline, 6 and 12months). Repeated-measures analysis was used to compare 25(OH)D response to vitamin D treatment at baseline and 6 and 12months of statin users and nonusers, controlling for age, sex, body mass index, Charlson Comorbidity Index, vitamin D dose, trial, and season. At baseline, 17.5% were statin users, and 65% were vitamin D deficient (25(OH)D<20ng/mL). Baseline 25(OH)D levels did not differ significantly between groups at baseline (18.8 for statin users, 17.2ng/mL for nonusers, P=.07), but according to the longitudinal analyses, the total increase over 12months in 25(OH)D concentration was significantly lower in statin users (13.1ng/L) than nonusers (15.9ng/mL; 21.4% difference; P=.009). Of persons aged 60 and older at high risk of vitamin D deficiency, statin users had a 21.4% smaller increase in 25(OH)D serum concentrations over time than nonusers, independent of vitamin D dose and other covariates.

7: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON VITAMIN D AND ANGIOGENESIS

Background and aims:Angiogenesis is the process of new blood vessel sprouting from the existing vasculature. It is physiologically present during wound healing, development of placenta, tissue growth and adipogenesis as...

Efficacy of vitamin B complex as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of complicated vulvovaginal candidiasis: An in vivo and in vitro study.

This study aimed to explore the efficacy of vitamin B complex as an adjuvant therapy for the treatment of complicated vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) in vitro and in vivo. One-hundred fifty-eight complicated VVC patients were randomly divided into group A (treated with suppository+oral antifungal agents), group B (treated with suppository+vaginal cream), and group C (treated with suppository+vaginal cream+oral vitamin B complex). A mouse model of VVC was established. Eighty VVC mice were randomly divided into 4 groups according to the dose of vitamin B complex (20 mice in each group): V1 group (injected with 150μL normal salin), V2 group (injected with 50μL vitamin B complex solution+100μL normal saline), V3 group (injected with 100μL vitamin B complex solution+50μL normal saline), and V4 group (injected with 150μL vitamin B complex solution). After 4 weeks of treatment, the vaginal secretion was obtained for microscopic smear examination. HE stainning was performed to observe histopathological changes of vaginal tissues. The expressions of inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA. Meanwhile, VVC model of vaginal epithelial cells was established. The effects of different concentrations of vitamin B complex on anti-fungal effect of fluconazole were detected in vitro. After the treatment, complicated patients in the group C had significantly higher effective rates than those in the group A and group B. After the intra-gastric administration, the microscopic smear examination found that obvious pseudohypha in cluster with a lot of blastospores can be seen in the vaginal secretions of mice in the V1 group under the microscope. There was significant difference between mice treated with different dosages of vitamin B complex. The inflammatory response of mice in the V1 group was significantly higher than those in other groups and the inflammation response reduced with the increase of vitamin B complex dosage. The vitamin B complex elevated the curative effects of fluconazole on VVC model of vaginal epithelial cells and significantly increased the anti-fungal effect of fluconazole. Our findings suggest that vitamin B complex could be an effective adjuvant therapy for complicated VVC.

Evidence of the Effect of Intraepidermic Vitamin C Injection on Melanocytes and Keratinocytes in Gingival Tissues: In Vivo Study

Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the immediate effect of vitamin C injection on the physiologic hyperpigmented gingiva of native black goats Design: Fifteen black goats were enrolled in this study. Different doses of vitamin C were injected in the hyperpigmented tissues. The examined animals were divided into 3 groups; Gp I (control) injected with saline, Gp II and III were injected with 10 mm and 30 mm of vitamin C respectively. Incisional biopsies were taken after injection. The specimens were examined histologically and immunohistochemically. Results: The histological results revealed a marked decrease in melanin pigment and an increase in the number of cells with the perinuclear haloing in both groups II and III as compared to the control one. Conclusions: It could be concluded that vitamin C has a potent effect on melanocytes. Vitamin C affected the melanocytes function and their quantitative productivity, as well as decreasing the cell-cell contact between melanocytes and keratinocytes. Increasing the vitamin dose augmented its depigmenting effect.

