Different Concentrations Of Extract Research Articles

Anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and wound healing capabilities of Aloe vera-incorporated hybrid nanoflowers

The active ingredients of Aloe vera have attracted attention for their potential use in nanotechnology-based medical applications and biomaterial production. It has many therapeutic applications in modern world. This study used Aloe vera extract in different concentrations to synthesize Aloe vera-incorporated hybrid nanoflowers (AV-Nfs). The most uniform morphology in the nanoflowers obtained was at a concentration of 2mL. The AV-Nfs were well characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The highest peroxidase-mimicking activity of the components was 1.488EU/mg at 60°C and pH 6. The DPPH assay determined the antioxidant activity of the components and the MTT assay tested on CCD-1072Sk fibroblast cell line determined the effect of AV-Nfs on cell proliferation. Separate treatment of AV-Nfs with Cu3(PO4)2·3H2O significantly increased cell proliferation according to free Aloe vera and CuSO4. In vitro wound healing results showed that AV-Nfs could significantly close wounds compared to free Aloe vera. In this study, AV-Nfs showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae at minimum inhibitory concentration of625μg/mL, suggesting that AV-Nfs may be used in wound healing applications with enhanced biological properties. AV-Nfs showed no activity against the yeast Candida albicans.

Ethanolic extract of Chrysophyllum albidum leaves and peels as a green inhibitor for AISI 1015 carbon steel in 1M H2SO4 solution

AbstractThe degradation of mild steel has been an issue of concern in most industries. Because of this challenge, mild steel (AISI 1015 carbon steel) was inhibited using ethanolic extract from leaves and peels of Chrysophyllum albidum (C. albidum) in 1 M H2SO4 was investigated using gravimetric (weight loss), gasometric and potentiodynamic polarization (PP) methods. Samples of mild steel were placed in an acidic medium and tested at different concentrations of extract. The PP experiment indicated that the inhibition efficiency (I.E) of C. albidum ranges from 70.9‐85.9 % and 54.6‐89.1 %, for leaves and peels extract, respectively. The I.E increases with increase in concentration of the extracts due to the adsorption of their molecules on the mild steel surface. The leaves and peels 1.5 g/L extract inhibited mild steel sample exhibited a significant corrosion rate of 0.0821 mm/year and 0.0635 mm/year, respectively. The inhibitors exhibited mixed‐type corrosion inhibition tendencies. Moreover, the weight loss test revealed that the inhibitors lower the corrosion rate of the steel samples. The adsorption ability of the extracts was approximated through the Langmuir isotherm. The correlation regression coefficients (R2) values of 0.9960 and 0.9981 were observed for the leaves and peels extracts, respectively. This study has shown that C. albidum extracts reduced the rate at which mild steel corrodes in an acidic medium. It is therefore recommended for application in acidic media.

Structural, Morphological Studies and Photocatalytic Activity of CdZns Nanoparticles Fused with Ocimum Tenuiflorum Leaf Extract

A group 2-6 ternary semiconductor nanoparticle, CdZnS mixed with Ocimum Tenuiflorum leaf extract was prepared using chemical precipitation method at two different concentration of extract (10 ml and 20 ml). Structural, elemental, morphological, optical analyses were done. Particle size of the prepared sample was calculated using XRD pattern, also structure of the sample was confirmed. Elemental analysis was done using EDAX, confirms the elemental composition in the corresponding ratio. SEM study was employed to analyse the morphology of the sample. UV –Visible spectroscopy was done to analyse the absorption of the sample as well as Tauc plot was used to find the band gap energy. Photocatalytic activity of the sample was studied and investigated that the photocatalytic degradation was enhanced by adding the leaf extract to the CdZnS nanoparticle. The present study concentrates on the structural, morphological and optical changes occurred by adding the leaf extract. Also the effect on photocatalytic activity of CdZnS nanoparticles by adding the leaf extract.

