Different Degrees Of Participation Research Articles

Photolytic Degradation of the Insecticide Clothianidin in Hydrochar Aquatic Suspensions and Extracts

In this study, the aqueous photolytic degradation of the neonicotinoid pesticide clothianidin was studied in suspensions and aqueous extracts of hydrochar produced from olive kernels. A slight and nonsignificant decrease in the photodegradation rate of clothianidin in aqueous extracts of hydrochar (HCw) with an initial concentration of hydrochar ranged from 50 to 400 mg L−1 (rate constants ranged between k = 0.0034 and 0.0039 min−1) was observed in comparison to the respective rate in the bi-distilled water (k = 0.0040 min−1). On the contrary, in the presence of hydrochar suspensions (HCp), a significant decrease was observed for 50 mg L−1 hydrochar particle concentration (k = 0.020 min−1), while for higher concentrations (100 to 400 mg L−1), rate constants increased but with nonsignificant differences compared with the kinetics followed in the absence of them. Generally, the photodegradation rate of clothianidin, in the presence of HCw and HCp, is reduced compared to the photodegradation rate in bi-distilled aqueous solutions, except in the case of the aqueous suspension with an HCp concentration of 200 mg L−1. The transformation products (TPs) of clothianidin formed in the photolytic degradation processes were identified using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with accurate high-resolution mass spectrometry technique (UHPLC-LTQ-ORBITRAP). The formation profiles of TPs varied according to the matrix showing different degrees of participation of direct and indirect (photosensitized) phototransformation pathways. Photolytic degradation of clothianidin takes place mainly through denitration, hydroxylation and dechlorination pathways. Finally, the toxicity of the identified TPs was studied using the Vibrio fischeri bioassay. Toxicity was slightly reduced after 300 min of irradiation while maximum value was observed after 180–240 min of irradiation showing the formation of more toxic TPs along the photochemical degradation.

Fluid transitions – “weak” constellations of participation in the process of leaving care

This conceptual article describes how, in terms of organization theories, shifts in the chronological transition to adulthood produce “weak” constellations of participation during the process of leaving care. In contrast, the professional discourse on participation is dominated by concepts that ultimately call for “strong” constellations as a means of enabling participation. In that discourse, participation is seen as being governed by the organizational structure of the child and youth care services, which, for example, determine the chronology of the steps taken by care leavers (e.g., moving out of their residential home or the foster family) and thus also affect their opportunities for participation. Altogether, chrononormativities are seen to play a prominent guiding role. Research into participation relating to child and youth care generally pays little attention to emerging adulthood: the professional debate mainly relates to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), which focuses on the age of majority as its biographical milestone. For this reason, this article will start out by summarising the research on participation during the process of leaving care. Three analyses of contemporary society taken from youth studies will then be used to describe the chronological arrangements young people currently experience during this transition. First, we will examine the dynamics influencing young people’s biographies during emerging adulthood in some countries and affecting their opportunities for participation. Second, we will focus on the varied range of life circumstances, coping situations and social disadvantages facing care leavers. Third, we will study how the “beyond Covid” situation is affecting care leavers. Finally, we will argue that in view of these unclear chronological transitional constellations during the process of leaving care, it would be fruitful for research on participation to examine “weak” constellations of as a means of identifying and analysing different signals through which people make their voices heard. This understanding of participation against the background of leaving care will make it possible to recognise not just “strong”, activating forms of participation, but also different degrees of participation and ways in which it is expressed.

"Som erfarenhetsforskare, då är man med och bestämmer i forskningsprojektet"

'As a community researcher, you get to make decisions in the research project’ – an autoethnographic study about a joint research processIn a participatory action research project, we emphasize experiences of collaboration between academic and community researchers by applying analytical autoethnography. The aim of the article is to describe the research process which involves both individual and collaborative processes, and to analyze challenges in relation to participation in the ongoing research process. We identified four themes: Start-up and initial challenges, Conditions and structural prerequisites for collaboration, Joint development of work methods and Power and role distribution. Our findings are presented in two separate analyses; a collaborative inductive analysis and an academic led theoretical analysis in which Arnstein’s ladder of participation and Fricker’s concept of epistemic injustice are utilized in order to scrutinize challenges related to different degrees of participation in the research process. The results demonstrate that shared hermeneutic resources are necessary for the mitigation of epistemic injustice and enablement of mutual learning processes, such as collective writing processes. The results also indicate that a full participation for community researchers in the entire research process was difficult to achieve, both in relation to structural resources such as allocated time, and in relation to perceptions of meaning- making aspects, for example, individual interests and contributionsin terms of knowledge.

