Different Degrees Of Trust Research Articles

The impact of people’s subjective perception on their acceptance of automated vehicles: A meta-analysis

The automated vehicles (AV) is an important driving force for intelligent transportation technologies. Previous studies have found significant influence of people’s subjective perception on their acceptance of AVs, but how people’s perception impose influence their acceptance has not reached consensus. This study reviewed published papers addressing this topic to provide some insights of this issue. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis method (PRISMA) is used to select qualified papers across major databases. The impacts of nine subjective perception factors on public acceptance of AVs revealed by the papers are reanalysed following a rigorous meta-analytic process. The results show that people’s perceived usefulness of AVs and attitude toward using strongly affect their acceptance of AVs. The increase of perceived ease of use could slightly increase the acceptance. Lower perceived risk often leads to higher acceptance of AVs. Social influence hardly affects people accepting AVs. Males and females had different degrees of trust, perceived benefit and effort expectancy on AVs. Peoples from different countries perceived benefits and effort expectancy of AVs in their own ways. Based on paper reviewing results, some suggestions for survey design, data collection and analysis are proposed for future studies.

Social influence-based personal latent factors learning for effective recommendation

Social recommendation has become an important technique of various online commerce platforms, which aims to predict the user preference based on the social network and the interactive network. Social recommendation, which can naturally integrate social information and interactive structure, has been demonstrated to be powerful in solving data sparsity and cold-start problems. Although some of the existing methods have been proven effective, the following two insights are often neglected. First, except for the explicit connections, social information contains implicit connections, e.g., indirect social relations. Indirect social relations can effectively improve the quality of recommendation when users only have few direct social relations. Second, the strength of social influence between users is different. In other words, users have different degrees of trust in different friends. These insights motivate us to propose a novel social recommendation model SIER (short for Social Influence-based Effective Recommendation) in this paper, which incorporates interactive information and social information into personal latent factors learning for social influence-based recommendation. Specifically, user preferences are captured in behavior history and social relations, i.e., user latent factors are shared in interactive network and social network. In particular, we utilize an overlapping community detection method to sufficiently capture the implicit relations in the social network. Extensive experiments on two real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Vom Problem einer demokratischen Ästhetik zur Ästhetik einer problematischen Demokratie

From the Problems of a Democratic Aesthetic to the Aesthetics of a Problematic Democracy In analyses of poems from the 18th, 20th and 21st century, this article juxtaposes different degrees of trust in a democratic political order and the role of poetry in it. Philip Freneau, who supported a radical interpretation of the American Revolution as initiating a new and better social order, searched for a democratic poetics commensurate with the value placed on common people. For Muriel Rukeyser and even more so, Langston Hughes in the 1930s, democracy felt threatened not only by fascism abroad but by racism and exploitation at home. In 2014, Claudia Rankines Citizen: An American Lyric registers, like Rukeyser and Hughes, the difficulties in constructing a consensual reality and pushes this notion much further; surprisingly, perhaps, her work continues to see art as important to alert us to this difficulty of modern democracies and divers societies.

Asymptotically ideal Chinese remainder theorem ‐based secret sharing schemes for multilevel and compartmented access structures

Multilevel and compartmented access structures are two important classes of access structures where participants are grouped into levels/compartments with different degrees of trust and privileges. The construction of secret sharing schemes for such access structures has been the attention of researchers for a long time. Two main approaches have been taken so far, one of them is based on polynomial interpolation and the other one is based on the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT). In this article the first asymptotically ideal CRT-based secret sharing schemes for (disjunctive, conjunctive) multilevel and compartmented access structures are proposed. Our approach is compositional and it is based on a variant of the Asmuth-Bloom secret sharing scheme where some participants may have public shares. Based on this, the proposed secret sharing schemes for multilevel and compartmented access structures are asymptotically ideal if and only if they are based on 1-compact sequences of co-primes. Possible applications for secret image and multi-secret sharing are pointed-out.

Realistic Aspects of Simulation Models for Fake News Epidemics over Social Networks

The pervasiveness of online social networks has reshaped the way people access information. Online social networks make it common for users to inform themselves online and share news among their peers, but also favor the spreading of both reliable and fake news alike. Because fake news may have a profound impact on the society at large, realistically simulating their spreading process helps evaluate the most effective countermeasures to adopt. It is customary to model the spreading of fake news via the same epidemic models used for common diseases; however, these models often miss concepts and dynamics that are peculiar to fake news spreading. In this paper, we fill this gap by enriching typical epidemic models for fake news spreading with network topologies and dynamics that are typical of realistic social networks. Specifically, we introduce agents with the role of influencers and bots in the model and consider the effects of dynamical network access patterns, time-varying engagement, and different degrees of trust in the sources of circulating information. These factors concur with making the simulations more realistic. Among other results, we show that influencers that share fake news help the spreading process reach nodes that would otherwise remain unaffected. Moreover, we emphasize that bots dramatically speed up the spreading process and that time-varying engagement and network access change the effectiveness of fake news spreading.