Effects of Redox Modulation on Cell Proliferation, Viability, and Migration in Cultured Rat and Human Tendon Progenitor Cells

Tendon healing is slow and usually results in inferior fibrotic tissue formation. Recently, application of tendon derived stem cells (TDSCs) improved tendon healing in animal studies. In a chicken model, local injection of antioxidants reduced tendon adhesion after tendon injury. An in vitro study demonstrated that supplementation of H2O2 reduced tenogenic marker expression in TDSCs. These findings suggested that the possibility of TDSCs is involved in tendon healing and the cellular activities of TDSCs might be affected by oxidative stress of the local environment. After tendon injury, oxidative stress is increased. Redox modulation might affect healing outcomes via affecting cellular activities in TDSCs. To study the effect of oxidative stress on TDSCs, the cellular activities of rat/human TDSCs were measured under different dosages of vitamin C or H2O2 in this study. Lower dose of vitamin C increased cell proliferation, viability and migration; H2O2 affected colony formation and suppressed cell migration, cell viability, apoptosis, and proliferation. Consistent with previous studies, oxidative stresses (H2O2) affect both recruitment and survival of TDSCs, while the antioxidant vitamin C may exert beneficial effects at low doses. In conclusion, redox modulation affected cellular activities of TDSCs and might be a potential strategy for tendon healing treatment.

Teratological Effects of Retinoids on Skeletal Elements of Swiss Albino Mice

The specific branch o developmental biology which deals with abnormalities caused as a result of failure of normal pattern of development is referred as teratogenesis. Retinoids are essential for spermatogenesis, oogenesis, placental development, foetal morphogenesis and growth. The role of vitamin A in vision is well known. Active derivative of vitamin A (Retinoids) play an important and multiple role in Mammalian development and homeostasis (Sapin, et.al. 1997, Dup et al 1997). These essential dietary compounds are needed in very small quantities, they are not synthesized by the animals and are obtained from external sources in the form of β carotene (C40H56). In cells of intestine β carotene is converted into vitamin A alcohol and is transported by blood to liver where it is esterfied and stored as vitamin A palmitate. RA is not stored in liver but is derived from retinal and it is biologically the most potent form of vitamin A. Vitamins are organic compounds which are devided into 2 categories i Fat soluble (A,D,E,K) and ii water soluble (B and C). Vitamin A belongs to fat soluble category of vitamins. A fat soluble substance essential for life was first discovered in egg yolk in 1909 by Stepp (Pawson, 1981; Robert and Sporn, 1984). It was confirmed by Mc Collum Devis in 1913 when he found a compound with similar biological activity in butter fats, egg yolk and cod liver oil and was named fat soluble vitamin A. The development of an organism is a complex process of embryogenesis involving cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and organogenesis. Many agents interfering the development process can cause malformations in the embryo. The study of these congenital abnormalities is called teratology and agents which are responsible for causing these malformations are called teratogens. Susceptibility to teratogens depends on the genotype of the organism, including species as well as strain differences. Etienne Geoffrey Saint Hilaire and his son in 1820 started experiments on chick embryo by disturbing its environment in different ways at different embryonic stages. They found some anomalies like Trioncephally, atrophy of eyes and spina bifida in his experiments (Tuli, 1968). In 1877 Dareste reported found some anomalies like Trioncephally, atrophy of eyes and spina bifida in his Experiments (Tuli, 1968). 4mg RA severely damaged skin on later stage ie 11th and 14th day gestation period, of development, shows disruption and folds of skin look like over verying skin flaps. In the present paper effects of different doses of vitamin A on Skeletal elements on different development stages of swiss albino mice are studied.

Vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women.

