Different Concentrations Of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Research Articles

Inhibition and Reduction of Biofilm Production along with Their Antibiogram Pattern among Gram-Negative Clinical Isolates.

Bacterial biofilm is a significant virulence factor threatening patients, leading to chronic infections and economic burdens. Therefore, it is crucial to identify biofilm production, its inhibition, and reduction. In this study, we investigated biofilm production among Gram-negative isolates and assessed the inhibitory and reduction potential of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) towards them. In addition, we studied the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the Gram-negative isolates. Bacterial isolation and identification was done using standard microbiological techniques, following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline, 28th edition. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates, and β-lactamase production was tested via the combination disk method. Biofilm formation was detected through the tissue culture plate (TCP) method. Different concentrations of EDTA and DMSO were used to determine their inhibitory and reduction properties against the biofilm. Both inhibition and reduction by the various concentrations of EDTA and DMSO were analyzed using paired t-tests. Among the 110 clinical isolates, 61.8% (68) were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR). 30% (33/110) of the isolates were extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers, 14.5% (16/110) were metallo-β-lactamase (MBL), and 8% (9/110) were Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) producers. Biofilm formation was detected in 35.4% of the isolates. Biofilm-producing organisms showed the highest resistance to antibiotics such as cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and carbapenem. The inhibition and reduction of biofilm were significantly lower (p < 0.05) for 1 mM of EDTA and 2% of DMSO. Isolates forming biofilm had a higher resistance rate and β-lactamase production compared to biofilm nonproducers. EDTA and DMSO were found to be potential antibiofilm agents. Hence, EDTA and DMSO might be an effective antibiofilm agent to control biofilm-associated infections.

Impact of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid on physiochemical parameters and yield attribute in two varieties of Brassica juncea under lead stress.

Lead (Pb) is one of the most toxic elements on earth. The harmful effects of Pb at higher concentrations were seen on plant vegetation because plants are directly exposed towards it. Indian mustard, a well-known hyperaccumulator plant is the most promising crop for the environment, engaged in a variety of scenarios for ecological cleanup. In the present study, we used ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), a chelating agent that is of remarkable efficiency. The pot experiments were conducted in soil pretreated with 1000 mgkg-1 Pb with different concentrations of EDTA (2-10 mmol). All the growth parameters were reduced significantly in the plants treated with Pb and EDTA, however, a non-significant effect was observed in 5 mmol EDTA compared to Pb alone treatment. Photosynthetic pigments yield, nitrate reductase activity and NPK content were affected negatively; in contrast, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity was increased in Pb and Pb+EDTA treated in both the varieties. The Pb accumulation was elevated significantly by the augmentation of 5 mmol EDTA in both varieties. Accumulation of Pb in the shoot was higher in PM 25 than in P. Vijay, whereas root Pb accumulation showed the opposite, i.e., more Pb in roots of P. Vijay than PM 25. Moreover, The Pb accumulation per plant was observed more in P. Vijay as compared to PM 25. Hence, the present study implies that the augmentation of Pb-polluted soil with EDTA works well while dealing with B. juncea assisted phytoremediation and P. Vijay to be a stronger variety than PM 25. Further, 5 mmol of EDTA was optimum for phytoremediation of the soil polluted with up to 1000 mg Pb kg-1 soil.

Morphological Analyses of Effects of Endodontic Irrigant Solutions Using a Root Canal Model and an Immersion Model.

This study aimed to compare an experimental model simulating clinical root canal irrigation (root canal model) with a conventional experimental model immersing dentin sample to irrigants (immersion model) to evaluate removal of the smear layer and decalcification of the root canal dentin using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and two different concentrations of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution. Forty-five single-rooted extracted human teeth were prepared using a Ni-Ti rotary file. EDTA, NaOCl, and citric acid were used in the root canal models and the immersion models. After the irrigation protocol, root canal surfaces were observed under scanning electron microscopy. Residual smear and decalcification of the root canal dentin were evaluated objectively by measuring the percentage of the area occupied by visible dentin tubules, the number of visible dentin tubules, and the mean area of a visible single dentin tubule. Root canal and immersion models with the same irrigation protocol showed significantly different results for smear residues and decalcification of root canal dentin. In the root canal model, neither different EDTA concentrations nor the order of EDTA and NaOCl applications significantly impacted smear residues or decalcification of root canal dentin. Furthermore, no erosion of the root canal dentin surface was observed in any experimental groups in the root canal model using EDTA and NaOCl compared to intact dentin. Experimental design affected results for residual smear layer and decalcification of root canal dentin. The order of EDTA and NaOCl use and the concentration of EDTA did not affect results. EDTA and NaOCl irrigation did not cause erosion in the root canal model in this study.