Evaluation and analysis on the degree of patients′ trust in community TCM physicians under the TCM service capability promotion program

Objective To evaluate the degree of trust of patients in community traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)physicians, based on the TCM service capability promotion program, and to analyze the impacts by TCM prevention and health care service. Methods 1 391 patients at 22 primary health service centers in 3 cities from Zhejiang province were investigated using the Chinese version of Wake Forest Physician Trust Scale(WFPTS)in September, 2017. Quantitative and qualitative variables were described by mean±SD, and ratio respectively. Differences were compared by t test, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results Chinese version of WFPTS had good reliability and validity in measuring community TCM physicians. The average scoring of patients′ trust in community TCM physicians was 38.00±6.42, while their benevolence and competence were 19.14±3.41, 18.82±3.50 respectively.For patients with different demographic characteristics, their quantity and the way to acquire and utilize TCM prevention and health care service had different degrees of trust in community TCM physicians. Patients′ gender, age, awareness and utilization of TCM prevention and health care service, etc. affect the degree of trust in community TCM physicians. Conclusions Patients have higher degree of trust in community TCM physicians, and improving the rate of awareness and utilization of TCM prevention has positive impacts on the degree of trust in these physicians. It is proposed that health knowledge education be strengthened and skills of community TCM physicians′ capacity be enhanced through various ways. Key words: Community health service; Health manpower; TCM physician; Doctor-patient trust; Prevention and health care service

Fairness and retailer-led supply chain coordination under two different degrees of trust

Nowadays, customers are the decisive part in the market. The retailers who are closest to final consumers in a supply chain begin to show their power and thereby dominate the supply chain. Thus, the research about a retailer-led supply chain continues to be a burning question in the recent trade press and academic literature. Our research adds fresh fuel to the fire by studying how one channel member' fairness concern affects the coordination of a two-stage supply chain with a dominant retailer and a supplier. We carry out our investigation in two cases which involve different degrees of trust between the channel members about the unit cost $c$ provided by the supplier. Our analysis shows that if the channel members have the same degree of trust on $c$-value, the dominant retailer can use a constant markup pricing contract to align the fair-minded supplier's interest with the channel's and coordinate the channel with a wholesale price higher than the supplier's marginal cost; but the coordination fails if the dominant retailer is the only one who cares about fairness, and he obtains a lower profit than nobody cares about fairness. If the dominant retailer and the supplier have different degrees of trust on $c$-value, the retailer can not coordinate the channel with a markup pricing contract when only the supplier has fairness concerns.

The Value of Trust: An Analysis of Social Capital in Natural Areas

This paper defines and analyses the characteristics of social trust that develop in natural areas, examining the connections and interactions between the people and institutions involved. It offers a deeper understanding of the different degrees of trust and the identification of those attributes that affect the generation of this trust at three different levels: strategic, normative and cognitive. The study of the value of trust allows, or at least contributes to, an understanding of different levels of development. The study population consists of local associations, as a sample of existing social structures, and is taken from two areas in Andalusia, Spain. From the application of the proposed method a null hypothesis for the runs and Mann–Whitney tests is accepted at the three levels of trust for both areas. For strategic and cognitive trust, the behaviours of both areas are homogenous, while in the case of normative trust for the Chi square test the alternative hypothesis is accepted. The methodology that is developed demonstrates the interest presented by trust as a study variable in research dealing with social capital and its direct influence on the development of territories. Trust should be considered alongside physical, natural and human capital, since none of these alone is sufficient for complete territorial development.

Why European Subordinates Trust their Managers

AbstractThis article addresses the problem of why subordinates trust their managers based on the responses from 108 subordinates of seven Slovenian managers and from 138 subordinates of eight Swedish managers. The subordinates of these managers responded to a 20-item instrument tested for reliability and validity. In both samples the managers enjoyed different degrees of trust. The level of trust vested in Slovenian managers was higher than in Swedish ones. The kinds of managers’ actions that enhanced trust were similar amongst Swedish and Slovenian subordinates. Different socio-cultural contexts may theoretically explain why some other kinds of actions had contrasting effects between the samples. On the whole, the actions of managers explain trust in both countries. Subordinates’ trust in managers declines with the increasing hierarchical distance in both national samples. Managers need to show in action that they trust their subordinates, promote their interests, demonstrate appreciation of their subordinates, and solve problems.