In areas where vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a public health concern, the maternal dietary intake of vitamin A may be not sufficient to meet either the maternal nutritional requirements, or those of the breastfed infant, due the low retinol concentrations in breast milk. To evaluate the effects of vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women on maternal and infant health. We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (8 February 2016), LILACS (1982 to December 2015), Web of Science (1945 to December 2015), and the reference lists of retrieved studies. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or cluster-randomised trials that assessed the effects of vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women on maternal and infant health (morbidity, mortality and vitamin A nutritional status). Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion, conducted data extraction, assessed risk of bias and checked for accuracy. We assessed the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach. Fourteen trials of mainly low or unclear risk of bias, enrolling 25,758 women and infant pairs were included. The supplementation schemes included high, single or double doses of vitamin A (200,000 to 400,000 internation units (IU)), or 7.8 mg daily beta-carotene compared with placebo, no treatment, other (iron); or higher (400,000 IU) versus lower dose (200,000 IU). In all trials, a considerable proportion of infants were at least partially breastfed until six months. Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl, water-miscible or beta-carotene) 200,000 to 400,000 IU versus control (placebo or no treatment) Maternal: We did not find evidence that vitamin A supplementation reduced maternal mortality at 12 months (hazard ratio (HR) 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44 to 2.21; 8577 participants; 1 RCT, moderate-quality evidence). Effects were less certain at six months (risk ratio (RR) 0.50, 95% CI 0.09 to 2.71; 564 participants; 1 RCT; low-quality evidence). The effect on maternal morbidity (diarrhoea, respiratory infections, fever) was uncertain because the quality of evidence was very low (50 participants, 1 RCT). We found insufficient evidence that vitamin A increases abdominal pain (RR 1.28, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.73; 786 participants; 1 RCT; low-quality evidence). We found low-quality evidence that vitamin A supplementation increased breast milk retinol concentrations by 0.20 µmol/L at three to three and a half months (mean difference (MD) 0.20 µmol/L, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.31; 837 participants; 6 RCTs). Infant: We did not find evidence that vitamin A supplementation reduced infant mortality at two to 12 months (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.52; 6090 participants; 5 RCTs; low-quality evidence). Effects on morbidity (gastroenteritis at three months) was uncertain (RR 6.03, 95% CI 0.30 to 121.82; 84 participants; 1 RCT; very low-quality evidence). There was low-quality evidence for the effect on infant adverse outcomes (bulging fontanelle at 24 to 48 hours) (RR 2.00, 95% CI 0.61 to 6.55; 444 participants; 1 RCT). Supplement (vitamin A as retinyl) 400,000 IU versus 200,000 IUThree studies (1312 participants) were included in this comparison. None of the studies assessed maternal mortality, maternal morbidity or infant mortality. Findings from one study showed that there may be little or no difference in infant morbidity between the doses (diarrhoea, respiratory illnesses, and febrile illnesses) (312 participants, data not pooled). No firm conclusion could be drawn on the impact on maternal and infant adverse outcomes (limited data available).The effect on breast milk retinol was also uncertain due to the small amount of information available. There was no evidence of benefit from different doses of vitamin A supplementation for postpartum women on maternal and infant mortality and morbidity, compared with other doses or placebo. Although maternal breast milk retinol concentrations improved with supplementation, this did not translate to health benefits for either women or infants. Few studies reported on maternal and infant mortality and morbidity. Future studies should include these important outcomes.

A Randomized Double-Blinded Superiority Trial to Compare the Efficacy of Vitamin D3 and Calcium versus placebo in Prevention of Hip Fractures in Elderly Women

