Different Concentrations Of Herbicide Research Articles

Toxicological assessment of bromoxynil and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide in combination on Cirrhinus mrigala using multiple biomarker approach

The widespread application of herbicides raises concerns about their impact on non-target aquatic organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of a commercially available herbicide formulation containing Bromoxynil+MCPA (2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid) on Cirrhinus mrigala (economically significant fish). A total of 210 juvenile fish were subjected to a triplicate experimental setup, with 70 fish allocated to each replicate, exposed to seven different concentrations of herbicide: 0 mg/L, 0.133 mg/L, 0.266 mg/L, 0.4 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, 0.66 mg/L, and 0.8 mg/L, respectively, for a duration of 96 h. The median lethal concentration (LC50) was determined to be 0.4 mg/L. Significant hematological alterations were observed, including decreases in RBC counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and lymphocyte counts, along with an increase in erythrocyte indices. Biochemical analysis revealed elevated levels of neutrophils, WBCs, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP, and glucose in treated groups. Morphological abnormalities in erythrocytes and histopathological changes in gills, liver, and kidneys were noted. Pathological alterations in gills, liver and kidneys including epithelial cell uplifting, lamellar fusion, hepatolysis, and renal tubule degeneration were observed. Oxidative stress biomarkers such as TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substance), ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species), and POD (Peroxides) activity increased, while antioxidant enzymatic activities decreased as toxicant doses increased from low to high concentrations. The study reveals that Bromoxynil+MCPA significantly disrupts physiological and hematobiochemical parameters in Cirrhinus mrigala, which highlights the substantial aquatic risks. In conclusion, the herbicide formulation induced significant alterations in various fish biomarkers, emphasizing their pivotal role in assessing the environmental impact of toxicity. This multi-biomarker approach offers valuable insights regarding the toxicological effects, thereby contributing substantially to the comprehensive evaluation of environmental hazards.

Assessment of herbicide phytotoxicity

In the Russian Federation, there is a trend towards increased use of pesticides. Irrational and scientifically unjustified use of herbicides aggravates the acute problem of their effects due to the long period of their elimination from ecosystem components. As a consequence, the growth and development of agricultural plants in the subsequent cultivation of chemically treated fields is reduced. The work shows changes in morphometric parameters of test plants (shoot and root length) under the influence of different concentrations of herbicides (“Puma Super 100”, “Secator Turbo”, “Velocity Power”). The test objects were: oats (Avena L.) ‘Sayan, radish (Raphanus sativus) ‘Heat’, rape (Brassica napus) ‘Reliable 92’. Preparations belonging to the chemical class of sulfonylureas showed the highest toxicity. Thus, “Secator Turbo” and “Velocity Power” were found to have a significant effect on the initial stages of seedling development of oat ‘Sayan’, rape ‘Reliable 92.

Effects of Glyphosate and Butachlor Herbicides Concentrations on Resident Culturable Bacterial Populations from Surface Water Sources in Makurdi: A Microcosm Study

The effect of different concentrations of herbicides on bacterial isolates from various surface water sources was undertaken. The research was aimed at the isolation, identification and characterization of bacteria from selected surface water sources, in order to ascertain the effects of varying concentrations of herbicides on resident bacterial populations. Samples were obtained from five different surface water sources and sediments in Makurdi, using sterilized plastic containers. The herbicides used were Butachlor and Glyphosphate ammonium salt with Rid-over’s trade name (500, 250, 125, 62.5 and 31.5 mg). Both herbicides were spiked in the volume of water samples to reflect the recommendation of the manufacturer). The bacteriological analysis of the samples prior to spiking with the herbicides indicated that, Afuko stream had the highest total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) count of 4.55x107cfu/mL; River Benue 3.45x107cfu / mL; Akighir stream 3.0x107cfu / mL; whereas Mu river and Jamu stream had the lowest total heterotrophic bacteria count of 2.36x107cfu / mL and 2.31x107cfu/mL respectively. The isolates from the water sources in the order of highest percentage occurrences included; Escherichia coli 24(21.7%); Bacillus sp 22(21.2%); Salmonella sp 20(17.6%); Pseudomonas sp 17(15.0%); Proteus sp 16(14.1%) and Staphylococcus aureus 14 (12.3%) before spiking with the herbicides. The number of bacteria colonies increased as the days increased after spiking at different concentrations of the herbicides though colony counts were higher at lower concentrations than higher concentrations. The bacteria isolates have shown resistance to herbicides, which implies biogenic elements for their physiological processes.