A Decision Support System for Improving the Inconsistency in AHP

This paper presents a DSS aimed at helping decision makers reduce and improve their inconsistency in eliciting their judgements when using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The DSS is designed for revising the judgements of a pairwise comparison matrix when the row geometric mean (RGM) is used as the prioritisation procedure and the geometric consistency index (GCI) as the inconsistency measure. The procedure employed guarantees that both the judgements and the derived priority vector will be close to the initial values. The DSS allows different degrees of participation of the decision maker in the review/modification of the judgements: no participation (automatic mode); prior participation (semi-automatic mode); and ongoing participation (interactive mode). The DSS also includes options to incorporate other requirements of the decision maker, such as limiting the modified values to an interval or improving inconsistency by modifying the lowest number of judgements, among others.

Impact of gamification on mitigating behavioral biases of investors

We investigate whether gamification can help mitigate behavioral biases of investors by conducting a unique stock market experiment that is free from observer-expectancy and subject-expectancy effects. Utilizing the trading data of investors who simultaneously have active portfolios in an investment firm and stock market simulation game, we show that investors have different biases in real versus simulated settings. We find that participating in a stock market game affects all biases differently, with different degrees of participation to the game. While overconfidence bias and disposition effect can be mitigated and decrease with more active participation in the game, familiarity and status quo biases increase. We also show that young, inexperienced investors with average-sized portfolios and men are more likely to participate. These findings will especially be of interest to researchers, financial institutions and governmental bodies that plan to conduct similar experiments and design services promoting better financial decision-making and investment behavior.

The Deceased Child and his Configuration as Little Angel. Northern Argentina and Southern Paraguay

We present the results of the research on deceased children and their configuration as little angel (delimiting cases to spontaneous or natural abortions, children who died before delivery or shortly after birth) among the population of the Catholic faith, in the North of the Argentine Republic and the South of Paraguay. The ethnographic method, in-depth interviews and observations with different degrees of participation have been prioritized; the field work has been carried out between 2010 and 2018. We focus on the analysis on the ways of understanding, explaining and experiencing the death of the cases mentioned. We realize a particular way of constructing death in close connection to the emic category of little angel. In the types of death indicated, the post-mortem destiny will be the Third Heaven. The little angel will be given a special space in the universe of the dead. Being protector of the living, he is empowered to make the mediation relationships between the human and the sacred; namely: between men and God.

Strategy use in collaborative academic reading: Understanding how undergraduate students co-construct comprehension of academic texts

While research has indicated that college students may benefit from collaboratively reading academic texts, little is known about how they co-construct comprehension through text-based discussions. This case study focused on two groups of undergraduate students with different degrees of participation in discussions – one active group and one silent group – in a course on English for academic purposes (EAP) at a Chinese university. Drawing upon classroom observation and semi-structured interviews, the study investigated the spontaneous use of reading strategies in 10 post-reading group discussions and probed into the key processes for comprehension building shared by the two groups. The findings suggest that the students utilized a series of reading strategies and drew on the ideational and linguistic resources shared within the group to build comprehension. Three key processes for comprehension co-construction were found: (1) paraphrasing to contribute personal understanding, (2) elaborating to clarify meanings, and (3) summarizing to build consensus. Pedagogical implications concerning the instruction and task design for collaborative academic reading are discussed.

Going Beyond Hooked Participants: The Nibble-and-Drop Framework for Classifying Citizen Science Participation

Many citizen science (CS) programs aim to grow and sustain a pool of enthusiastic participants who consistently contribute their efforts to a specific scientific endeavor. Consequently, much research has explored CS participants’ motivations and their relationship to participant recruitment and retention. However, much of this research has focused on actively participating citizen scientists. If researchers want to elucidate the relationship between participant factors (such as demographics and motivations) and participant retention, it is necessary to develop a more comprehensive picture of the different degrees of participation in CS. This paper presents a framework for classifying participation throughout the participant’s engagement in a CS project/program. We suggest a CS participation model that captures the dynamic nature of participation across an arc of volunteering. Called the Nibble-and-Drop Framework, the model describes multiple exit points and stages of contribution typical of participation in a CS program. Applying the framework to the NASA GLOBE Observer (GO) CS program, we found that it captured the dynamics of participation in a global-scale, mobile, app-based, contributory-style CS project. The framework guided our analysis of how different participant factors correlate with degrees of participation. We found that participants were motivated to initially participate because they wanted to contribute to NASA research and science. Participants who dropped out of the program at various points often initially engaged through specific collection events and did not feel the need to continue contributing beyond the event; other drop-outs doubted whether their contributions were meaningful, showing again the need to ensure that participants understand the value of their engagement in a CS project.

