Different Concentrations Of Propolis Research Articles

PVA/gelatin hydrogel loaded with propolis for the treatment of myocardial infarction

Recently, propolis has shown potential cardioprotective effects against myocardial infarction. However, challenges in its clinical application have arisen, primarily due to concerns regarding dosage and potential adverse effects. To address this, we suggest integrating propolis into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/gelatin hydrogel to regulate the localized release of propolis at infarcted sites. PVA/gelatin hydrogels with varying propolis concentrations (3%, 7%, and 10%) were fabricated using a freeze–thawing method, and we characterized their microstructure, mechanical properties, and swelling behavior. Additionally, we examined propolis release profiles and assessed the cytotoxicity of the hydrogels. The presence of propolis in the PVA/gelatin hydrogel interfered with PVA and gelatin chains through intermolecular hydrogen bonding, consequently restricting chain movement and enhancing mechanical strength with increasing propolis concentration. The swelling ratio decreased by at least 40% upon the addition of propolis to the PVA/gelatin hydrogel. The PVA/gelatin hydrogels with different concentrations of propolis exhibited sustained release of propolis characterized by a burst release in the initial hour followed by release at a constant rate up to 120 minutes, 240 minutes, and over 360 minutes for 3%, 7%, and 10% propolis, respectively. Moreover, the cytotoxicity test of the hydrogels’ degradation products against HEK 293 cells revealed cell viability within the range of 80–90%, indicating that the hydrogels were non-toxic and safe for cell growth. The incorporation of propolis into PVA/gelatin hydrogels not only allows for controlled localized release but also presents a promising therapeutic approach for myocardial infarction.

Antioxidant And Anti-Mycotoxin Activities, And Cytotoxicity Properties In Vitro Of Propolis Extracts

Abstract: The present study aims to determine the antioxidant activity and cytotoxic activity of propolis and evaluate the anti-mycotoxin activity of different propolis extracts. The three extracts of propolis (ethyl acetate, ethanol (75%), and water) were subjected to testing of the antioxidant potential, and total phenolic and flavonoid contents. determination of the cytotoxicity activity by standard cell culture method against colon and liver and the ability of propolis extracts to control aflatoxin (AF) production. The results revealed that the highest value of antioxidant activities was found for propolis ethyl acetate extract with an average % inhibition of 63.42%. the highest amount of propolis's total phenolic and flavonoid contents using ethyl acetate extract were 149.5 µg gallic acid equivalent/mg extract and 218.1 µg quercetin equivalent/mg extract, respectively. The three propolis extracts affect liver and colon human cell cancer. Ethyl acetate extract of propolis showed the lowest IC50 with the highest anti-cancer activity on the liver cancer cell line. In comparison, water extract showed the lowest IC50 with the greatest anticancer activity on the colon cancer cell line (50 and 54 µg/ml, respectively). Using different concentrations of propolis to reduce AF levels led to the complete disappearance of AF production at 100, 200, and 400 mg/ml concentrations of Ethyl acetate extract against AF production. In conclusion, these obtained findings indicated that propolis extracts exhibited substantial antioxidant and anti-cancer activities.

Biochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial efficacy of the bee propolis extract (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) against Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection in BALB/c mice: In vitro and in vivo study