Modeliranje inhibitornog ponašanja ekstrakta lista papaje na koroziju mekog čelika u 1,5 m HCL

This current study employed the predictive models driven by the artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple regression (MR) to forecast the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1.5 M HCl by the leaves of the Carica papaya plant. Corrosion studies were carried out using the weight loss method at room temperature. The corrosion rate of the mild steel coupon, obtained from the study environment was predicted taking into cognizance the influence of the independent variables viz: the time of exposure, the concentration of HCl (1.5 M), and the concentration of the papaya leaf juice. The fresh papaya leaves were obtained within the surrounding of the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. A grinding machine powered by an internal combustion engine was used for grinding the fresh leaves, and a white cloth was utilized to squeeze out the juice. Filtration of the produced juice was done twice with a clean white cloth. Different bowls containing mild steel coupons (5.0 x 5.0 x 0.1 cm) and HCl (1.5 M) solutions were treated with Carica papaya leaf extracts at concentrations of 5 ml, 10 ml, 15 ml, and 20 ml. Results indicated that the highest inhibition efficiency of 95.91% was observed after 120 hours when 20 ml of papaya leaf extract was added. Conversely, the highest corrosion rate of 114.19 mpy was recorded after 24 hours of exposure to HCl (1.5 M) with 5 ml of papaya leaf extract. Generally, the addition of papaya leaf extract in different concentrations added to 1.5 M HCl resulted in a decrease in the rate of mild steel corrosion over time. It was noted that the prediction of the experimental corrosion rate by the artificial neural network offered a lesser error in comparison with that obtained by multiple regression according to the error margin obtained after the prediction of the experimental corrosion rate.

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Ethanolic Extract of Lemon Verbena

Background and Objectives: Chemical preservatives are commonly used to prevent food from quick spoiling and oxidizing. Despite their effect in increasing shelf life of foods, these compounds can have side effects. Residues of chemical compounds in foods increase microbial resistance. This study aims to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora L.) ethanolic extract against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Methods: In this experimental study, The soaking method and ethanol solvent was used for extraction. Antioxidant activities of different concentrations of extract were assessed using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity test and compared with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as a synthetic antioxidant. Antimicrobial effect of extract on Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium was determined by disk diffusion and well diffusion methods and measuring minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Experimental data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 20 using analysis of variance and the mean values were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test. Results: The amounts of phenols and flavonoids in the ethanolic extract of were 96.47±0.35 mg of gallic acid/g of extract and 31.07±0.42 mg of quercetin/g of extract, respectively. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of lemon verbena extract was 11.79±0.76 μg/mL, while it was 10.16±0.29 μg/mL for BHA. In both disk diffusion and well diffusion methods, with the increase of the concentration of extract, the inhibition zone diameter increased. The ethanolic extract of lemon verbena at the concentration of 12.5 mg/mL had no inhibitory effect on gram-negative bacteria growth. In both methods, the extract had the greatest effect on S. aureus. The MIC of ethanolic extract ranged from 8 to 128 mg/mL, depending on the type of bacteria (gram-positive or gram-negative). Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of lemon verbena has higher antimicrobial effects on gram-positive bacteria. Therefore, it can be used in food and pharmaceutical industries as a natural antimicrobial agent. Considering the increasing resistance of bacteria to chemical antibiotics, more studies on lemon verbena and its antibacterial compounds are needed for treating infections.

Ethanolic extract of Etlingera elatior flower exhibits anthelmintic properties to Fasciola gigantica in vitro.

Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease affecting the hepatobiliary system of livestock worldwide. The control of the fluke is important to be performed in endemic regions. This study aims to evaluate the effect of Etlingera elatior ethanolic extract on egg and adult stadia of Fasciola gigantica. Fasciola gigantica in different stages were incubated with E. elatior ethanolic extract in different concentrations and time points. The number of developed eggs with different concentrations of 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% was significantly decreased by 36.67%, 56.67%, and 56.67% on day 11 post-incubation, which showed an ovicidal effect of the herb. The developed eggs on day 14, which were represented by hatched larvae, were also decreased by 70%, 50%, and 13.33%, respectively. Significant flukicidal effects were observed in the incubation time of 80 minutes for the concentration of 20% (p = 0.007) and 640 minutes for 10% concentration (p = 0.003). Surface microscopy of adult F. gigantica showed damaged skin and spina with the erosion of the inner membrane and detached syncytium from the tegument. Overall, the results indicate that E. elatior has a promising anthelmintic property against F. gigantica in both ova and adult stages.

