Different Levels Of Dietary Protein Research Articles

Effect of dietary energy levels and phase feeding by protein levels on growth performance, blood profiles and carcass characteristics in growing-finishing pigs.

BackgroundProviding of insufficient nutrients limits the potential growth of pig, while feeding of excessive nutrients increases the economic loss and causes environment pollution. For these reasons, phase feeding had been introduced in swine farm for improving animal production. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary energy levels and phase feeding by protein levels on growth performance, blood profiles and carcass characteristics in growing-finishing pigs.MethodsA total of 128 growing pigs ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc), averaging 26.62 ± 3.07 kg body weight, were assigned in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with 4 pigs per pen. The first factor was two dietary energy level (3,265 kcal of ME/kg or 3,365 kcal of ME/kg), and the second factor was four different levels of dietary protein by phase feeding (1growing(G)-2finishing(F) phases, 2G-2F phases, 2G-3F phases and 2G-3F phases with low CP requirement).ResultsIn feeding trial, there was no significant difference in growth performance. The BUN concentration was decreased as dietary protein level decreased in 6 week and blood creatinine was increased in 13 week when pigs were fed diets with different dietary energy level. The digestibility of crude fat was improved as dietary energy levels increased and excretion of urinary nitrogen was reduced when low protein diet was provided. Chemical compositions of longissimus muscle were not affected by dietary treatments. In backfat thickness (P2) at 13 week, pigs fed high energy diet had thicker backfat thickness (P = 0.06) and pigs fed low protein diet showed the trend of backfat thinness reduction (P = 0.09). In addition, water holding capacity was decreased (P = 0.01) and cooking loss was increased (P = 0.07) as dietary protein level reduced. When pigs were fed high energy diet with low subdivision of phase feeding, days to 120 kg market weight was reached earlier compared to other treatments.ConclusionFeeding the low energy diet and subdivision of growing-finishing phase by dietary protein levels had no significant effect on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Also, phase feeding with low energy and low protein diet had no negative effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics but economical profits was improved.

Effects of dietary protein level on growth performance and nitrogen excretion of dairy heifers.

ObjectiveProtein supplementation is costly and can result in excess nitrogen (N) excretion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding different levels of dietary protein on average daily gain, body size, rumen fermentation, and nitrogen excretion of 8 to 10 month-old Holstein heifers.MethodsThirty-six Holstein heifers were divided into 12 blocks according to age (273±6.2 d) and were randomly assigned to diets containing a low (10.2% dry matter [DM]), medium (11.9% DM), or high (13.5% DM) level of dietary crude protein (CP). All diets contained approximately 70% roughage and 30% concentrate with similar dietary metabolizable energy (ME) content (2.47 Mcal/kg).ResultsDry matter intake did not differ among the treatments, and average daily gain increased with the increasing dietary protein, 0.79, 0.95, 0.97 kg/d for low, medium, and high group, respectively. Body height increased linearly with increasing dietary CP but no other significant differences in body dimensions were found among the treatments. The increased ratios of dietary CP improved the rate of rear teat length growth remarkably (p<0.05). There was no difference in rumen pH or ruminal major volatile fatty acid (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) concentration among the 3 diets, but rumen ammonia-N concentration increased with the higher dietary CP (p<0.05). Increasing N intake led to increased total N excretion; urinary N excretion was significantly increased (p<0.05) but fecal N excretion was similar among the treatments.ConclusionThese data suggest that the diet containing 11.9% CP (ME 2.47 Mcal/kg) could meet the maintenance and growth requirements of 9 to 11 month-old Holstein heifers gaining approximately 0.9 kg/d.

Verification of protein sparing by feeding carbohydrate to common carp Cyprinus carpio

A 9-week feeding trial in floating freshwater cages (1.0 m×1.0 m×2.0 m) was conducted to study the effects of different dietary levels of protein and starch on growth, body composition, and gene expression of enzymes in common carp, Cyprinus carpio (mean body weight, 36.12±1.18 g) to evaluate the protein-sparing effect of dietary carbohydrate. Four diets were formulated with corn starch as the carbohydrate source to obtain corn starch levels of 6.5%, 13%, 19.5%, or 26% and protein levels of 30.5%, 28.2%, 26.4%, and 24.2%. The results showed no differences in growth performance of fish fed the diets with different protein and corn starch levels, but body composition and glucose metabolic enzyme activity of carp were significantly affected by the different diets (P 0.05). In summary, the results indicate a protein-sparing effect by substituting carbohydrate in the diet of common carp.