Abstract Background Antibiotic resistance to Staphylococcal infections has prompted the pharmaceutical and scientific community to consider alternate treatments. Propolis is a natural substance produced by honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apis mellifera) from the exudates of different plants. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Pakistani bee propolis (PBP) against Staphylococcus aureus in both in vitro and in vivo modeling. Methods The propolis sample was collected from the Kohat district and dried in the dark until processing. The antibacterial activity of the propolis extract was examined using the agar well diffusion method. The S. aureus culture was incubated on Mueller–Hinton agar media. Five different concentrations of propolis, 100, 200, 350, 500, and 650 μg/ml, were used. Gentamicin disc was used as a positive control. For in vivo assay, BALB/c mice with an average weight of 30 g were purchased. Bacteria were inoculated into mice by the tape stripping technique. After abscess formation, mice were treated with propolis extract. Results The mean zone of inhibition and standard deviation for each concentration were 17 ± 0.816 at 650 μg/ml, 14.6 ± 0.471 at 500 μg/ml, 12 ± 1.41 at 300 μg/ml, 9.6 ± 0.942 at 200 μg/ml, and 2.3 ± 0.471 at 100 μg/ml of the propolis extract against S. aureus. It was observed that by increasing the concentration of the propolis extract, the antibacterial and antioxidant activities also increased. The extracts showed less antibacterial potential compared to gentamicin. The abscess size was also decreased in mice groups treated with the propolis extract topically and orally in comparison with the untreated mice group. Conclusions To the author’s best knowledge, this study is the first attempt to demonstrate that an ethanolic PBP extract has antibacterial potential against S. aureus-induced infections.

Characteristics of propolis encapsulated with gelatin and sodium alginate by complex coacervation method

ABSTRACT Propolis is a sticky resin from bees and contains reasonable amounts of bioactive compounds that benefit the human body. Despite the benefits that propolis has to offer, propolis also has a bitter taste and pungent aroma. These characteristics of propolis could be controlled by a microencapsulation process with a complex coacervation method using gelatine and sodium alginate as coating material. The amount of propolis added was also varied in F1 (5 ml), F2 (10 ml), and F3 (15 ml). This study aimed to determine the effect of different concentrations of propolis on the physicochemical characteristic of propolis microcapsule. The results showed that increasing the addition of propolis concentration could also increase yield, total phenolic content, hygroscopicity, and solubility. Meanwhile, the increase in propolis concentration showed a decrease in encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, water activity, and dissolution time. Propolis microcapsules have a round morphology and several hollows on the surface. The best treatment was seen in F1, which obtained microcapsules of propolis with an encapsulation efficiency of 91.86%, and F3 which obtained microcapsules with high spraydried yield and solubility, fast dissolution time, and low value of moisture content, water activity, and hygroscopicity.

Antimicrobial Activity of Propolis against Streptococcus mutans Compare with Chlorhexidine

Introduction: Propolis is a compound produced by bee’s which exerts antibacterial action against oral microorganisms especially streptococcus mutans. Propolis has different concentrations which exhibit different properties like antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antioxidant.
 Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial activity of propolis was first demonstrated through disk diffusion method and broth dilution method. In the disk diffusion method, 5 grams of propolis was diluted with 50ml of ethanol in an eppendorf tube. Different concentrations of propolis (ie) 50mm, 40mm, 30mm were added to sterile discs using a micropipette and were exposed to the bacteria and the results were observed. In the broth dilution method, different concentrations of propolis 1g, 1.25g, 1.5g were taken and dissolved in ethanol. Then 5ml of sterile distilled water was added to the propolis solution. The above solution was autoclaved for 1 and half hours. It was then exposed to the bacteria for half an hour and results were observed.
 Results: This study was conducted to assess the antimicrobial activity of propolis against Streptococcus mutans in comparison with 0.2% chlorhexidine. When microorganisms were exposed to propolis for 24 hours, it affected the bacterial viability. There was a complete elimination of bacteria with propolis. Antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine was evaluated and a similar result was obtained. Thus when we compare the antimicrobial activity of propolis and chlorhexidine there was no significant difference with a p value of 0.01 which is statistically significant.
 Conclusion: This study showed a positive inhibitory influence of propolis with respect to the Streptococcus mutans.

The Potential of Optimized Liposomes in Enhancement of Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis of Encapsulated Egyptian Propolis on Hep-2 Cell Line.