The effect of the Satureja montana ethanol extract on the morphological changes of erythrocytes

The present study investigated the antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts of the leaves of Satureja montana and their influence on the membrane stability of erythrocytes ex vivo. The ethanol extracts showed a very potent antioxidant activity of EC50 = 0.055mg/ml. Rat blood samples were treated with 96% ethanol extracts in different concentrations of 100 ?g/ml, 200 ?g/ml, and 300 ?g/ml, and morphological analyses were carried out. The results showed significant differences in the shape of the erythrocytes incubated with higher extract concentrations. Considerable morphological changes were observed at a concentration of 200 ?g/ml which was characterised by the highest percentage of stomatocytes, while the highest percentage of echinocyte formation was observed at a concentration of 300 ?g/ml. The results of this investigation indicated that the ethanol extracts of S. montana exhibited a possible protective effect on the membrane stability of erythrocytes.

Effect of Leaf Extracts of Lantana Camara L. on Germination and Growth of Some Crops Species

Allelopathy is a biotic interaction between plants where one plant inhibits the germination and growth of other plants by releasing certain allelochemicals. In this research we evaluated the allelopathic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Lantana camara on the germination and growth of four crop plants. The experiment was conducted in sterilized petri dishes in Botany lab of Saptagandaki Multiple Campus, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal. The effect of different concentrations of extracts was studied and compared with the control. The results revealed that the germination and seedling growth of all species were significantly inhibited at different concentrations as compared to the control. The lowest germination percentage and seedling growth was found in Brassica campestris and Oryza sativa plant respectively and effect was least in Triticum aestivum plant at 10% concentration. The germination percentages, seedling growth and, biomass in all species were observed to reduce, with the increasing concentration of aqueous extracts. The study concluded that Lantana camara leaf extract allelochemicals have adverse effects on germination, seedling growth and dry matter accumulation of all tested crops.

Anatomical Study and Antimicrobial Activities of Ammimajus

Ammimajus is a plant species in the family Apiaceae, The purpose of this study was to assess anatomical and antibacterial and antifungal activities of Ammimajus, which taken from collage of Sciences/Salaheddin University/Erbil. Anatomical studies by the using paraffin method, have shown that the outline of stems, petiole lamina, and margin, they contain secretary canals with presence unicellular glandular and unicellular non glandular trichomes. The antimicrobial activity prepared by extract using ethanol (95%) method from stem, leaf and flower, then provide the different concentration of extract, which shown the exhibit antibacterial effects on some microorganisms as Staphylococcus aureus,Acinetobacterbaumannii, Pseudomonasaeruginosa and Candida albicans.

Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activities of n-Hexane, Chloroform, Ethyl Acetate and Methanol Extracts of Ficus capensis Stem Bark

Ficus capensis (farin baure) has wide application in traditional medicine especially in the Northan part of Nigeria in the treatment and management of diarrhoea and digestive distress. This is attributed to the presence of many biologically active compounds in their different parts. In this study, stem bark of F. capensis was extracted with four (4) solvents of different polarities ranging from non-polar, moderately polar to polar. Qualitative phytochemical screening of these extracts was conducted using standard laboratory procedures. The results revealed that only alkaloids, glycosides and carbohydrates were detected from the n-hexane (non-polar) extract of F. capensis while the chloroform and ethyl acetate (moderately polar solvents) and methanol (polar solvent) extracts showed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids and proteins. But anthraquinones were not detected in all the extracts.
 Antimicrobial properties of the extracts were evaluated using clinical isolates of four different bacteria and fungi each. Different concentration of extracts was prepared and activity was measured using zone of inhibition in millimetres (mm). Methanol extracts showed activities against E. coli with the zone of inhibition 10 mm, 11 mm, 12 mm and 14 mm; B. subtilis with the zone of inhibition 10 mm, 11 mm, 13 mm and 15 mm all for 10, 20, 25 and 30% concentration of extracts respectively. Chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts showed antimicrobial activities against S. aureus (12 mm, 14 mm), E. coli (12 mm, 14 mm), P. aeruginosa (14 mm, 12 mm) and B. subtilis (12 mm, 16 mm) respectively for 20% concentration of the extracts. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts showed considerable antifungal activities against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fungatus. But the n-hexane extract did not show any reasonable antibacterial and no antifungal activities.