Background and Aim: The role of vitamin D plus calcium to protect against hip fracture in postmenopausal women remains controversial. Two major studies on this subject presented diverse outcomes; they implemented different doses of Vitamin D and Calcium, and they studied different populations. One study found evidence that Calcium plus Vitamin D do protect against fractures; the second study failed to demonstrate such protection. The aim of the present study is to test the hypothesis that a higher dose of vitamin D plus calcium is effective in reducing hip fractures in non-osteoporotic elderly women when compared to placebo.Methods: This will be a randomized, double-blinded superiority, multicenter trial involving three centers in São Paulo, Lima and Mexico City. After a three-month run-in period, 7176 participants will receive Calcium + Vitamin D or Placebo. The primary outcome is the occurrence of hip fractures assessed by the pelvic radiographic image; secondary outcomes include other fractures, the variation of Bone Mass Density, and the adverse effects rate.Conclusion: There is an increase in morbidity, mortality, and costs resulting from hip fractures since it is an important risk fact following accidents. A possible lack of benefit inside the active group drives more attention to an eventual over-prescription of those substances. Therefore, further studies including a phase II trial with different exclusion criteria could be desirable to confirm these findings and help to reduce the incidence of hip fractures..Key-Words: Hip Fractures, Bone Loss, Postmenopausal, Vitamin D Deficiency, Bone Density, Calcium, Dietary, Osteopenia, Postmenopausal Osteoporosis, Design, Research Protocol, Clinical Research.

Effect of Different Doses of Oral Cholecalciferol on Serum 1,25(OH)2D in Vitamin D Deficient Schoolchildren.

Data regarding 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in adolescents are limited. We aimed to determine serum levels of this active metabolite of vitamin D and the effects of different doses of vitamin D on its concentration in schoolchildren with high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. In a previously published randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 210 subjects, aged 14-20 years, were assigned to 3 regimens of vitamin D treatment: group A (n=70) received 50 000 U oral cholecalciferol monthly, group B (n=70), 50 000 U bimonthly, and group C (n=70), placebo. Serum 25(OH)D, calcium, parathyroid hormone, and bone markers were measured at baseline and after 2 and 5 months of treatment. In the present study, serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D were measured in 97 boys and 95 girls. At baseline, girls had significantly higher concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D than boys (36, IQR: 24, 63 vs. 30, IQR: 15, 57.5 pmol/l; p<0.01). There was no significant correlation between serum levels of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D in the total population (Spearman rho=- 0.111; p=0.126), boys (Spearman rho=0.008; p=0.941), and girls (Spearman rho=0.036; p=0.729). Also, 1,25(OH)2D values did not change over time in different study groups. Moreover, total and sex-stratified analysis did not show any significant difference between different groups at different times of the study period. In an adolescent population with high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D especially in girls, 1,25(OH)2D values were higher in girls than boys. There was no significant change in 1,25(OH)2D concentrations with different doses of vitamin D.

Growth performance and feed utilization of keureling (Tor tambra) fingerlings fed a formulated diet with different doses of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)

Abstract The objective of the present study was to determine the optimum dosage of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) in the diet of keureling, Tor tambra (Val.) fingerlings for optimal growth performance and feed utilization. Five doses of vitamin E were tested: 0 mg kg−1 feed (control); 150 mg kg−1 feed; 300 mg kg−1 feed; 450 mg kg−1 feed; 600 mg kg−1. The feed ratio was 5% body weight, which was delivered twice daily at 08:00 and 17:00 for 60 days. The results showed that higher growth performance, feeding conversion ratios, feed efficiency, protein retention, and protein digestibility were obtained at 600 mg kg−1 feed, but the value was not significantly different from the other doses. The optimal dose in terms of the hepatosomatic index and survival rate was 300 mg kg−1. Hence, it was concluded that the optimum, most economical dose of vitamin E supplement for keureling (T. tambra) was 150 mg kg−1 feed, because this value was not significantly different from the doses of 300 and 600 mg kg−1 feed.