Purpose: Development of pharmaceutical dosage forms of natural products has gained great interest recently. Propolis is a natural product with various active compounds and multiple pharmacological activities. Its resinous nature and low bioavailability were obstacles in the optimum use of this magnificent natural product. Aim: This study evaluates the effect of using liposomes as a drug delivery system on the enhancement of the cytotoxic effect of propolis on squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (Hep-2) of head and neck. Methods: An optimized liposomal formulation of propolis was prepared using the conventional thin film hydration method 1, 2. The prepared (Hep-2) cell line was treated with different concentrations of propolis and optimized propolis liposomes for 24 h. The effect of both propolis and propolis liposomes on cell line was investigated using MTT assay, cytological examination, and nuclear morphometric analysis. The effect of the drugs on the cell apoptosis was evaluated using Annexin V. Results: The findings revealed that both propolis and propolis liposomes have a cytotoxic effect on Hep-2 cell line through induction of apoptosis. The effect was dose dependent. However, a statistically significant enhancement in propolis-mediated apoptosis on Hep-2 cells was elucidated due to encapsulation within the prepared liposomes. Conclusion: Liposome is a powerful tool for enhancing the cytotoxicity of propolis against Hep-2 cell line.

Brazilian green propolis doesn't have a beneficial effect on the cryopreservation of domestic cat epididymal spermatozoa

This study evaluated the effect of different concentrations of Brazilian green propolis on the cryopreservation of epididymal sperm from domestic cats. Spermatozoa were collected from cauda epididymis by slicing technique in a TRIS extender, preheated to 37ºC. Then, the sperm were evaluated and divided randomly between the control group (without adding propolis in the extender) and the treatment groups (adding different concentrations of propolis extract in the extender): P1 (0.1 mg/mL), P2 (0.3 mg/mL) e P3 (0.6 mg/mL). Subsequently, sperm were cryopreserved. The evaluated parameters were sperm kinetics by the Computer Assisted Semen Analysis, vigor, viability, membrane functionality, chromatin condensation and morphology. The parameters were measured before and after cryopreservation. Propolis didn’t show toxicity to the sperm in any concentrations, with no changes observed in the motility pattern. There was no significant influence of propolis on motility, vigor, percentage of viable spermatozoa, chromatin quality and other kinetic parameters in the cryopreserved samples. In sperm morphology, it was demonstrated a reduction in the percentage of normal cells in P1 and P2 groups in relation to the fresh sample, control and P3 group. In addition, an interesting effect from the propolis groups was observed on possible growth inhibition of microorganisms in the contaminated samples. Propolis didn’t provide superiority to the sperm parameters evaluated after thawing, except for the values of plasma membrane functionality, which were better. The propolis is an interesting component to be incorporated in the cryoprotectant medium due to its non-toxicity and the potential inhibition of microbial growth.

Chemical and Organoleptic Properties of Some Dairy Products Supplemented with Various Concentration of Propolis: A Preliminary Study

This study was conducted to evaluate the chemical and organoleptic properties of some dairy products supplemented with different concentrations of propolis (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%). There was no significant difference between pH values of the treated and control groups. All samples were tested using 20 evaluators divided in five categories. Compared to the control, the best organoleptic test results were obtained for market milk, yoghurt, and Kefir supplemented with 0.5% propolis. Statistical difference was observed in the taste, flavor, color, texture, and overall acceptability of market milk, yoghurt, and Kefir between the treated and control groups (p<0.05). However, as propolis has a strong aromatic flavor, it should be supplemented in small amounts, so as not to affect the organoleptic properties of the product. In conclusion, this study provides useful information for the development of functional dairy products using propolis.