Assessment of the allelopathic potential of some naturalized tree and shrubby introducents under conditions of the northern steppe Dnieper region

Nowadays, introduced alien tree and shrubby species have become integral components of the green infrastructure in cities and suburban artificial forest plantations around the world, and their participation in regional dendroflora is steadily increasing. Along with autochthonous species, tree and shrubby introducents perform a wide range of ecological functions and ecosystem services, but, with successful naturalization and increased invasive activity, they can cause negative biological, environmental, social, and economic consequences. The potential for the evolution of adventive species in secondary habitats in the direction of increasing allelopathic activity and competitiveness compared with native species determines the need for assessment of allelopathic potential as a possible predictor of their successful invasive activity. The allelopathic activity of the species was determined by the bioassay method based on the effect of water extracts of different concentrations obtained from dry biomass of leaves on the germination of testing culture seeds of Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin and biometric indicators of seedlings of Lepidium sativum L. It was determined that in the conditions of the northern steppe Dnieper region, naturalized tree and shrubby introducents Celtis occidentalis L., Morus alba L., Lonicera tatarica L., Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., Prunus virginiana L., Prunus serotina Ehrh., Rhus typhina L. have significant allelopathic potential, which can be a predictor of increasing their competitiveness compared with native species and increasing invasive activity within the region. Water extracts from dry leaves of the studied tree and shrubby species had an inhibitory effect on seed germination and biometric indicators of testing cultures seedlings; the intensity of this effect varied depending on the plant species and extract concentration. Assessment of the allelopathic potential of the alien tree and shrubby species used in urban and suburban green planting is a necessary measure for preliminary identification of potentially invasive species, which will contribute to the increase of efficiency of green infrastructure management.

Osmanthus-Loaded PVP/PVA Hydrogel Inhibits the Proliferation and Migration of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells CAL-27.

Conventional medical agents for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with some adverse effects no longer meet the needs of the public. In this study, the prognosis-related hub genes of osmanthus-targeted therapy for OSCC were predicted and analyzed by network pharmacology and molecular docking. Osmanthus was extracted using the ethanol reflux method and osmanthus-loaded PVP/PVA (OF/PVP/PVA) hydrogel was prepared by electron beam radiation. The molecular structure, crystal structure and microscopic morphology of hydrogels were observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. OSCC cells CAL-27 were cultured with OF/PVP/PVA hydrogel at different concentrations of extract to discover cell proliferation by MTT assay. The scratching test and JC-1 staining were used to observe the migration and mitochondrial membrane potential. Through experimental exploration, we found that a total of six prognosis-related targets were predicted, which are PYGL, AURKA, SQLE, etc., and osmanthus extract had good binding activity to AURKA. In vitro, except for proliferation inhibition, OF/PVP/PVA hydrogel prevented cell migration and changed the mitochondrial membrane potential of CAL-27 cells at a concentration equal to or greater than 50 μg/mL (p < 0.05). The addition of autophagy inhibitor chloroquine and 3-methyladenine weakened the migration inhibition of hydrogel (p < 0.05).

Etlingera elatior extract inhibits early developmental stage of Fasciola gigantica egg in vitro

The use of plants as natural anthelmintic is quite promising for parasite control. In this report, we evaluate the activity of Etlingera elatior to Fasciola gigantica eggs in vitro. The eggs were collected from naturally-infected bovine in the Ampel Abbatoir, Boyolali, Central Java. The eggs were exposed to E. elatior ethanolic extract in different concentrations i.e., 5%, 2.5% and 1.25%. Fluconix 340 in the equal concentrations was positive control of anthelmintic and distilled water served as negative treatment. The eggs were placed in the dark until 9 days and observed under the light microscope on days 5 and 9. The results showed that E. elatior in the concentration of 5%, 2.5% and 1.25% significantly inhibited the initial development of F. gigantica compared to the negative control (water) on days 5 and 9 treatments (P<0.05). The E. elatior effectively inhibits morulation and larva formation. Fluconix 340 5%, 2.5% and 1.25% were possessing higher ovicidal activities compared to E. elatior since day 5 of treatment. E. elatior showed effective inhibition to the initial development of F. gigantica egg in vitro.

Eugenol Elicits Prolongevity by Increasing Resistance to Oxidative Stress in C. elegans.