Physiological and biochemical effects of 2.4-D herbicide in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties

In this work were investigated the physiological and biochemical responses depended on toxic effect caused by different concentrations of herbicides called as 2.4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.4-D) herbicide in the seedlings that belong to three wheat varieties. The seeds which belong to wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Bayraktar cv., İkizce cv. and Tosunbey cv.) were used as plant material. 15-day old seedlings for each wheat variety were divided into 4 groups consisting of the same number of seedlings and four variety doses of herbicide (0, 100 µM, 300 µM ve 1000 µM) were applied for them. In these applications for seedlings was preferred hydroponic surrounding to root. Although three varieties increased the growth of root and shoot elongation from the growth parameters of the seedlings, it leaded to a decrease in growth parameters in general in this herbicide. Although 2.4-D in the leaves caused an increase in 100 μM dose for only the Bayraktar in amount of chlorophyll a+b. In ones except these, there has always been a decreased. The amount of carotenoid resulted in the reduction of three varieties. Amount of MDA increased in all three varieties. Glutathione (GSH) / oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratios in leaves increased in three varieties. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the leaves increased at the Bayraktar and decreased in the İkizce and the Tosunbey. Catalase (CAT) activity showed to a decrease in three varieties. As a result, it was determined that the 2.4-D, which was toxic for wheat plants even in very low concentrations.

Evaluation of herbicide alachlor for weed dynamics, growth and yield of maize NAC-6002 (Zea mays L.)

A field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with triplicates to evaluate the effects of herbicide alachlor on weed, growth and yield parameters of maize. The seeds were subjected to preliminary germination study and the selected concentrations were applied (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 ppm) followed by seed sowing and the treatments were compared with control. The maximum weed growth was recorded in the experimental site without herbicide treatment. At higher concentrations of the herbicide treatment the maize plants showed different types of morphological changes like improper leaf curling, malformation of leaf, stunted growth. The total weed dry weight showed considerable difference in all the concentrations treatments and least fresh weight was observed in weed free check (1.9 g) plot and the dry weight of weeds was also significantly different in different concentrations of herbicide. The weed control efficiency was increased as the concentrations of the herbicide increased and the maximum and minimum WCE (97.67% and 28.97%) was recorded in 10.0 and 1.0 ppm respectively. The weed index also found to be significantly increased from 6.87 to 91.7% as the herbicide concentrations increased from 1.0 to 10.0 ppm respectively. The yield associated parameters like height of the plants, number of leaves and cobs, length of cobs, weight of cob and grains weight were found to be significantly different under different concentrations of herbicide treatment.

Computational and experimental investigations on the interactions of aryloxy-phenoxy-propionate herbicides to estrogen receptor alpha in zebrafish.