Study of antimicrobial and physicochemical properties of LDPE/propolis extruded films

In this study, blended films of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and different concentrations of propolis (5, 10, 15, and 20% w/w) were prepared by the extrusion method, and their antimicrobial and mechanical properties were investigated. Antimicrobial effects of the LDPE/propolis blended films were studied against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. The results indicated the inhibitory effects of these films against A. niger and S. cerevisiae, especially at propolis concentrations ≥ 15% w/w. The mechanical properties of the films such as tensile strength and elongation at break decreased with the addition of propolis, with the change in tensile strength being statistically significantly with respect to the control film (0% propolis). Incorporation of propolis into the LDPE films caused increased water vapor permeability and oxygen transmission rate (OTR) values compared with the control film. However, significant changes were only observed in the OTR values of the blended films containing 15 and 20% w/w propolis. Fourier transform infrared spectra, as well as thermal analysis data from thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, revealed that the addition of propolis (5–20% w/w) to the LDPE polymer matrix did not cause significant changes in chemical structure and certain mechanical properties. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the morphological structures of the LDPE/propolis films were swollen and had island-like forms in comparison with the control, and this property progressed with rising propolis concentrations. These observations demonstrated the lack of strong interactions between LDPE and propolis.

Effect of Propolis on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation

Objective: To evaluate the susceptibility of S. mutans during growth as a biofilm in the presence of different concentrations of propolis. Material and Methods: Three different concentrations of ethanolic extract of propolis (10%, 5%, and 2.5 %) w ere used to evaluate i ts potential to attenuate the biofilm formation of S. mutans (ATCC 25175) on microplates. A crystal violet staining method was performed to measure the optical density (OD) of the biofilm biomass after 3 h and 18 h time periods. All the experiments were performed in triplicate, and the obtained data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. A two-tailed Student’s t-test was used to determine the different abilities of biofilm formation between the treated and control groups of the bacteria film in the presence of propolis. A p-value of 0.05) to those of the control ( S. mutans grown in tryptic soy broth + 1% sucrose ) . Conclusion: A ll the tested concentrations of propolis added to the growth medium did not inhibit the biofilm formation of S. mutans . Since biofilms consist of bacterial cells and extracellular matrices , we hypothesize that the extracellular matrix may have interfered with the antimicrobial properties of the tested propolis.

Human periodontal fibroblasts viability stored in Custodiol® , coconut water, and propolis. An ex vivo study.

Successful replantation of an avulsed tooth depends on the regeneration of periodontal ligament (PDL) attachment which is affected by the transport medium, dry time, and storage time. Various storage media have been studied but the search for the optimum storage medium is still needed to determine the ideal material and storage time to maintain PDL cells. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of Custodiol® , coconut water (CW) from different stages of maturity, and propolis as storage media for avulsed teeth by evaluating the viability of PDL cells for different time intervals. PDL cultures were subjected to Cutodiol® , immature, half mature, and mature coconut water, and different concentrations of propolis in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM). Culture plates with the tested media were incubated for 1, 2, 6, 24, 48, 72, and 168hour. PDL fibroblast cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. CW showed significantly higher viability of cells than other groups at 6hour with half mature CW being superior. Propolis at 6.25mg/mL in DMEM resulted in 138% viable PDL and it was able to preserve PDL cells for up to 168hour. Half mature and mature CW are superior storage media if replantation of avulsed teeth is within 6hour. Propolis in DMEM could be a potential storage media for prolonged storage intervals up to 48hour.

Evidence for Anti-Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd) Activity of Propolis.

White-nose syndrome (WNS) in bats, caused by Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), is a cutaneous infection that has devastated North American bat populations since 2007. At present, there is no effective method for controlling this disease. Here, we evaluated the effect of propolis against Pd in vitro. Using Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) medium, approximately 1.7 × 107 conidia spores of the Pd strain M3906-2/mL were spread on each plate and grown to form a consistent lawn. A Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion assay was employed using different concentrations of propolis (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%), in plates incubated at 8 °C and 15 °C. At 8 °C and 15 °C, as the concentration of propolis increased, there was an increasing zone of inhibition (ZOI), reaching the highest degree at 10% and 25% concentrations, respectively. A germule suppression assay showed a similar effect on Pd conidia germination. A MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of propolis revealed multiple constituents with a potential anti-Pd activity, including cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, and dihydrochalcones, which could be further tested for their individual effects. Our study suggests that propolis or its individual constituents might be suitable products against Pd.