To analyze the efficacy of eugenol on longevity by assessing its antioxidant effect using Caenorhabditis elegans as an animal model. Eugenol is a major polyphenolic component of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) which attributes wide pharmacological activities and can serve as a biomarker. However, the possible effect of eugenol on longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans has not been reported. The objective of this investigation was to provide the first scientific based results about the effect of eugenol on longevity, slowing down of paralysis in Alzheimer's model and the mechanism behind it in Caenorhabditis elegans animal model system. The phenolic components of methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum were analyzed by RP-HPLC. Worms were exposed to different concentrations of extract and one of its components - eugenol. Lifespan, health span, survival in CL4176 Alzheimer's model and molecular mechanism were analyzed. Extract of Ocimum sanctum and eugenol increased lifespan and provided indemnity against pro-oxidants. It also significantly improved healthy ageing and slowed the progression of neurodegeneration in CL4176 Alzheimer's model of the worm by increasing survival against prooxidants and slowing down the paralysis. Longevity effect was independent of the DAF-16 as observed by using DAF-16::GFP and daf-16 null mutant strains. These results implicate eugenol as a potent therapeutic compound that may curtail ageing and age related disorders like- Alzheimer's disease. The present work demonstrated eugenol as a potential anti-ageing compound that may curtail ageing, improve heath span by enhancing resistance to oxidative stress and exerts its effect independent of DAF-16 pathway. So, it can be assumed that eugenol can be beneficial to humans as well, albeit further research is necessary before declaring it for human consumption.

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI GRAM POSITIF Bacillus cereus DARI EKSTRAK DAUN MANGROVE (Sonneratia alba) MUDA

Sonneratia alba is one of the type of mangrove that has been used by people in coastal areas. S. alba leaves are known to have bioactive compounds that have potential as antibacterial. B. cereus is a pathogenic bacteria that can cause food spoilage, especially in fishery products, so its growth must to be inhibited using natural antibacterial such as S. alba leaves. This study aims to qualitatively determine the components of bioactive compounds in S. alba leaf extract and the antibacterial activitty of S. alba leaf extract. This study consisted of exctracting the leaves of S. alba using aquadest as a solvent with a\ration of 1:30, phytochemical test and analysis of antibacterial activity using the well difussion method and the dilution method at different concentration of extract 100%, 50%, 25% and 12,5%. The leaf extract of S. alba had a yield 11,33% and contains bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, triteroenoids, saponins and tannins. S. alba leaft extract can inhibit the growth of B. cereus bacteria. The diameter of the inhibition of S. alba leaf exctract against B. cereus bacteria with the highest concentration of 100% was 13,43±0.30 mm. S. alba leaf extract is bacteriostatic.

VAKUMLU EMDİRİM İLE RENKLİ FONKSİYONEL TAVUK ETİ KÜPLERİNİN ÜRETİLMESİ

Bu çalışmada; vakumlu emdirim tekniği ile renklendirildikten sonra kurutulan tavuk eti küplerinin bazı kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak; tavuk göğüs eti küpleri 25°C’de 2 saat süreyle farklı konsantrasyonlardaki (1, 2 ve 4°Bx) hibiskus ekstraktları emdirilerek renklendirilmiş ve 60°C’de konveksiyonel kurutucuda kurutulmuştur. Çalışmada kullanılan hibiskus ekstraktlarının pH değerleri 2.07-2.27 aralığında belirlenmiştir. Hibiskus ekstraktı kullanılarak elde edilen renkli küplerin nem içeriği %33.77-35.18 ve pH değeri 4.42-5.06 aralıklarında belirlenmiştir. Yüksek hibiskus konsantrasyonunda (4°Bx), et küplerinin daha koyu renkli ve toplam monomerik antosiyanin miktarının ise daha yüksek (50.75 mg/kg) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, konsantrasyon arttıkça, örneklerin toplam fenolik madde miktarı ve antioksidan aktivitesinin de yükseldiği belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları, tavuk etinin hem renklendirilmesi hem de fonksiyonel bileşikler ile zenginleştirilmesinde vakumlu emdirim tekniğinin başarıyla kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte arzu edilen son ürün özelliklerine göre uygulama şartlarının optimize edilmesi önem arz etmektedir.

The toxicological effects of Eryngium foetidum extracts on zebrafish embryos and larvae depend on the type of extract, dose, and exposure time.