Production and economic optimization of dietary protein and carbohydrate in the culture of Juvenile Sea Urchin Lytechinus variegatus

Juvenile Lytechinus variegatus (ca. 3.95±0.54g) were fed one of 10 formulated diets with different protein (ranging from 11 to 43%) and carbohydrate (12 or 18%; brackets determined from previous studies) levels. Urchins (n=16 per treatment) were fed a daily sub-satiation ration equivalent to 2.0% of average body weight for 10weeks. Our objective was (1) to create predictive models of growth, production and efficiency outcomes and (2) to generate economic analysis models in relation to these dietary outcomes for juvenile L. variegatus held in culture. At dietary protein levels below ca. 30%, models for most growth and production outcomes predicted increased rates of growth and production among urchins fed diets containing 18% dietary carbohydrate levels as compared to urchins fed diets containing 12% dietary carbohydrate. For most outcomes, growth and production was predicted to increase with increasing level of dietary protein up to ca. 30%, after which, no further increase in growth and production were predicted. Likewise, dry matter production efficiency was predicted to increase with increasing protein level up to ca. 30%, with urchins fed diets with 18% carbohydrate exhibiting greater efficiency than those fed diets with 12% carbohydrate. The energetic cost of dry matter production was optimal at protein levels less than those required for maximal weight gain and gonad production, suggesting an increased energetic cost (decreased energy efficiency) is required to increase gonad production relative to somatic growth. Economic analysis models predict when cost of feed ingredients are low, the lowest cost per gram of wet weight gain will occur at 18% dietary carbohydrate and ca. 25–30% dietary protein. In contrast, lowest cost per gram of wet weight gain will occur at 12% dietary carbohydrate and ca. 35–40% dietary protein when feed ingredient costs are high or average. For both 18 and 12% levels of dietary carbohydrate, cost per gram of wet weight gain is predicted to be maximized at low dietary protein levels, regardless of feed ingredient costs. These models will compare dietary requirements and growth outcomes in relation to economic costs and provide insight for future commercialization of sea urchin aquaculture. Statement of relevanceThis paper uses general linear modeling to predict growth, production and efficiency in cultured L. variegatus within an optimal range of dietary carbohydrate levels (12 or18%) at different levels of dietary protein. Data were used to generate economic analysis models for high, medium and low feed ingredient prices. We believe that these data are the first to provide any information regarding the economic viability of sea urchin aquaculture. Further economic analysis will be required to estimate costs of labor and culture systems. However, these data may prove to be useful and informative in predicting feed costs for urchins held in culture.

Growth of rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus) fed different amounts of dietary protein and lipids.

The rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) is a laboratory fish that is commonly used for toxicology research, but there is currently no standard lab diet for this model organism. Certain studies with rare minnows require specialized diets, so there is a need to better understand how manipulating nutrients affects the development and growth of this fish. We conducted two separate dose-response experiments to determine the effect of different levels of dietary protein or dietary lipids on the growth of juvenile rare minnows over 60 d. We measured growth rates and food intake over two periods of time: the first 20 or 30 d of diet consumption and the entire 60 d of each experiment. We found that different levels of dietary protein or dietary lipids produced significantly different growth rates during both the early phase and the entire duration of the study. Among experimental protein-variable diets, those with intermediate levels of dietary protein (around 35.2%) produced the highest growth rate. Among experimental lipid-variable diets, those with intermediate levels of dietary lipids (around 7.6%) produced the highest growth rate. Over all periods of both experiments, however, the control diet of bloodworms generally produced the highest growth rate that matched or exceeded that of any experimental diet. These results can guide investigators when using rare minnows in research, particularly when using custom and standardized diets.

Dietary protein influences the life-history characteristics across generations in the African striped mouse Rhabdomys.

The level of dietary protein determines the onset of reproduction, affects offspring growth and maturation, and hence influences life-history traits and fitness. However, to date, the long-term life-history consequences of protein deficiency are not well understood. We studied the transgenerational effects of different levels of dietary protein on the life-history and level of maternal behavior of the striped mouse Rhabdomys dilectus chakae in captivity. Breeding pairs were assigned to three treatments based on the percentage of dietary protein: baseline (BP; 19%); high protein (HP; 24%); and low protein (LP; 10%). Reproductive output and offspring ontogeny was diminished in the LP treatment compared to the other treatments. Transgenerational effects were studied by breeding F2 females raised on the LP or HP diets on the same (HP-HP, LP-LP) or altered diets (HP-LP, LP-HP). The LP-LP treatment had no reproductive success, while reproductive capacity in the remaining treatments was determined mainly by the diet of mothers at breeding. Pups from protein-restricted females (LP, HP-LP) showed post-weaning compensatory growth. Timing of sexual maturity was age-dependent in female and mass-dependent in male offspring. Females fed low protein diets during breeding (LP, HP-LP) displayed lower levels of maternal behavior than females from the other treatments. This study demonstrates that the level of dietary protein influences the life-history of R. d. chakae in predictable ways. The taxon responds to changes in dietary protein at breeding, largely regardless of its nutrition during rearing. Such phenotypic flexibility in life-history parameters allows Rhabdomys to adaptively respond to unpredictable environmental changes.