Utilization of Propolis Extract as A Natural Preservative in Raw Milk

Natural antimicrobials have been considered of more importance due to their increase concerns among chemical preservatives among consumers. The effect on the quality of raw milk sample by different concentrations of propolis (5, 10 and20%) in water extract (WEP), stored at 30°C and 5±1°C was evaluated. pH value, titratable acidity and microbiological examination were detected. The addition of 2% water extract of propolis (20% extract) to raw milk resulted in acceptability of the milk up to 12 and 48 hours at 30 and5±1oC, respectively. Total bacterial count, coliform, molds and yeasts gradually decreased with the addition of more concentration of water extract of propolis (5, 10 and20%), compared with the control. The effect of 1,2 and 3% of water extract of propolis on the characteristics of yoghurt during storage(14 day) at 5±1°C were studied. Titratable acidity of T1 and T2 treatments increased, compared with the control. T3(3% water extract of propolis) resulted in the highest value of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and antioxidant activity .Sensory evaluation revealed that yoghurt samples fortified with 1 and 2% of water extract of propolis resulted in the best treatments until the end of storage period.

Antiviral Activity of Hatay Propolis Against Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2.

BackgroundPropolis is a bee product widely used in folk medicine and possessing many pharmacological properties. In this study we aimed to investigate: i) the antiviral activities of Hatay propolis samples against HSV-1 and HSV-2 in HEp-2 cell line, and ii) the presence of the synergistic effects of propolis with acyclovir against these viruses.Material/MethodsAll experiments were carried out in HEp-2 cell cultures. Proliferation assays were performed in 24-well flat bottom microplates. We inoculated 1×105 cells per ml and RPMI 1640 medium with 10% fetal calf serum into each well. Studies to determine cytotoxic effect were performed. To investigate the presence of antiviral activity of propolis samples, different concentrations of propolis (3200, 1600, 800, 400, 200, 100, 75, 50, and 25 μg/mL) were added into the culture medium. The amplifications of HSV-1 and HSV-2 DNA were performed by real-time PCR method. Acyclovir (Sigma, USA) was chosen as a positive control. Cell morphology was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).ResultsThe replication of HSV-1 and HSV-2 was significantly suppressed in the presence of 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL of Hatay propolis. We found that propolis began to inhibit HSV-1 replication after 24 h of incubation and propolis activity against HSV-2 was found to start at 48 h following incubation. The activity of propolis against both HSV-1 and HSV-2 was confirmed by a significant decrease in the number of viral copies.ConclusionsWe determined that Hatay propolis samples have important antiviral effects compared with acyclovir. In particular, the synergy produced by antiviral activity of propolis and acyclovir combined had a stronger effect against HSV-1 and HSV-2 than acyclovir alone.

Studies on the effect of ethanolic extract of propolis in BALB/c mice

Propolis is widely used since ages for the treatment of various ailments. Present study focussed on the toxicity profile of ethanolic extract of propolis on BALB/c mice. The effect of different concentrations of propolis (300, 500, 1000 mg/kg body weight) was analysed by studying the biochemical, haematological and histological changes in mice for 28 days. No significant difference in various parameters were observed in groups of mice treated with propolis and the normal control (p&gt;0.05). Histological findings on liver, spleen, kidney and brain revealed normal architecture. The ethanolic extract of propolis did not produce significant toxic effect in mice and hence can be utilized for nutraceuticals formulations.

31: The effects of Brazilian propolis on NF-κB transcription factor activation and LPS-induced cytokine production by human dendritic cells