When the amount of pesticide exceeds the self-purification ability of the environment, it will be enriched in the human body through the atmosphere, soil, water circulation, etc., threatening human health. Aryloxy-phenoxy-propionate (APP) herbicides are a class of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor herbicides, widely used in field-weeding of soybean, cabbage, peanut and other crops. However, due to the water circulation, surface runoff and the agronomic practices such as watering irrigation, APP herbicides have the risk of polluting water and destroying the living environment of aquatic organisms. In this paper, a multistep framework combining homology modeling, molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations were adopted to explore the interactions between APP herbicides and zebrafish estrogen receptor α (ERα) to investigate the estrogenic activities of the herbicides. The structure of zebrafish ERα was modeled by homology modeling, using the human's estrogen receptor α (PDB ID:2YJA) as the template. Then, eight typical APP herbicides were selected to dock with the zebrafish ERα, and it was determined that there were clear interactions between the herbicides and the receptor. The binding patterns of Quizalofop-P-ethyl (QPE), Clodinafop-propargyl (CP) and Haloxyfop-P (HP) with ERα were further investigated by molecular dynamics and binding free energy calculation. The results showed the van der Waals force and electrostatic force were the main driving forces for maintaining the stability of the complex system. In order to verify the theoretical prediction, an exposed experiment was conducted to study the effects of different concentrations of herbicides on VTG level of zebrafish in vivo and the results were consistent with the computational method. The results of this study revealed the mechanism of the action between APP herbicides and zebrafish estrogen receptors, and also provided ideas for optimizing the herbicides.

Controlled Release of TBH Herbicide Encapsulated on Ca-ALG Microparticles: Leaching and Phytointoxication Plants

ABSTRACT: The aim of this work was to demonstrate a detailed study of the controlled release of the herbicide Tebuthiuron (TBH) encapsulated in microparticles of calcium alginate (Ca-ALG), to evaluate the phytotoxicity in different concentrations of herbicide (4, 6 and 8 g L-1), and their correlation with the depth of leaching using bioindicator plants. The Ca-ALG microparticles were prepared from the crosslinking of sodium alginate by Ca++ containing varied amounts of TBH supplied in calcium chloride (CaCl2) aqueous solution. The results showed that TBH herbicide, when encapsulated, leached to shallow depths relative to the conventional, non-encapsulated herbicide (which moved to a depth of 40-50 cm). The concentration of 4 g L-1 was the one that leached most in the PVC columns, but its mobility did not exceed 30 cm of depth. The results of the dry mass corroborated with the phytotoxicity results of the bioindicator plants, evidencing the mobility of the conventional herbicide in the soil at depths around 40 and 50 cm, while the herbicide encapsulated in the Ca-ALG microparticles did not show leaching beyond 20 -30 cm deep. The encapsulation of TBH in Ca-ALG microparticles can thus be considered as a more eco-friendly technology, reducing the leaching process and consequently soil contamination.

Different responses of Echinochloa crus-galli and Echinochloa colona to Bisbyric-sodium (Nomineetm)

Echinochloa crus-galli and Echinochloa colona mostly grown as weeds in different economic crops and cause losses in their yield. Flooding and Crop rotation ca not suppress these weeds. Herbicides are widely applied to control barnyard grasses. Bisbyric-sodium was applied at FRD (Field Recommended Dose) on both species, the results of preliminary experiment indicated that E. crus-galli was susceptible to bispyribac-sodium but E. colona was resistance. The Confirmation experiment for E. colona resistance indicated that herbicide effect on the biomass of plants which caused reduction in fresh and dry weight. The photosynthetic pigments were affected by herbicide, which decreased by increasing the herbicide concentration. While anthocyanins content were increased to protect the leaves from the stress of photoinhibitory light fluxes by absorbing the excess photons. The soluble and insoluble sugar content was increased by increasing the concentration of herbicide. The transcript level of ALS in E. colona was modified by different concentrations of herbicide. The present study indicated that ALS expression level was responsive to herbicide treatment. This suggests that ALS is a target site of bispyric-sodium. But 50% FRD can be considered as sub-lethal dose which upregulated the expression of ALS by 4 folds.