Addressing SITU_ACCÃO: Case Study of an Artistic Intervention and Research into Public Spaces

This article explores the embodiment of the art historical avant-garde legacy through some of the artistic manifestations across the 20th century, in public spaces. At the same time, it discusses the incorporation of such historical background in contemporary collaborative research practices. It does so by addressing the case study of the collective Situ_Acção, a group of artists and researchers from different fields of arts and communication, whose activity is focused on intervention in the city, based on action and collaborative research and shared reflection on urban phenomena, associated with public arts.
 First, it will be described how Situ_Acção started a common ground for the inquiry: the legacy of urban murals in Lisbon. By investigating the Portuguese digital archives of urban murals of the 1970s and 1980s, Situ_Acção applied spatial artistic techniques to overcome the missing information regarding the places of intervention. In addition, the use of performance and on-site installation implements alternative approaches to communicate research to a wider audience. This exercise will allow different degrees of participation within the work of art in progress. The project Memory in the Walls (MOWS) will be described in the concluding chapter, in order to explore such degrees of interaction.

Is it true that young drama practitioners are more creative and have a higher emotional intelligence?

Drama studies can provide adolescents and young adults with learning opportunities that can help them to develop creative and socio-emotional skills. In interviews and discussion groups, when given the opportunity to talk about their experiences, young drama students explain the creative and emotional benefits they feel they have received from their participation in the arts. This research study investigates whether engagement, and particularly engagement over time, in drama is significant in stimulating creative and socio-emotionally intelligent behaviour in young people. It compares the creative and socio-emotional levels of adolescents and young adults who participate in drama studies routinely, to both those who have participated for two years or less and those who have no experience in this field. The research sample comprised 222 young people between the ages of 13 and 21. Findings analysed for this sample suggest that, those who have taken part in drama studies for two years or more develop higher levels of fluency, flexibility, originality and self-perceived creativity than those whose participation is less or nil. No significant differences in socio-emotional skills were noted in relation to different degrees of participation. The results are discussed in relation to the benefits that participation in drama activities can have for the development of skills during a key stage of life for young adults, replete with challenges.

Los organismos participativos para políticas públicas de la agricultura familiar, campesina e indígena

Family farming in Argentina has gone through a long process of institutionalization and constitution as a political actor. On August 15, 2014, through Resolution 571/2014 of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, the Council for Family, Peasant and Indigenous Farming was created. The recitals of said resolution mention the need to have a space within the ministry “of institutional articulation that groups together the management units and the Peasant, Indigenous and Family Farming Organizations of national scope”. Through a structured interview with the representatives of the family farming organizations, it will be sought to describe and understand what the perception that these people who make up the Council have about it as a participatory tool for making public policy decisions. Based on the answers provided, a contrast will be made between them, the different degrees of participation and the objectives that the normative that creates the Council and Law 27.118 on family, peasant and indigenous farming establish for it.

Vulnerables y empoderadas a la hora de parir. Análisis multidimensional de la vulnerabilidad en la atención obstétrica

OBJETIVO. Tomando en cuenta los dos sentidos clásicos de la vulnerabilidad en ciencias sociales —el antropológico y el social—, el propósito de este artículo es introducir la conceptualización butleriana de la vulnerabilidad —entendida como acto de poder y resistencia— como herramienta teórico-metodológica clave para entender y analizar las experiencias perinatales de las mujeres. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO. La tesis de referencia analizó diversas instancias de la atención médica del proceso perinatal en la ciudad de La Plata, con técnicas metodológicas complementarias: observaciones con distintos grados de participación en cursos de preparto y salas de espera; entrevistas en profundidad a mujeres-madres, varones-padres y profesionales de la salud; y un extenso corpus de charlas informales y presencias en el campo, entre 2013 y 2019. RESULTADOS. En el trabajo de reinterpretación del corpus de datos, se advirtieron tres sentidos principales en que emergió la vulnerabilidad de las mujeres asociadas a la atención obstétrica de sus procesos reproductivos: a) Vulnerabilidad frente a la decisión médica (pérdida de autonomía); b) Vulnerabilidad potenciada por otras vulnerabilidades asociadas; c) Vulnerabilidad y resistencia, empoderamiento. CONCLUSIONES. A partir del cruce entre una lente conceptual novedosa para entender la vulnerabilidad, analicé experiencias de partos de mujeres platenses. Advertí que en estas experiencias y teniendo en cuenta sus propias evaluaciones de atención en distintos ámbitos —público, privado o domicilio—es posible rastrear tres tipos de vulnerabilidad: a) a la decisión médica —pérdida de autonomía—; b) potenciada por otras vulnerabilidades; y, c) como catalizadora del empoderamiento.