A Note on Periodic Variations in Serum Cholesterol Serum Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase Activity and FaecalSterol and Bile Acid Excretion in the Rat Fed Different Levels of Dietary Protein

Effects of three different levels of dietary protein (12,20 and 42%) on periodic variations in the serum cholesterol concentration, serum LCAT activity and faecal excretion of bile acids in rats fed hydpercholesteremic diet were investigated. Serum free cholesterol concentration and serum LCAT activity showed minor variations with time in rats ingesting concentration increased progressively but serum LCAT activity showed increase only at the end of 32 days in rats ingesting 20% protein diets. Average daily faecal excretion of bile acids per rat during different periods was lower in animals consuming 12% protein than those consuming higher levels of dietary protein.

Effects of dietary protein level on protein deposition in broilers: 1. Productive performance and carcass characteristics

The aim of study was to evaluate the influence of different levels of dietary protein on broiler performance and carcass characteristics from 1-42 days. One-day-old unsexed Cobb 500 broilers (n=600) were randomly assigned in 3 groups with 4 replications per treatment. The diets were formulated to contain 3 levels of protein: high protein (HP), medium protein (MP) and low protein (LP). The diets were isocaloric, with similar content of digestible sulphur amino acids, lysine, calcium and available phosphorus. In overall periods weight gain (WG) in the HP diet was higher with 4.28% and in the LP diet were lower by 4.44% vs. MP (P<0.0001). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) in overall period in the HP diet was reduced with 3.96% and in the LP diet was increased with 4.95% vs. MP (P<0.002). The feed intake (FI) was not influenced by the dietary protein level during overall period. Carcass yield and the percentage of broilers liver were not affected by the dietary protein level. Breast and legs yield were influenced by the dietary protein level, in LP diet was observed a decrease with 4.10% (P<0.04), respectively 4.47% (P<0.0001) vs. MP diet. The HP diet produced carcasses that contained lower levels (2.49%; P<0.0001) of abdominal fat than the LP diet (2.78%; P<0.0001). We concluded that the dietary protein level influences significantly the performance (weight gain, feed conversion ratio) and carcass parameters (breast and legs yield, abdominal fat) of broilers.

Evaluation of Level of Precursors of N-Nitrosamine in Vitro in Wistar Rats Fed Different Levels of Dietary Protein

This study compares the level of Nitrite in urine, protein concentration and nitrite concentration in post mitochondrial fraction of rats fed different levels of dietary protein with concurrent administration of precursors of N-nitrosamine; dimethylamine hydrochloride (DMA-HCl) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2). Thirty Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups and were kept for four weeks. Group one was given high protein diet (64%), group two was given a normal protein diet (27%) and group three was given low protein diet (3.5%). All the groups were administered with 3mg NaNO2 and 20mg DMA-HCL/kg, using the application of spectrophotometric analysis, centrifugation, as well as colorimetric methods. Following administrations of the chemicals to the test animal groups, the concentration of 24 hours urinary excretion of nitrite was 7.417µg/ml in high protein fed rats, 2.063µg/ml in normal protein fed rats and 0.569 µg/ml in low protein fed rats. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the nitrite concentration in the group fed high protein diet with concurrent administration of NaNO2 and DMA-HCl. The wistar rats fed with high protein diet, excreted 5.8 to 7 times more nitrite in urine than the severely protein deprived animals. The protein and nitrite concentration of the post mitochondrial fraction of liver was highest in rats that were fed high protein diet. This study has revealed that nutrition status affects metabolism of foreign compounds including nitrites and dimethylamine hydrochloride.

Effect of Different Protein Levels on Arabi Chicken Performance

It is important to note that feeding cost can reach up to 60-75% of the total farm production cost. This study investigated some feeding management practices needed by the Arabi chickens during the brooding phase. Three different feed rations were fed to Arabi chickens and the effect of these feed rations on the performance was evaluated. These feed rations contained three different levels of dietary protein: 18, 21 and 22%. Variables measured included body weight feed consumption and feed efficiency. Results showed that there was no significantly different protein levels indicating that using a diet with 18% protein level is as satisfactory as those with 21 and 22%. Therefore, a lower protein level can be possibly fed reducing the cost of feed. In conclusion, feeding a diet treatment with 18% protein is recommended for the Arabi chickens.