Changes in intermediate metabolism and oxidative balance parameters in sexually matured three-barbeled catfishes exposed to herbicides from rice crops (Roundup®, Primoleo® and Facet®)

This study analyzed the effect of different concentrations of herbicides (Facet®, Primoleo®, and Roundup®) on metabolism and oxidative balance (superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, lipid peroxidation) in the gills, liver, kidneys, and tail muscle of adult catfish. All herbicides caused protein depletion in gills, increased glycogen and triacylglycerol consumption in the liver, and changes in muscle glycogen. Roundup® and Primoleo® stimulated lipid deposition in the liver, while Roundup® and Facet® stimulated lipid consumption in gills. In kidneys, protein content increased after Roundup® and Primoleo® exposure, glycogen increased after Facet®, and lipids increased after Roundup®. Primoleo® had the strongest effect on muscle, with changes in all metabolites. Regarding oxidative stress, the liver and kidneys were the organs most affected by exposure to herbicides, and catalase was the main enzyme involved in the detoxification of these herbicides. A hierarchy of toxicity was established for the tested chemicals: Facet® > Primoleo® > Roundup®.

Compatibility of biocontrol agents and N fixing organisms with post emergence pre-mix herbicide-bispyribac sodium + metamifop 14 % SE

he experiments were conducted in vitro in the Agricultural Microbiology laboratory at College of Agricul-ture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India to evaluate the compatibility of biocontrol agents Pseudomonas fluorescens and Tricoderma viride and N fixing organisms Azospirillum lipoferum and Azotobacter chroococcum to bispyribac sodium + metamifop 14 % SE, a new broad spectrum post emergence pre-mix herbicide mixture used for weed control in rice. The experiments were conducted in completely randomized block design with seven different concentrations of herbicide viz., 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200 and 220 ?L L-1 corresponding to field doses of 50, 60, 70, 80 90, 100 and 110 g ha-1 and a control (0 ?L L-1). All the tested concentrations of the herbicide mixture were highly compatible with P. fluorescens, A. lipoferum and A. chroococcum. The radial colony diameter of T. viride was significantly influenced by different concentrations of the herbicide. The field dose of bisspyribac sodium + met-amifop up to 90 g ha-1 (180 ?L L-1) is harmless to T. viride, since it recorded a growth inhibition of only 22.96 per cent but higher doses (100 and 110 g ha-1) which recorded a growth inhibition of 31.48 and 37.04 per cent respectively were slightly harmful to the antagonistic fungus. The compatibility results revealed the possibility of using bispyribac sodium + metamifop for weed control at recommended doses (70, 80 or 90 g ha-1) under bio intensive disease management programme involving P. fluorescens / T. viride and nutrient management programme involving A. liopferum / A chroococcum.

A rapid test for detection of tribenuron-methyl resistance in sunflower

A rapid laboratory test for detection of tribenuron-methyl resistant sunflower genotypes was developed. Four homozygous and four heterozygous tribenuron-methyl resistant hybrids, as well as a susceptible one were grown on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of herbicide (2.0 µM, 2.5 µM, 3.0 µM, 3.5 µM and 4.0 µM) and with pH either 7 or 8. The effect of medium pH and herbicide concentration on above-ground part and root mass of sunflower seedlings was observed. The test enabled visual discrimination between resistant and susceptible genotypes in 5 days, and discrimination between homozygous and heterozygous resistant genotypes in 12 days. All tested herbicide concentrations and morphological parameters were found to be suitable for discrimination of tribenuron-methyl susceptible genotypes. The best pH and herbicide concentration combination and morphological parameter for discrimination between homozygous and heterozygous resistant sunflower genotypes were 3.0 µM at pH 7 and root mass, respectively.

Cytological Effects of Herbicide Butachlor 50 EC on Somatic cells of Triticum aestivum L.

Article history: The widespread use of the herbicides for weed control and crop productivity in modern agriculture exerts a threat on economically important crops by way of cytological damage to the cells of crop plant or side effects. In the present study the cytotoxic effects of herbicide butachlor were investigated in the somatic cells of wheat. The wheat grains were treated with different concentrations of herbicide (0.15-1.0ppm) at room temperature. The percentage mitotic index decreased significantly as the concentration of the herbicide increased when compared to control. The chromosomal abnormalities were found to be increased as the concentration of the herbicide increased when compared to control. The observed chromosomal irregularities were sticky chromatin, chromosomal bridge, nuclear lesion, scattered chromosome, fragmented metaphase, fragmented anaphase, multipolar chromosome and micronuclei. According to our findings we can say that butachlor can produce negative side effects on mitotic division in somatic cells of wheat.