Innovation-Driven or Challenge-Driven Participation in International Energy Innovation Networks? Empirical Evidence from the H2020 Programme

The European Union (EU) Framework Programmes represent the ideal platform for exchanging knowledge potentially leading to innovation outcomes, in addition to providing vital research funds for various types of organisations (firms, universities, agencies, etc.) The present paper aims to assess whether innovativeness (‘innovation-driven’ participation) or energy demand/vulnerability (‘challenge-driven’ participation) determine a different degree of participation in the context of the energy programme funded under Horizon 2020 (2014–2020 period). By combining social network analysis and econometrics, our empirical analysis clearly shows that the more innovative EU regions hold a central or key position, while the regions characterised by higher energy demand or vulnerability play a marginal role in the EU energy network. These findings are not dissimilar to what other scholars have observed in relation to different EU programmes and funding schemes. Based on this, we argue that EU policymakers and evaluators should aim at encouraging challenge-driven participation and, more generally, a more balanced participation through appropriate and specific policy actions.

Familiarity and distance in ethnographic fieldwork: field positions and relations in adult education

ABSTRACT Familiarity and distance is an issue that is much discussed in ethnographic fieldwork. This paper focuses on the topic of balancing familiarity and distance when the researcher is directly or indirectly part of the field, which in the study consists of an adult education context of two different teacher-training courses for upper secondary teachers. The fieldworker is also a teacher at one of the courses in the study, which is thus in a double sense framed by the challenge of an adult education study. The analysis is based on Bourdieu’s concept of participant objectification and Gold’s categorising of roles in ethnographic fieldwork. It illustrates how different contexts depending on the prior familiarity of the fieldworker provide access to different degrees of participation. The particular adult education context and fieldworker relations complicate the fieldwork relations and the act of balancing familiarity and distance.

Role of Dormant Buds in Crown Architecture in Coniferous and Deciduous Trees of the Temperate Zone

The goal of this study is to investigate the localization of dormant buds and the features of the structures arising from the buds in coniferous and deciduous trees in response to age-related changes and various growing conditions. The crown is analyzed using architectural models and the reiteration concept. It is found that the dormant buds in deciduous trees are usually at the bases of annual growth. The dormant buds in conifers are at the bases of annual growth, in the axils of bud scales, or along the entire length of the shoot in the axils of needles and in the shoot distal part. It is revealed that the terminal buds of short shoots can function as dormant buds. The natural aging of skeletal axes is an endogenous factor of the development of shoots from dormant buds in deciduous trees. In evergreen conifers, it is the plant’s response to needle aging. This leads to the induction of the growth of dormant buds and to the acropetal appearance of the buds on the mother axis in conifers. The reiterated complexes of deciduous trees form in response to the completion of the axis development cycle, which initiates dormant buds in the centripetal direction. The reiterated complexes of conifers look like bundles: such structures form due to the easy initiation of dormant buds, which leads to the formation of the shoots of other orders. The reiterated complexes of deciduous trees are characterized by prolonged growth, acrotonicic branching, and orthotropic growth direction. The crown of the old generative and senile deciduous trees consists almost entirely of reiterated complexes. It has been found that conifers have a different degree of participation of dormant buds in the crown formation, which can vary significantly within the same genus. The reiterated complexes of Picea abies (L.) Karst. replace small twigs. In some other species (for example, Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et E. Mey., Abies sibirica Ledeb., Pinussibirica Du Tour.), the reiterated complexes can also replace the skeletal branches extending from the trunk. No secondary crown is formed in Pinus sylvestris L.

