Different Degrees Of Participation Research Articles

Nitration of 5-formyl-substituted 2-cyclopropylfurans and 2-methylfurans and the corresponding thiophenes

In the nitration of 5-formyl-substituted 2-cyclopropylfurans and the corresponding thiophenes, in addition to the formation of the corresponding 3-nitro derivative the replacement of the formyl group by a nitro group takes place. For a thiophene derivative the latter direction of the reaction is observed to a substantially smaller degree. Under nitration conditions, 5-formylsylvane is converted only into 5-nitrosylvane, while the corresponding formylmethylthiophene is nitrated exclusively in position 3. The difference observed in the behavior on nitration of the furans and thiophenes studied is explained by the different degrees of participation of the heteroatom in the delocalization of the charges in the heterocyclic ipso-ions formed as intermediates.

Fichter's Typology and Changing Meanings in the Catholic Church

Change is viewed as a process of evolving meanings. Fichter's 1954 typology of Roman Catholic parishioners is examined in light of this view. Data were collected in a non-traditional Roman Catholic parish, after the changes brought about by the Second Vatican Council. The typological criteria which Fichter found to clearly distinguish parishioners in stable, traditional parishes are now found to be confused, or even reversed in some cases. Thus it is suggested that the structural criterion for typing parishioners, degree of religious participation, remains useful. On the other hand, the specific meaning content which Fitcher found attached to the different degrees of participation no longer necessarily holds. It is further suggested that the typology be raised to a higher level of conceptualization, valid over time, space, and type of organization. Using level of participation as the criterion, and allowing for meaning change, any organization's members can be classified as nuclear, modal, marginal, or dormant.