Effects of Two Different Levels of Dietary Protein on Body Composition and Protein Nutritional Status of Growing Rats

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a high-protein diet on growth, body composition, and protein nutritional status of young rats. Newly-weaned Wistar rats, weighing 45–50 g, were distributed in two experimental groups, according to their diets, which contained 12% (G12) or 26% protein (G26), over a period of 3 weeks. The animals were euthanized at the end of this period and the following analyses were performed: chemical composition of the carcass, proteoglycan synthesis, IGF-I concentration (serum, muscle and cartilage), total tissue RNA, protein concentration (muscle and cartilage) and protein synthesis (muscle and cartilage). The high-protein diet was found to result in a higher fat-free mass and lower fat mass in the carcass, with no difference in growth or protein nutritional status.

DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PROTEIN ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SYNTHETIC BROILER

An experiment was conducted with fifty four, 21 days old synthetic broiler (fifth generation) to study the effect of different levels of dietary protein on the performance of broiler during growing and finisher period. Three levels of protein i.e. T1 (18% CP), T2 (19% CP) and T3 (20%CP) were considered as the dietary treatments. The body weight achieved at 42 days of age was 1422.00, 1705.37 and 1563.67 gm in T1, T2 and T3, respectively which differs significantly (p&lt; 0.01). The live weight gain at 42 days was also highest in T2 (19% CP) diet and significantly (p&lt; 0.05) differed from T1 (18% CP) and T3 (20% CP) diets. Feed conversion ratios at the end of experimental period were 2.20, 1.75 and 1.87 in T1, T2 and T3, respectively which differs significantly (p&lt;0.05). The performance index at 42 days of age was 50.66, 82.67 and 63.58 for T1, T2 and T3 respectively while feed consumption, livability and meat yield were not significantly (p&gt;0.05) affected by dietary treatments. The net profit per kg live broiler was significantly highest (Tk.14.09/kg) (p&lt;0.01) in T2 diet as compared to other treatments. It may be concluded that 19% crude protein diet, was the best with respect to growth, FCR and net profit for synthetic broiler (fifth generation) during growing and finisher period.DOI = http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v8i2.11193 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8 (2) : 117-122

The Effect of Crude Protein Level in Diets on Laying Performance, Nutrient Digestibility of Yellow Quails

Four diets with different crude protein levels 17.75%, 19.95%, 21.85%, 24.08% were used to feed 192 seven-week-old yellow quails in this experiment. During 50-day-old to 95-day-old, laying rate, feed intake and egg weight were recorded to analysis the effect of different levels of dietary protein on the performance of yellow quails. All fences were collected and analysis the effect of different levels of dietary protein on feed digestibility and Crude Protein utilizablity of yellow quails. The results showed that there was no significant difference of the average egg weight in four diets. The laying rate of diet 2 is significant high than others (p 0.05) but significant of EE and total organism and the utilizability of crude protein was significant difference (p<0.05) in four diets. Result showed that dietary crude protein had significant effect not only on laying performance but also on nutrient digestibility and 20% dietary crude protein was optimum for yellow-feather quails.

The Effects of Different Levels of Dietary Protein, Energy and Using Fat on the Performance of Broiler Chicks at the end of the Third Weeks

The Effects of Different Levels of Dietary Protein, Energy and Using Fat on the Performance of Broiler Chicks at the end of the Third Weeks

Effect of Dietary Protein and Lipid Levels on Growth Performance, Carcass Composition, and Digestive Enzyme of the Juvenile Spotted Babylon, Babylonia areolata Link 1807

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance, feed utilization, carcass composition, and digestive enzyme activity of the juvenile spotted babylon, Babylonia areolata. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain three protein levels (25, 35, and 45%) at two lipid levels (8 and 12%). Triplicate groups of 40 animals (average weight 5.05 ± 0.08 g) were stocked in 120-L tanks and fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 8 wk. Growth performance and feed utilization were significantly affected by dietary protein and lipid levels (P < 0.05). Protein efficiency ratio (PER), specific growth rate (SGR), and weight gain (WG) were the best at 45%/8% treatment (P < 0.05). There was no significant interaction between different levels of dietary protein and lipid on survival rate and the soft body to shell ratio (SB/SR). There was an interaction effect between dietary treatments on PER, SGR, and WG, in which shellfish fed with 45% protein at 8% lipid had the highest interaction (P < 0.05). There was an interaction effect between dietary protein and lipid levels on pepsin, tryptase, and lipase activities in soft body. Tryptase enzyme activity of 45%/8% treatment was the lowest and the highest was found in 25%/8% treatment which also had the highest activity of lipase. Results indicated that the juvenile spotted babylon would obtain better growth performance when fed with diets containing 45% dietary protein at 8% dietary lipid.