Research on the Source Mechanism and Source Prevention and Control System of Deep Rock Burst

Deep rock burst accidents occur frequently and become increasingly serious. Further improving the effectiveness and accuracy of the prevention and control of rock burst, ensuring the safe and efficient production of mines, clarifying the basic causes of disasters, and refining the type of deep rock burst are the most important key links. Aiming at the problems such as unclear incentives and types and the lack of effective and targeted prevention measures of deep rock burst, taking Xin’an Mine as the research background, based on the energy theory, the coal and rock mass multisource energy unified equation was established to analyze coal and rock mass instability mechanism. According to the different degrees of participation of various factors, the types of deep rock burst are determined as three categories and four types, and the corresponding judgment criteria are proposed. The precise prevention and control system for the source of rock burst with Xin’an characteristics is proposed, successfully applied to the 8101 working face, which not only guarantees the safe production of the working face, but also achieves good economic benefits. The research results lay the foundation for improving the accuracy and precision of the prevention and control of deep rock burst and provide theoretical guidance for the safe and efficient mining of the mine.

German Women’s Life Writing and the Holocaust: Complicity and Gender in the Second World War by Elisabeth Krimmer

Reviewed by: German Women’s Life Writing and the Holocaust: Complicity and Gender in the Second World War by Elisabeth Krimmer Julia K. Gruber Elisabeth Krimmer. German Women’s Life Writing and the Holocaust: Complicity and Gender in the Second World War. Cambridge UP, 2018. 292 pp. Cloth, $74.97. In this insightful literary and historical study about female complicity, Elisabeth Krimmer, a veteran when it comes to writing about World War II and about women, analyzes largely unknown women authors’ memoirs, diaries, docunovels, and autofiction. According to Krimmer, repetitions, formulaic expressions, rigid structures, omissions, denial, inconsistencies, non sequiturs, and contradictions, which she locates in an impressive number of mostly noncanonical texts written by army auxiliaries, nurses, refugees who participated in the German flight west from the Russian army, rape victims, and Holocaust survivors make up “the grammar of complicity” (3). Apart from introducing this novel linguistic concept, Krimmer also provides carefully crafted close readings and shows not only what motivated the authors to become active supporters of the National Socialist regime but also what eventually estranged some of them from it, and how Jewish concentration camp survivors’ life writing, such [End Page 117] as Ruth Klüger’s autobiography Weiter leben: Eine Jugend (1992; Still Alive: A Holocaust Girlhood Remembered, 2001), offer “a powerful counterargument to the myth of German innocence” (225). Krimmer convincingly argues that World War II has traditionally been perceived as a male enterprise and that women’s different degrees of participation, as well as their suffering as rape victims and refugees, have been largely overlooked. On the one hand, Krimmer shows that— due to their gender— the behavior of a few, especially cruel female perpetrators, was considered more unnatural and therefore deserving of harsher verdicts than that of their male counterparts. On the other hand, due to the Nazis’ tendency to exclude women from leadership roles, women were more likely to take on the role of the bystander. Krimmer introduces an innovative perspective by pointing out a correlation between the relative lack of studies on bystanders and a corresponding lack of studies that focus on women’s participation and suffering in war and genocide. In the introduction she explores the relationship between gender and warfare, the concept of complicity, the roles of women in the National Socialist regime, and the genre of memoir. She touches on the topic of trauma and points out that instead of focusing on the much discussed “unspeakable experiences” of traumatized victims, we should realize that victims have not had difficulty giving words to their trauma, but rather it has been difficult for their audience to listen (16). The book consists of an introduction and a conclusion with five chapters in between. Every chapter also offers a conclusion, which is very helpful as Krimmer summarizes her main points before she transitions to the next chapter. One of the many noteworthy takeaways from the book is Krimmer’s discussion of representations of the “angels in white,” German army nurses and inmate nurses in concentration camps, in literary fiction. Krimmer’s analysis reveals that while army nurses had to learn to turn a blind eye to their war experiences, nurses who served in concentration camps had to “refocus their gaze and redefine the meaning of care” (19). In the conclusion, Krimmer mentions that while discussing with others her ideas about women’s complicity, she often encountered a reluctance to hold female bystanders accountable. Her study contributes to feminist theory by arguing that, by not recognizing how women actively supported the Nazi regime and by insisting instead on women’s status as victims during the war, the very feminism scholars seek to advocate is undermined (240). By adding her important study to the canon of literary [End Page 118] criticism of life writing by women on World War II and the Holocaust, Krimmer has done a superb job at linking collective memory and social solidarity. Elisabeth Krimmer shares that although her own parents had been too young to participate in World War II, she witnessed a form of “post-guilt” whenever she heard her father vocalize his justification and defense of Germany’s role in the war, while she observed that her mother remained...