Structural and electrochemical properties of mesoporous FeVO 4 as a negative electrode for lithium‐ion battery

The approach to accomplishing long cycle solidity usually depends on the electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, mesoporous FeVO4 (MFVO) nanostructures (NSs) were prepared via a simple hydrothermal method and post-calcination using different concentrations of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) chelating agent. The morphology, microstructure, and mesoporous nature of the as-prepared samples were characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analyses, respectively. The as-obtained MFVO NSs were examined as a negative material for LIBs. The enhanced MFVO-2 (0.2 g of EDTA) electrode provides an initial charge/discharge capacity of 2880 mA h g−1/2707 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1. Even after 100 cycles, it displays a superior specific discharge capacity of 906 mA h g−1. Furthermore, the MFVO-2 electrode exhibits a high-rate performance with a steady reversible capacity. As a result, the porosity and density of nanorod-like morphologies are significant factors in their electrochemical performances. The outstanding electrochemical effects of MFVO NSs may be suggested as a prospective anode material for enhanced LIBs.

Effect of EDTA Concentrations as Irrigation Solution on Bonding of Fiber Posts into Root Canals with Universal Adhesives.

To evaluate the effect of different concentrations of ethylene-diamine-tetra acetic acid (EDTA) on bond strength (BS) and nanoleakage (NL) of fiber posts bonded into root canals. Seventy-two single roots were endodontically treated and divided into six groups (n = 12), according to the combination of the following factors: surface treatment (no irrigation [control], 17% EDTA, or 24% EDTA), and composite cement applied with an adhesive used in a self-etch mode (Single Bond Universal/RelyX Ultimate [SB], 3M Oral Care; Ambar Universal/Allcem [AM], FGM). After fiber post cementation, six 1-mm-thick disks were obtained for each root. Push-out bond strength (BS) was evaluated using 8 specimens per group, and the other 4 specimens were used to examine nanoleakage (NL). Data from BS and NL of each adhesive were evaluated by two-way ANOVA (surface treatment vs root region) and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). The application of 17% and 24% EDTA did not influence the bond strengths of either adhesive. In general, the application of 17% and 24% EDTA increased NL values for both adhesives. Pre-treatment with different concentrations of EDTA was not able to improve the adhesion of fiber posts into root canals with universal adhesives..

Optimized culture systems for the preimplantation ICR mouse embryos with wide range of EDTA concentrations.

In this study, in vitro preimplantation embryo culture media especially for outbred stock mice (Institute of Cancer Research (ICR)) were optimized with different concentrations of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). A plot with embryo development rates against EDTA concentrations ranging from 0 to 500 µM showed a unique pattern with two characteristic peaks. Two hundred micromolar was adopted as an optimal concentration of EDTA. The optimized media were also evaluated with two culture systems: conventional large volume culture system (1 ml) and micro-droplet culture system. In the conventional large volume culture system, the blastocyst development rates were compared among three different media (F-10, KSOM and KSOM with the optimized 200 µM EDTA). The rates were 0.4%, 16.7% and 57.6%, respectively. The development rates for the micro-droplet (10 µl) culture system were 73.9%. In conclusion, 200 µM EDTA concentration in 10 µl droplets in the KSOM medium was found as the most suitable culture conditions for ICR mouse embryos, as the blastocyst development rate was higher in the micro-droplet culture system than in the traditional conventional large volume culture system.

Investigation of EDTA concentration on the size of carbonated flowerlike hydroxyapatite microspheres.

Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) is considered an effective crystal growth modifier for template-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HA) materials. In this work, flowerlike-carbonated HA (CHA) microspheres were synthesized using EDTA via a one-step hydrothermal route. The phase, functional groups, morphology and particle size distribution of the products were examined by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy as well as laser diffraction particle size analysis. Results show that the morphology of the products can be well controlled by adjusting the EDTA concentration. With an increase of the EDTA concentration, the particle size of flowerlike microspheres decreased from tens of microns down to a few microns. The underlying mechanism for the morphological transition of CHA microspheres with different concentrations of EDTA under hydrothermal conditions is proposed. This work provides a simple way to controllably fabricate CHA microspheres with various sizes using the same synthesis system for biomedical applications, such as cell carriers and drug delivery.