Effect of Agrochemical (2,4-D) on Morphological Aspects of Cassia tora Linn

Present investigation carried out in the botanical garden and research laboratory of the college. The herbicidal activities of agrochemical (2,4-D) on Cassia tora Linn. have been studied. The morphological responses might produce some light on the manner by which this compound affected on plants. The plants were sprayed with aqueous solution of different concentrations of herbicide from 50 to 1000 ppm. 2,4-D at all concentrations showed the effect like epinasty, bending of stem and petiole, chlorosis and necrosis on leaves. The leaves burned, roots become swollen and finally decayed. Vegetative growth of plants was retarded and finally plants dried, the lethal dose of 2,4-D was 375 ppm.

Effect of Herbicide (Quizalofop-p-Ethyl) on Growth, Photosynthetic Pigments, Enzymes and Yield Responses of Blackgram (<i>Vigna mungo</i> L.)

The recent experiment was conducted to assess the effect of herbicide (quizalafop-p-ethyl) on growth, photosynthetic pigments, enzymes and yield of Black gram (Vigna mungo L.) during the summer season 2013-2014. This experiment comprised black gram (variety ADT 3) and different concentrations of herbicide (quizalafop-p-ethyl) treatments compared with control. Reduction in growth, photosynthetic pigments, enzymes and yield parameters were observed with 0.5 % herbicide application followed by 1 %, 1.5 % and 2 %, out of all treatments 0.5 % shows least reduction. Thus, 0.5 % herbicide application is the safest way for weed control in Black gram field as it showed least adverse effect on growth, photosynthetic pigments, enzymes and yield of crop when compared with other treatments.

Effect of Herbicide (Quizalofop-p-Ethyl) on Growth, Photosynthetic Pigments, Enzymes and Yield Responses of Blackgram (<i>Vigna mungo</i> L.)

The recent experiment was conducted to assess the effect of herbicide (quizalafop-p-ethyl) on growth, photosynthetic pigments, enzymes and yield of Black gram (Vigna mungo L.) during the summer season 2013-2014. This experiment comprised black gram (variety ADT 3) and different concentrations of herbicide (quizalafop-p-ethyl) treatments compared with control. Reduction in growth, photosynthetic pigments, enzymes and yield parameters were observed with 0.5 % herbicide application followed by 1 %, 1.5 % and 2 %, out of all treatments 0.5 % shows least reduction. Thus, 0.5 % herbicide application is the safest way for weed control in Black gram field as it showed least adverse effect on growth, photosynthetic pigments, enzymes and yield of crop when compared with other treatments.

Effect of Agrochemical (2,4-D) on Anatomical Aspects of Cassia tora Linn

Present investigation carried out in the botanical garden and research laboratory of the college. The herbicidal activities of agrochemical (2,4-D) on Cassia tora Linn. have been studied. The anatomical response might produce some light on the manner by which this compound affected on plants. The plants were sprayed with aqueous solution of different concentrations of herbicide from 50 to 1000 ppm. 2,4-D induced some anatomical changes like proliferation of cambium and phloem in the stem and root to form large masses of meristematic cells, due to the proliferation of cortical and pith cells after treatment become ruptured. In the leaves, desiccation of cells, proliferation of cambium in the midrib region, distortion of vascular elements and disorganization of mesophyll cells was common feature observed after 2,4-D treatment.

EFFECT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF HERBICIDE TRIBENURON-METHYL (GRANSTAR) ON SOME TRAITS OF GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVTY OF WHEAT(Triticum eastivum L.).