Introduction Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) and play an essential role in the initiation and modulation of immune responses. DC may generate either immunity or tolerance by expressing costimulatory molecules and producing pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines. Propolis is a resinous product made by honeybees from various plant parts, and has attracted the attention of researchers because of its biological properties, highlighting its immunomodulatory effects. Aims this work aimed to investigate propolis effects in vitro, evaluating cell viability, the activation of NF- κ B transcription factor and TNF- α , IL-6 and IL-10 production by human DC. Methods: Human monocytes were obtained from healthy donors and incubated with IL-4 and GM-CSF for 7 days for DC differentiation. Then DC were incubated with different concentrations of propolis (5, 10, 20, 40 μg/mL) and LPS (10 μg/mL) for 24 h. A possible cytotoxicity was assessed by the MTT assay, and NF- κ B and LPS-induced cytokine production were determined by ELISA. Significant differences were determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Dunnett’s test ( p Results Data showed that cell viability was not affected after DC incubation with propolis and LPS. Propolis maintained the LPS-induced activation of NF- κ B transcription factor, and the production of TNF- α and IL-6 by DC, whereas propolis at low concentrations increased IL-10 release. Conclusions One may conclude that propolis displayed an immunomodulatory profile in human DC.

The effects of propolis on gill, liver, muscle tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to various concentrations of cypermethrin

The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of propolis for the toxicity of cypermethrin (CYP) on histopathological changes in tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). CYP is one of the most toxic pyrethroids highly for the aquatic organisms. The fish were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of CYP (0.0041, 0.0082 and 0.0123 ppm). In addition, different concentrations of propolis (10, 20 and 30 ppm) were used in the investigation for the period of 96 h. Propolis was collected by honeybees from different plants to prevent oxidative damages as an antioxidant. The therapeutic concentration of propolis was determined at 10 ppm. 10 ppm propolis was added to three cypermethrin concentrations. Shorting the secondary lamellae , fusion of secondary lamellae, oedema, necrosis, vacuolization and cartilage damage in gill tissue of fish exposed to CYP were observed by histopatological analyses. Hepatic lesions in liver tissue of fish exposed to CYP were characterized as hydropic degeneration, necrosis, mononuclear cell infiltration and narrowing of sinusoids. The most common changes in muscle tissues at all concentrations of CYP were nuclear proliferation and congestion. Besides, 10 ppm propolis on gill, liver, muscle tissues of rainbow trouts showed significant therapeutic effects. Histological analysis revealed that propolis may serve as an antitoxic agent against pesticide toxicity.

Effect of feeding phenolic compounds from propolis extracts to dairy cows on milk production, milk fatty acid composition, and the antioxidant capacity of milk

Four ruminally cannulated primiparous lactating cows were used in a 4×4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate the effects of propolis-based products (PBP; obtained under different concentrations of propolis and levels of alcohol) on milk production, milk fatty acid (FA) composition, and the antioxidant capacity of milk. The total mixed ration consisted of 591.9g/kg of corn silage and 408.1g/kg of concentrate [dry matter (DM) basis], and treatments differed with regard to the inclusion or exclusion of PBP as follows: control (CON; excipient without phenolic compounds from the propolis extract), PBP1–PBP3 (3.81, 3.27 and 1.93mg of phenolic compounds/kg of ingested DM, respectively). Adding propolis to the diets had no effects on DM intake, milk production, feed conversion efficiency, milk solid concentrations, or somatic cell score. Milk FA composition was changed by the addition of PBP. The content of cis9,trans11-18:2 (CLA isomer) was 50.8% higher in the PBP2 than in the CON (P<0.001). The PBP3 increased monounsaturated FA (MUFA) and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) contents and reduced (P=0.029) the proportion of saturated FA (SFA). Further, the addition of PBP reduced (P<0.001) the n6:n3 ratio in milk fat when compared with that in the CON. The antioxidant capacity of milk increased (P<0.001) with the addition of phenolic compounds from PBP in the diet. Propolis improves milk quality when added to the diet of dairy cows, but different amounts of phenolic compounds can influence the beneficial effects of PBP on dairy milk.