The Smear Layer Removal Efficiency of Different Concentrations of EDTA in primary teeth: A SEM Study

Objectives: The present study aims to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) on smear layer removal in primary teeth by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: The present study was performed with 28 extracted upper primary incisors assigned into four main groups (n=7) as 5%, 10% and 17% EDTA, and 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The root canal surfaces (coronal, middle and apical) were scanned by SEM and scores of smear layer removal were recorded and compared after the root canal irrigation procedures. The results were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis, Friedman and Dunn tests. Results: In all the root portions, although EDTA groups removed the smear layer more effectively than NaOCl, a statistically significant difference was observed between 17% EDTA and 1% NaOCl only in middle third (p &amp;lt;0.05). Also, smear layer was removed more effectively in coronal than apical in most of the groups (10% EDTA, 17% EDTA and 1% NaOCl) (p &amp;lt;0.05). Erosive defects were mostly seen in 17% EDTA and less than 10% EDTA group. These findings were not detected in 5% EDTA and 1% NaOCl group. Conclusions: It is possible to recommend the use of 5% EDTA irrigation solution in root canal treatment of primary teeth due to its similar smear layer removal efficacy with NaOCl and high concentration EDTA groups, low erosive potential and low concentration for periapical safety.

Optimal concentration of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as an irrigation solution additive to reduce infection rates in rat models of contaminated wound.

AimsIn wound irrigation, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is more efficacious than normal saline (NS) in removing bacteria from a contaminated wound. However, the optimal EDTA concentration remains unknown for different animal wound models.MethodsThe cell toxicity of different concentrations of EDTA dissolved in NS (EDTA-NS) was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Various concentrations of EDTA-NS irrigation solution were compared in three female Sprague-Dawley rat models: 1) a skin defect; 2) a bone exposed; and 3) a wound with an intra-articular implant. All three models were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli. EDTA was dissolved at a concentration of 0 (as control), 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 50, and 100 mM in sterile NS. Samples were collected from the wounds and cultured. The bacterial culture-positive rate (colony formation) and infection rate (pus formation) of each treatment group were compared after irrigation and debridement.ResultsCell viability intervened below 10 mM concentrations of EDTA-NS showed no cytotoxicity. Concentrations of 1, 2, and 5 mM EDTA-NS had lower rates of infection and positive cultures for S. aureus and E. coli compared with other concentrations in the skin defect model. For the bone exposed model, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM EDTA-NS had lower rates of infection and positive cultures. For intra-articular implant models 10 and 50 mM, EDTA-NS had the lowest rates of infection and positive cultures.ConclusionThe concentrations of EDTA-NS below 10 mM are safe for irrigation. The optimal concentration of EDTA-NS varies by type of wound after experimental inoculation of three types of wound.Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(1):68–76.

Effect of final irrigation procedures on fracture resistance of root filled teeth: an exvivo study.

To evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine (CHX) on fracture resistance of roots treated with different concentrations of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). One hundred and twenty intact single-rooted premolar teeth were sectioned below the cementum-enamel junction to standardize the length of the teeth to 12mm. The canals of one hundred specimens were instrumented with ProTaper Universal rotary instruments up to size F4 and were randomly divided into five groups (n=20) according to the final irrigating solutions: Group 1: distilled water (DW); Group 2: 5% EDTA and 2.5% NaOCl; Group 3: 17% EDTA and 2.5% NaOCl; Group 4: 5% EDTA, 2.5% NaOCl, DW and 2% CHX; Group 5: 17% EDTA and 2.5% NaOCl, DW and 2% CHX. Root canals were filled with gutta-percha and epoxy resin-based root canal sealer using a single-cone technique. Twenty teeth served as negative controls and were not instrumented nor root filled (Group 6). All specimens were embedded in self-curing acrylic resin and loaded vertically at 0.5mmmin-1 until fracture occurred. The data were evaluated statistically using one-way anova test followed by Holm-Sidak's multiple comparison test (P<0.05). Group 1 (only DW) had the lowest vertical fracture strength, followed by Group 3 (17% EDTA and 2.5% NaOCl; P<0.05). Group 6 (negative control group) had the highest fracture resistance. Final irrigation with CHX following irrigation with 17% EDTA or 5% EDTA and 2.5% NaOCl (groups 4 and 5) significantly increased the fracture resistance of roots (P<0.05). However, the difference between Group 4 and Group 5 was not significant (P>0.05). Intracanal CHX rinse of EDTA/NaOCl-treated root dentine enhanced the fracture resistance of roots filled with AH Plus.

Studies on fecundity and some physiological features for the ovaries of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus treated with different concentrations of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA).

Studies on fecundity and some physiological features for the ovaries of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus treated with different concentrations of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA).