Eryngium foetidum is a herbaceous plant found in tropical and subtropical regions. In vivo pharmacological parameters show that leaf extracts of this plant have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activities due to their bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and phenols. Despite the evidence for several bioactivities of E. foetidum, information on its safety and tolerability is limited. The objective of this study was to assess the effect and concentration of different extracts of E. foetidum on the development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. To study the impact of aqueous (AE), ethanolic (EE), and methanolic (ME) extracts, the embryos were exposed to 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10mgmL-1 for up to 120-h postfertilization to assess embryonic developmental toxicity and then to 0.039, 0.078, 0.156, 0.312, and 0.625mgmL-1 to assess the antioxidant responses of the enzymes superoxide dismutase catalase, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and cell apoptosis. The results showed that, depending on the extraction solvent, concentration used, and exposure time, E. foetidum extracts caused mortality, altered the hatching time, and promoted changes in enzymatic activities. Delays in development and increased GST activity were found in all treatments. Apoptosis was not observed in any of the treatments. In conclusion, AE, EE, and ME concentrations above 0.625mgmL-1 can cause adverse effects on the early stages of zebrafish development.

EXPLORING THE PHYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF Glycyrrhiza glabra L. ON EMERGENCE AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF Pisum sativum L.

Chemical weed control method may cause environmental hazards and residual effects in crops and soil. Alternate approach to control weeds is getting attentions in sustainable production system. Use of aqueous extracts of crops is getting scientific attention as eco-friendly alternative to synthetic herbicides especially under scenario of fast increasing herbicide resistance in weeds. Therefore, the present study was conducted at Weed Science Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during winter 2018 to determine the phytotoxic effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra on winter vegetable crop Pisum sativum. The experiments were laid out under a completely randomized design (CRD), having three replicates. The experiments comprised of seven treatments with different concentrations of extract. The wood of G. glabra extracts comprised 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, and 80% concentration applied on Pisum sativum. Data on seed germination, root length, shoot length, and fresh weight of weed and pea was recorded following standard procedures. Data were analyzed using Fishers Analysis of Variance. The differences among treatments were separated using a least significant difference test (LSD). Results revealed that aqueous extracts were possessed phytotoxic chemicals that cause phytotoxic effect to P. sativum and result in maximum germination percentage (%), Mean Germination time (Days), Time to 50% germination and minimum, root length (mm), shoot length (mm), root fresh weight (mg), shoot fresh weight was recorded at 80 % concentration of G. glabra. It is concluded that there are phenolic compounds in the wood extract of G. glabra which cause allelopathic effects on P. sativum.

Evaluation of functional and bioactive properties of crude gill extract of Tor putitora using different assays

SummaryFor centuries, natural products isolated from animals, plants and microbes have been the centre of attention for the world's scientific community for their role in eradicating and reducing many diseases. The present research work is also performed on the crude gill extract of Tor putitora named TPG‐Ex to analyse its various functional and bioactive properties. A total of five different biological assays were performed. Two assays performed were the free radical scavenging assays having other free radical generators such as DPPH and H2O2. Different concentrations of extract were used in both assays. The maximum scavenging ability in the Antioxidant DPPH assay was 59.42% at 50 μL. In the H2O2 radical scavenging assay, the maximum scavenging ability of TPG‐Ex recorded was 55.46% at a concentration of 50 μL. The antiangiogenic potential of the TPG‐Ex CAM assay was assessed, which also showed maximum inhibition of neovascularisation at a concentration of 80 μL. The antidiabetic potential of TPG‐Ex was also revealed after processing the extract through glucose uptake by yeast cells assay and glucose adsorption assay. TPG‐Ex indicated maximum glucose uptake at a concentration of 20 μg of 56.61%.

Formulation and Evaluation of Antibacterial Gel containing Ethanol Extract of Thorns of Bombax ceiba

Purpose: Formulation and evaluation of the herbal gel preparation from the thorn’s extract of Bombax ceiba to check its antibacterial activity against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes. Methods: Agar well diffusion method were employed for the purpose. Results: Gel formulation of different concentrations of extract were formulated that is 2, 4, 6 and 8%, respectively and antibacterial activity of the gels were measured against the bacteria S. aureus and P. acnes. In this clindamycin gel was used as the standard for comparative analysis. It was concluded from evaluation results that a formulation of 8% showed better antibacterial activity than other formulated preparations. In addition to this, gel formulations were evaluated considering various parameters such as pH, appearance, viscosity, spreadability and homogeneity and the result were calculated. Conclusion: The ethanol thorn extract of B. ceiba possess good antibacterial property against the S. aureus and P. acnes. It also contains various phytoconstituents which may be helpful in various health-related problems.