Effects of phenolic compounds in propolis on digestive and ruminal parameters in dairy cows

Four rumen-cannulated primiparous lactating cows were studied in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate the effects of propolis-based products (PBP) with different concentrations of propolis and alcohol levels on total digestibility, (TD), ruminal digestibility (RD), intestinal digestibility (ID), pH, ruminal ammonia-nitrogen production (NH3-N), rumen microbial synthesis, and blood parameters. The feed consisted of 591.9 g/kg corn silage and 408.1 g/kg concentrate (dry matter [DM] basis), and treatments differed with regard to the inclusion (via ruminal cannula) or exclusion of PBP as follows: control (without the PBP), PBP B1 (3.81 mg of phenolic compounds/kg of ingested DM), PBP C1 (3.27 mg of phenolic compounds/kg of ingested DM), and PBP C3 (1.93 mg of phenolic compounds/kg of ingested DM). Inclusion of PBP reduced the RD of dietary crude protein (CP). Treatment PBP C1 reduced ruminal NH3-N production, while PBP B1 increased the ID of CP relative to that in the control. These findings indicate that propolis had a positive effect on rumen nitrogen metabolism. Rumen pH, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, and blood parameters were not affected by addition of PBP, but there were significant effects on the other parameters when the treatments containing propolis were contrasted. Higher TD of DM (0.717 vs. 0.685), OM (0.737 vs. 0.703), and CP (0.760 vs. 0.739), as well as higher NDF (0.622 vs. 0.558) and TDN (0.747 vs. 0.712) were observed when comparing PBP C1 with C3. Inclusion of propolis in diets for dairy cows have positive effects on protein metabolism in the rumen. Variation in the amounts of phenolic compounds in the different PBP may explain the diverse effects on the digestive parameters evaluated.

프로폴리스의 구강구취균에 대한 항균성

구강구취균 4종을 국내산 프로폴리스를 이용하여 프로폴리스의 농도, 열처리, pH의 변화를 통한 항균효과를 조사하였다. P. gingivalis KCTC 5352가 다소 프로폴리스에 저항적인 모습을 보였으나 그 외의 구강구취균에는 강한 항균활성을 나타내었다. 액체배지를 이용하여 프로폴리스의 농도를 조절하여 구강구치균의 민감도를 조사한 결과, 프로폴리스의 농도가 진할 수록 더 빠른 시간에 큰 활성을 보였으며 일반적으로 <TEX>$0.22mg/{\mu}L$</TEX> 농도의 프로폴리스를 첨가하였을 경우 4-6시간 안에 대부분의 균이 사멸하였다. TEM을 통해 프로폴리스가 균의 세포에 어떤 영향을 미치는가 살펴보았으며 프로폴리스를 첨가한 균의 세포막이 얇아지면서 붕괴되고 안의 내부물질이 유출되면서 세포가 분해됨을 확인하였다. <TEX>$0.56mg/{\mu}L$</TEX> 농도의 프로폴리스를 사용하여 열처리 후와 pH 조절 후의 프로폴리스의 항균활성을 시험한 결과 열에 안정하지 않고, pH가 높아질수록 활성이 약해지는 것으로 나타났다. Propolis is a resinous mixture found in the tree buds, sap flows, and other botanical sources, which is used by honey bees in the construction of their hives. Antimicrobial effects of propolis were evaluated against Streptococcus mutans KCTC 3065, S. sobrinus KCTC 3308, S. sobrinus KCTC 5134, and Porphyromonas gingivalis KCTC 5352 by an agar diffusion assay. Sensitivity of these microorganisms to propolis was evaluated in broth containing different concentrations of propolis at <TEX>$37^{\circ}C$</TEX>, followed by observation using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Propolis inhibited all oral microorganisms tested at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of <TEX>$0.14mg/{\mu}L$</TEX> in the agar diffusion assay. Treatment with 0.06 and <TEX>$0.22mg/{\mu}L$</TEX> of propolis had a bactericidal effect in a concentration- and treatment time-dependent manner against the tested microorganisms. TEM of propolis-treated S. mutans KCTC 3065 and P. gingivalis KCTC 5352 revealed structural damage of the cell membrane. The activity of propolis was affected by heat and pH treatment. The results indicate that propolis shows antibacterial activity against oral microorganisms and that it has potential for future applications in the food industry.