Effect of injection hatching eggs with Newcastle disease vaccine and different doses of vitamin E on some productive traits and immune response of broilers

This study aimed to investigate the effects of injection hatching eggs with different doses of vitamin E on productive traits, some physiological and immune response to Newcastle disease vaccine. Two hundred fertile eggs of broiler breeder Ross (308) strain were incubated in automatic incubator machine after divided into four treatments (50 eggs per treatment) with two replicates. First treatment was injected 0.1ml/egg of phosphate buffer sterile into amniotic fluid at day 18th of incubation which it was considered as control group, second treatment was injected with 0.1ml/egg of inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine, third treatment was injected with 0.1ml/egg of inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine and 0.1 ml/egg of vitamin E, fourth treatment was injected with 0.1ml/egg of inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine and 0.15 ml/egg of vitamin E. All injected eggs were carried back into incubator for complete hatching process. Hatched chicks were transferred to the hall in farm of the Veterinary Medicine College/University of Baghdad; therefore, the chicks were distributed into four treatments with two replicates depending on the previously treated groups until fifth week of age. The results revealed that the treated groups with vitamin E were significantly (P≤0.05) increased in hatchability percentage, body weight, weight gain, as well as significant reduce in feed intake and improvement in feed conversion ratio as compared with second group and control, the results of third group showed significantly increased (P≤0.05) in antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus at aged (21 and 35) day as compared with the other treated groups and control.

Vitamin A supplementation modifies the antioxidant system in rats.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESIt has been shown that vitamin A supplementation has different effects on skeletal health and the antioxidant system. Deficiency or excess of this vitamin can lead to health problems. Vitamin A can work as either an antioxidant or prooxidant depending on its concentration. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different doses of vitamin A supplementation on the antioxidant system in rats.MATERIALS/METHODSForty Spargue-Dawley male rats were divided into four groups according to the dose of vitamin A received: 0 (A0), 4,000 (A1), 8,000 (A2), and 20,000 (A3) IU retinyl palmitate/kg diet. After a feeding period of 4 wks, lipid peroxide levels, glutathione concentration, antioxidant enzyme activities, and vitamins A and E concentrations were measured. Histopathological changes were observed in rat liver tissue using an optical microscope and transmission electron microscope.RESULTSLipid peroxide levels in plasma were significantly decreased in the A1 and A2 groups compared to the A0 rats. Erythrocyte catalase and hepatic superoxide dismutase activities of the A2 group were significantly higher than those of the A0 group. Hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly lower in the A3 group compared to the other groups. Total glutathione concentrations were significantly higher in the A1 and A2 groups than in the A0 group. Histological examination of liver tissue showed that excessive supplementation of vitamin A might lead to lipid droplet accumulation and nuclear membrane deformation.CONCLUSIONSThese results indicate that appropriate supplementation of vitamin A might have a beneficial effect on the antioxidant system in rats.

The effect of dietary fat, vitamin E and selenium concentrations on the fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of frozen stored broiler meat

A total of 160 Ross 308 female broilers from day 22 to 35 of age were used to investigate the effects of vitamin E and selenium (Se) supple- mentation on performance, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of meat en - riched with n-3 fatty acids. There were 4 treatment groups, 3 diets contained rape seeds and fish oil (60 and 15 g · kg -1 , respectively - RF), the control diet contained animal fat - lard. To the RF diet different doses of vitamin E and Se were added (80 and 0.3, 150 and 0.3, 150 and 0.7 mg per kilogram of diet, re- spectively). Performance was measured and samples of breast and thigh meat were vacuum packed and stored at -30°C. The concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was determined after 3 weeks and after 3 months of frozen storage, when also fatty acid profiles, vitamin E and choles - terol contents in meat were measured. Body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were negatively influenced ( P ≤ 0.05) by the increased dietary level of Se. Feeding diets with rape seeds and fish oil resulted in higher concentrations and lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios in breast and thigh meat (P ≤ 0.05) compared with the control. The increase of dietary vitamin E, but not Se, increased the tocopherol content in meat and reduced TBARS values in 3-month-stored thigh meat (P ≤ 0.05). It may be concluded that fortification of diets with vitamin E increases its concentration in, and oxidative stability of frozen stored breast and thigh meat, but no additional benefit was observed in feeding excess Se in combination with vitamin E.