Purification and characterization of a digestive lipase in the midgut of Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Ectomyelois ceratoniae is one of the key constraints in the production of pomegranate and pistachio in Iran. Since there is little knowledge on digestive lipases of insects, the current study aimed to purify and characterize the enzyme in the midgut of E. ceratoniae. Purification by ammonium sulfate, Sephacryl G-100 and Di-ethyl-amino-ethanol (DEAE)–cellulose fast flow revealed an enzyme with a specific activity of 0.4 U mg–1 protein, 29.62 of recovery, 28.57 of purification fold and 25 kDa of molecular weight. The purified lipase showed the highest activities at pH 7 and a temperature of 30°C. The enzyme was stable for 3 h at 30°C. Different concentrations of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were used to find possible inhibition of the purified lipase. It was observed that different concentrations of EDTA had no inhibitory effects but different concentrations of PMSF significantly decreased activity of the purified lipase. Since long chain unsaturated fatty acids are essential dietary components, inhibition of digestive lipases may cause severe reduction in growth and development of insects. Hence, study of the biochemical properties of insect digestive lipases is necessary to consider their inhibitions in plant breeding programs as a component of integrated pest management.

Characterization of quinolone resistant genes and control of qnrB transfer by Potentox in clinical isolates

ObjectiveThe objective of the present study was to analyze the presence of qnr genes among different clinical isolates and, subsequently, antibacterial activity of drugs was tested against all of the clinical isolates. Next, we examined the effect of different concentrations of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and half of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of drugs on conjugation. MethodsAnalysis of the presence of qnr genes (qnrA, qnrB and qnrS) was done using previously reported primers by polymerase chain reaction. The antibacterial activity of all drugs was determined by MIC and antimicrobial susceptibility (AST) according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (CLSI, 2009). Conjugation was carried out according to the broth mating method. ResultsThe qnrA gene was detected in Acinetobacter baumannii and Citrobacter braakii, whereas qnrB gene was found in Escherichia coli, A. baumannii, C. braakii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, qnrS was not detected in any of the clinical isolates. The results revealed that Potentox has potential antimicrobial activity against all of the clinical isolates compared to other drugs. Conjugal transfer of qnrB gene from donor to recipient was inhibited at 10 mM EDTA. Similarly, when various drugs at half of MIC were evaluated on conjugation, interestingly, only Potentox could inhibit conjugal transfer of qnrB gene, whereas rest of the drugs failed to inhibit conjugation. ConclusionPotentox has enhanced in vitro antibacterial activity compared to other drugs against quinolone resistant clinical isolates. 10 mM EDTA effectively prevents the conjugal transfer of qnrB gene from donor to recipient. When the same concentration of EDTA was used as a solvent for Potentox, it has again inhibited the conjugal transfer of qnrB gene from donor to recipient. Therefore, inhibition of conjugation can be a novel antimicrobial approach to combat spreading of antibiotic resistance which can be achieved only with Potentox the novel antibiotic adjuvant entity (US patent - US8178501B2).

English

Pseudomonas aeruginosa&nbsp;is an opportunistic bacterium which has been shown to have multi-drug resistance against fluoroquinolones, &beta;-lactams, and aminoglycosides.&nbsp;In this investigation, we studied the effect of different concentrations of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on MexA-MexB-OprM efflux pump and subsequent changes in susceptibility and expression. Next, we examined, the&nbsp;expression of&nbsp;mexAB&nbsp;gene following treatment with half of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of drugs.&nbsp;Our results revealed that&nbsp;10 mM&nbsp;EDTA significantly reduced MIC of all drugs; moreover, the higher reduction (8 fold) was observed with CSE1034. MexA and MexB expression was down regulated at&nbsp;2.93 and 3.21 fold, respectively&nbsp;with 10 mM&nbsp;EDTA. When the same concentration of EDTA was incorporated with drugs, the CSE1034 down regulates 5.64 and 5.94 fold expression of mexA and mexB, respectively. Moreover, meropenem treated groups exhibited 2.63 and 3.12 fold down regulation in the expression of the genes. However, treatment with piperacillin plus tazobactam, amoxicillin plus clavulanate, cefoperazone plus sulbactam and imipenem plus cilastatin did not produce changes in the expression of MexAB-OprM.&nbsp;Hence, CSE1034 could be one of the best choices to treat infections caused by microorganisms that overexpressed&nbsp;MexAB-Opr-Mas compared to other drugs. Furthermore, use of EDTA disodium at appropriated concentrations can be regarded as a safe strategy to fight against the menace provided by the efflux pumps. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Amoxicillin plus clavulanate, CSE1034,&nbsp;ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA), efflux pump, meropenem,&nbsp;Pseudomonas aeruginosa,&nbsp;piperacillin plus tazobactam.