Consumer's trust-in-food-safety typology in Taiwan: Food-related lifestyle matters

Though previous studies have closely examined public perceptions of various types of food hazards as well as trust and risk communication issues, no adequate attention has been directed to understanding an individual's trust-in-food-safety typology in terms of reflexive–non-reflexive and trust–distrust praxes associated with food-related lifestyles regarding the assessment, preparation and actual consumption of food products. The aim of this study is to understand ifpeople with different trust-in-food-safety typologies will have different food-related lifestyles. The ANOVA results in this Taiwanese case reveal that Denying respondents always obtained the lowest scores for all subscales of the food-related lifestyles scale except one (the recognition that cooking is a woman's task). Naïve respondents not only recognise that cooking is woman's task but also enjoy looking for new ways and have self-fulfilment in food. Sceptical respondents express high interest in specialty shops, price criteria, health, price/quality relation, organic products and freshness but do not recognise that cooking is woman's task. Sensible respondents express high interest in the importance of product information, shopping lists, whole family, planning and social relationships. But for each trust-in-food-safety typology, all respondents’ food-related lifestyles in terms of consumption situations and their attitudes toward advertising, their enjoyment from shopping and their interest in cooking are the same. Moreover, taste, convenience and security are equally important among the four types of respondents who have different degrees of trust in food safety. Some suggestions for the food policy makers and the marketers of the food industry are also provided here.

An interoperable context sensitive model of trust

Although the notion of trust is widely used in secure information systems, very few works attempt to formally define it or reason about it. Moreover, in most works, trust is defined as a binary concept--either an entity is completely trusted or not at all. Absolute trust on an entity requires one to have complete knowledge about the entity. This is rarely the case in real-world applications. Not trusting an entity, on the other hand, prohibits all communications with the entity rendering it useless. In short, treating trust as a binary concept is not acceptable in practice. Consequently, a model is needed that incorporates the notion of different degrees of trust. We propose a model that allows us to formalize trust relationships. The trust relationship between a truster and a trustee is associated with a context and depends on the experience, knowledge, and recommendation that the truster has with respect to the trustee in the given context. We show how our model can measure trust and compare two trust relationships in a given context. Sometimes enough information is not available about a given context to evaluate trust. Towards this end we show how the relationships between different contexts can be captured using a context graph. Formalizing the relationships between contexts allows us to extrapolate values from related contexts to approximate the trust of an entity even when all the information needed to calculate the trust is not available. Finally, we show how the semantic mismatch that arises because of different sources using different context graphs can be resolved and the trust of information obtained from these different sources compared.

UNITED STATES V. BOOKER AS A NATURAL EXPERIMENT: USING EMPIRICAL RESEARCH TO INFORM THE FEDERAL SENTENCING POLICY DEBATE*

Research Summary:In United States v. Booker, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the federal sentencing guidelines must be considered advisory, rather than mandatory, if they are to remain constitutional under the Sixth Amendment. Since the decision, the U.S. Sentencing Commission has provided policy makers with accurate and current data on changes and continuity in federal sentencing practices. Unlike previous changes in legal doctrine, Booker immediately increased the rates of upward and downward departures from the guideline range. Government‐sponsored downward departures remain the leading category of outside–the‐range sentences. The rate of within‐range sentences, although lower than in the period immediately preceding Booker, remains near rates observed earlier in the guidelines era. Despite the increase in departures, average sentence lengths for the overall caseload remain stable, because of offsetting increases in the seriousness of the crimes being sentenced and in the severity of penalties for those crimes. Analyses of the reasons that judges reported for downward departures suggest that treatment of criminal history and offender characteristics are the two leading areas of dissatisfaction with the guidelines.Policy Implications:Assessment of changes in sentencing practices following Booker by different observers depends partly on competing institutional perspectives and on different degrees of trust in the judgment of judges, prosecutors, the Sentencing Commission, and Congress. No agreement on whether Booker has bettered or worsened the system can be achieved until agreement exists on priorities among the purposes of sentencing and the goals of sentencing reform. Both this lack of agreement and an absence of needed data make consensus on Booker's effects on important sentencing goals, such as reduction of unwarranted disparity, unlikely in the near future. Similarly, lack of baseline data before Booker on the effectiveness of federal sentencing at crime control makes before‐after comparisons impossible. Despite these limitations, research provides a sounder framework for policy making than do anecdotes or speculation and sets valuable empirical parameters for the federal sentencing policy debate.

A multiple input image restoration approach

In this paper image restoration applications, where multiple distorted versions of the same original image are available, are considered. A general adaptive restoration algorithm is derived on the basis of a set theoretic regularization technique. The adaptivity of the algorithm is introduced in two ways: (a) by a constraint operator which incorporates properties of the response of the human visual system into the restoration process and (b) by a weight matrix which assigns greater importance for the deconvolution process to areas of high spatial activity than to areas of low spatial activity. Different degrees of trust are assigned to the various distorted images depending on the amounts of noise. The proposed algorithm is general and can be used for any type of linear distortion and constraint operators. It can also be used to restore signals other than images. Experimental results obtained by an iterative implementation of the proposed algorithms are presented.