Effect of dietary protein levels on growth, feed utilization and carcass composition of endangered bagrid catfish Horabagrus brachysoma (Gunther 1864) fingerlings

An 84-day feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of different levels of dietary protein, 250 (P25), 300 (P30), 350 (P35), 400 (P40) and 450 g (P45) kg−1 dry matter (DM) on growth, feed intake, feed utilization and carcass composition of bagrid catfish Horabagrus brachysoma fingerlings. Triplicate groups of fingerlings with mean initial body weight of 2.2 g were fed the experimental diets twice daily, till satiation, in 150-L tanks supplied with flow-through freshwater. Daily dry matter intake by the fingerlings decreased significantly (P < 0.05) when fed P25 diet, containing 250 g protein kg−1. The highest body weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER), and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed in fish fed 350 g protein kg−1 diet. The fish fed with P45 diet had the lowest (P < 0.05) carcass lipid content. The polynomial regression analysis indicates that H. brachysoma fingerlings require 391 g dietary crude protein kg−1 diet.

Effects of L-carnitine and Dietary Protein on Body Composition and Liver Lipid Content in Juvenile New GIFT Strain Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Chen, G., Zhang, M., Zhang, J., Dong, H., Zhou, H., Tang, B., Huang, J., Shi, G., Jiang, L., Wu, Z. and Gu, B. 2010. Effects of L-carnitine and dietary protein on body composition and liver lipid content in juvenile new GIFT strain Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). J. Appl. Anim. Res., 37: 141–144. To assess the effects of different levels of dietary protein and L-carnitine on body composition and liver lipid content in juvenile Nile tilapia, triplicate groups of fish were fed on three levels of dietary protein (22, 25 and 28%) and five levels of L-carnitine (0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg kg−1) for a period of 56 d. The whole body and muscle protein contents increased, but the lipid content decreased with the increases in dietary protein levels. At the same dietary protein levels, protein contents in whole body and muscle tissue increased with the increases in L-carnitine levels. Lipid contents in whole body, muscle tissue and liver in all treatment groups decreased with the increases in L-carnitine levels. This experiment demonstrated that L-carnitine supplementation can help improve utilization of fats from the diets.

Effects of Lactulose Syrup on the Growth of Rats Fed at Different Levels of Dietary Protein

Effects of Lactulose Syrup on the Growth of Rats Fed at Different Levels of Dietary Protein

Effect of Crumble-Pellet and Mash Diets with Different Levels of Dietary Protein and Energy on the Performance of Broilers at the End of the Third Week

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the form of diets with different levels of protein and energy on broilers performance at the end of the third week. A total of 2800 male broiler chicks were fed with two forms of diet (mash and crumble-pellet), two levels of protein (23% and 21% CP), and two levels of energy (3200 and 3000 Kcal/Kg ME) from 1 to 21 days of age. The bodyweight (BW) and Feed conversion rate (FCR) were affected by the form of diet with the crumble-pellet form being better (P < .001). The diet with high protein significantly increased BW and decreased FCR (P < .001). The different levels of energy did not affect FCR and BW in crumble-pellet diet but should a significant effect on them in mash diet (P < .05). There were no significant interactions for any of the parameters tested except for interactions between energy and feed form. BW and FCR were improved by energy when diets were fed in the mash form (unlike the crumble-pellet form) at all ages. It is concluded that feeding crumble-pellets from 1 to 21 days of age improved BW and FCR and that an increase in the protein (unlike energy) content of the diet increased the performance of the chickens at the end of the third week.

Correlation between vitamin-A content of the liver and osmotic behaviour of hepatic mitochondria in rats fed at different levels of dietary protein.

Zusammenfassung Beziehungen zwischen dem Vitamin A-Gehalt in der Leber und dem osmotischen Verhalten von Lebermitochondrien bei unterschiedlicher Proteinversorgung von Ratten Es wurde der Einflus eines unterschiedlichen Proteinversorgungsgrades auf den Vitamin A-Gehalt der Rattenleber und das osmotische Verhalten von Lebermitochondrien in isotonischen Losungen untersucht. Beobachtet wurde bei den Tieren mit niedriger Proteinversorgung und niedrigem Vitamin A-Gehalt ein starkeres Anschwellen der Mitochondrien als bei Ratten mit proteinreicher Diat mit hohem Vitamin A-Gehalt der Leber.