Toward an international definition of citizen science

Public participation in scientific projects is flourishing globally as part of projects labeled “citizen science” (CS). Already, a number of professional networks for CS stakeholders have been founded, for example, the US-based Citizen Science Association, the European Citizen Science Association, and the Australian Citizen Science Association. As citizen science (CS) continues to grow, researchers and participants should move toward a shared understanding of what the practice is, what it is not, and what criteria CS projects must fulfill to ensure high-quality participatory research. Image credit: David Cutler (artist). But what exactly qualifies as CS? It is interpreted in various ways (1) and takes different forms with different degrees of participation (2). In fact, the label CS is currently assigned to research activities either by project principal investigators (PIs) themselves or by research funding agencies. Against this backdrop, critical observers of CS, such as Guerrini et al. (3), have drawn attention to important legal and ethical issues including intellectual property and scientific integrity. Similarly, Vayena and Tasioulas (4) note the importance of protecting the interests of research participants in biomedical participant-led research, and Buyx et al. (5) note the need for a solidarity-based practice of CS to fully exploit its potential, making “every participant a PI.” In light of the rapid growth of CS, present concerns, and calls for further improving the value of CS, we see several issues for policymakers, funding agencies, and citizens. Specifically, we believe that researchers and participants should move toward a shared understanding of what CS is, what it is not, and what criteria CS projects must fulfill to ensure high-quality participatory research (6). Establishing criteria will help ensure that CS projects are rigorous, help the field flourish, and where applicable encourage policymakers to take CS project data and results seriously. Politicians throughout Europe understand CS … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: florian.heigl{at}boku.ac.at. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

Context and Implications Document for: Theorising variation in engagement in professional and curriculum development: Performativity, capital, systems and purpose

Policymakers and school leaders seek to improve the quality of teaching through curriculum innovations and professional development programmes, increasingly drawing on evidence‐based approaches. For innovations involving teacher professional learning, a causal connection is posited between professional development activities, teacher engagement in them, changed practices and outcomes for learners. However, implementation and teachers’ engagement in professional development activity varies. Reasons for this include the influence of both the local and wider systemic environment in which the activity takes place and actors’ relationships to these environments. Currently, both environments and actors’ relationships are often shaped by performativity discourses and pressures. Typical implementation and process evaluation methodologies are limited by a focus on the easily measurable, often using tools that do not support fine‐grained understanding of how actors’ situations, purposes and systemic influences, and the interrelationships between these, mediate and shape different degrees of participation. Developing more in‐depth accounts are hindered by a relative lack of theorisation of context in relation to professional development. The paper uses a set of theoretical constructs to provide a stronger account of the variation and engagement in participation in such activity, with particular attention paid to the way school and teachers’ positioning within performativity systems influences participation. Constructs employed are teachers and schools’ positioning in terms of relative degrees of systemic privilege or disadvantage—understood as economic, cultural, social and symbolic capital—figured worlds and system coupling.

The Activation Mechanisms of Co-Housing Design

The interesting in organizing residential complex is the most important challenges facing the process of social, economic and environmental development issues, therefore, the work on solving design, planning and organizational problems is one of the most important issues currently under discussion, in view of the fact that the population should not only be targets for development but real participants, and not to isolate community participation, waiting for the right moment for its development, or to put it in its proper framework. This study deals with community participation in housing design from the conceptual and applied aspects and analysis of the interaction between the community and the different degrees of participation. The analysis included studies dealing with participatory design for a variety of purposes, to build a knowledge base and to develop mechanisms that can be used when undertaking housing projects, the general approch of the research is to study the concept of participatory design in the cognitive aspects and explore its privacy in the buildings of residential complexes, the research problem identified as a knowledge gap about the concept of participatory design in the design and planning of residential complexes, the research assumes that the level of usre self-selection determines the participatory space pattern and the mechanism used in the co-design, the research found that there is a multiplicity of concepts of co-housing design and therefore multiple mechanisms of dealing with residential participatory space. It is sometimes takeing the concept of (Collarborative Housing); its mechanism of residential participatory space design is (mixed uses) space to create interaction and partnership between the residents of the complex. And sometimes the concept of (Collective Housing), (which adopts the space saving mechanism for some semi-private residential activities such as food places, living space, children's play space, etc., will be removed from the apartments to be shared with residents of the complex as public spaces participatory, in return for the provision of other residential spaces (Save and Share)). The level of high user self-selection at the design stage has determined the preference collarborative space pattren in residential complexes within the local environment. .