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of time of application of herbicide tribenuron-methyl (granstar) in high concentrations on the growth and productivity of wheat seed Triticum aestivum L .varity (IPa-95). The experiment contain tow factors. The first factor, concerns with the time of application (early and late) and the other ones is different concentrations of herbicide (0.0% (distal water),0.5%,0.8%,1%)(g/ml).The results showed that a significant decreasing at 0.05 level of significance in growth and yield components except for number of stomata (no./mm2) when herbicide was used in a high concentrations. On other hand , early application of herbicide led to a significantly decrease for the height of plant (cm) , spike length (cm) and chlorophyll a (mg/gm tissue) compared with late herbicide application . However , there is no significant effect to the herbicide concentrations on all traits when its application (early and late). Moreover , the interaction between the two factors (concentrations x applications) were significantly high on all parameters including chlorophyll a and b at only in early application . .At the last applied that the inhibition effect from herbicide concentrations in the early application was more obvious on plant height , spike length and chlorophyll a than at late application of herbicide .

Herbicidal weed management in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and its residual effect on succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum) crop

A field experiment was carried out at Mandore, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, during the rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons of 201718 and 201819, to study the herbicidal weed management in groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) and its residual effect on succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop in the western Rajasthan. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 14 treatments and replicated thrice. Weed-free (2 hand-weedings) treatment recorded significantly higher pod yield over rest of the treatments. Among the herbicidal treatments, pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 EC @ 1,000 g/ha pre-emergence (PE) treatment (T5) led to the lowest weed density, weed biomass, and achieved the maximum weed-control efficiency. This T5 treatment was statistically significant over the T4 (pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 EC @ 750 g/ha PE), T12 [sodium aciflourfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% @ 200 g/ha post-emergence (PoE)] and T11 (sodium aciflourfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% @ 180g/ha PoE) in relation to pod yield. Our results also revealed that application of pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 EC @ 1000 g/ha PE enhanced the cropping system gross returns, net returns and benefit:cost (B:C) ratio over the control. But showed equal economic feasibility with pendimethalin 30 EC + imazethapyr 2 EC @ 750 g/ha PE, sodium aciflourfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% @ 200 g/ha PoE and sodium aciflourfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% @ 180 g/ha PoE. Imazethapyr + imazamox (pre-mix) @ 70 g/ha PoE also effectively controlled the weed in groundnut and found statically at par with above treatments. Residual effect of different concentrations of herbicide was not observed in succeeding wheat in groundnutwheat cropping system.

Effects of herbicides Asoprim and Avans on the morphological pattern in haemopoietic organ and cell-mediated immunity in European catfish ( Silurus glanis)

A recent preliminary study suggested that herbicides can have significant pathological effects on carp. Few investigators have indicated that herbicides can inhibit food uptake by fish or adversely affect their reproductive and alimentary systems and their ability to mount effective nonspecific defences. We analyzed the influence of two major herbicides, Asoprim and Avans, on pronephros histology and ultrastructure and on activity of immunocompetent polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells in European catfish ( Silurus glanis). Fish were exposed to several different concentrations of herbicides. Results showed that Asoprim and Avans decreased phagocytic and intracellular killing activity of pronephros phagocytes. Morphological study indicated changes in pronephros, one of the most important haemopoietic organs in fish.

Effect of glyphosate, hexazinone and triclopyr on in vitro growth of five species of ectomycorrhizal fungi

Abstract In vitro growth tests with glyphosate (RoundupR), hexazinone (liquid Velpar L.R and granular Pronone™5GR) and trichlopyr (GarlonR) on five species of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Hebcloma crustuliniforme, Laccaria laccata, Thelophora amcrieana, T. terrestris and Suillus tomentosus) showed varied species sensitivity to different concentrations of herbicides. Fungal growth was significantly (P = 0.05) redueed particularly at concentrations above 10 ppm. Garlon with trieolopyr as a. i. was the most toxic of the four herbieide formulations.