Preventive effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on Escherichia coli-induced acute bacterial cystitis in mice

Objective To evaluate the effect of different concentrations of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in the prevention of Escherichia coli-induced acute bacterial cystitis in mice.Methods Ninty-six female Kunming mice were randomly divided into 4 groups:EDTA-1,3,5,7 groups.An acute bacterial cystitis model was established.The injury of bladder epithelium and the expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were analyzed.Results Less injury was observed in each EDTA peffusion sub-group than in PBS sub-group,the degree of injury and the expression level of inflammatory factors were decreased in the PBS,0.2 mmol/L EDTA,1.0 mmol/L EDTA,5.0 mmol/L EDTA sub-groups consecutively,and the 5.0 mmol/L EDTA sub-group had the best prevention effect (P＜0.05).Among the EDTA-1,3,5,7 groups,EDTA-1 had the best and EDTA-7 had the worst effect of prevention ( P＜0.05).Conclusion EDTA can prevent acute bacterial cystitis induced by Escherichia coli effectively. Key words: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; Escherichia coli; Bladder epithelium; Membrane protein

Micro-tensile bond strength of adhesives to pulp chamber dentin after irrigation with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different concentrations of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution on adhesion, that is, the bond strength of the different adhesive systems, to the pulp chamber dentin.Materials and Methods:Recently extracted, sound, human, third molars were cut horizontally to expose the pulp horn. The roof of the pulp chamber and pulp tissue was removed. The teeth were then divided into five main groups. The teeth in each group were treated as follows: group 1, irrigated with saline; group 2, with 5% EDTA for 5 minutes; group 3, with 15% EDTA for 5 minutes; group 4, with 17% EDTA for 5 minutes and group 5, with 19% EDTA for 5 minutes. Treated specimens were dried and divided into 2 subgroups for adhesives; bonded with a total-etching adhesive (Adper Scotchbond Multi-purpose - ASB) or a one bottle of self-etch adhesive system (Clearfil S3 Bond – CS3). After the bonding procedure and composite restoration, teeth were sectioned and dentin sticks were obtained from each group for micro tensile testing (n = 10). Micro tensile testing was performed and scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs were taken for each irrigated group.Results:In the ASB group, saline showed statistically higher bond strength values at the different concentrations of EDTA, while the micro-tensile bond strengths of the different concentrations of EDTA were not statistically different. In the CS3 group, saline and 5% EDTA showed statistically higher bond strength values than 17% and 19% EDTA, while the micro-tensile bond strengths of 15% EDTA compared to saline and 5% EDTA and 15% EDTA compared to 17% EDTA and 19% EDTA, were not statistically different.Conclusion:This study showed that EDTA irrigation can affect the bond strength of adhesive systems on pulp chamber lateral walls. Clinically, low EDTA concentrations can be recommended if self-etch adhesives have been selected.

Assessment of the effects of different concentrations of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on erythrocytic indices of Nigerian White Fulani cattle and West African Dwarf goat

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of varying concentrations of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on blood samples from White Fulani breed of cattle and West African Dwarf goat from Nigeria. Sample sizes of 20 animals were used for both species. Different concentrations of EDTA (2, 4, 8 and 16 mg/ml) were used. The packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration of blood samples collected from White Fulani breed of cattle and West African Dwarf goat into bottles containing 16 mg/ml of EDTA were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those samples collected from the same animals into bottle containing 2 mg/ml (control). Similarly, the PCV, RBC and Hb values of the West African Dwarf goats in bottles containing 8 mg/ml of EDTA were significantly lower than those of the samples in the control (2 mg/ml). This study has shown that high concentration of EDTA as an anticoagulant can lead to a false erythrocytic index especially the PCV. In collecting blood samples for evaluation of haematological parameters, therefore, the blood volume/anticoagulant ratio must be strictly adhered to prevent error in the evaluated parameters in cattle and goats. Taken together, there is tendency for haemolytic anaemia to occur in blood sampled at higher concentration of anticoagulants in West African Dwarf goat than in White Fulani breed of cattle.

A comparative in vitro evaluation of cytotoxic effects of EDTA and maleic acid: Root canal irrigants

The objective of this study was to compare aqueous solutions of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) with that of maleic acid (MA) for their cytotoxic effect on Chinese hamster fibroblasts (V79) cells growing in vitro. Exponentially growing V79 cells were treated with various concentrations of EDTA (0.05% to 1.0%) or MA (0.05% to 1.0%) alone for 30 minutes. After treatment, the media was removed, cells were trypsinized, and the cytotoxic effect of EDTA or MA was analyzed by Pratt Willis test and MTT assay. Similarly surviving fraction (clonogenic assay) was performed by treating the V79 cells with different concentrations of EDTA (0.0025% to 0.25%) or MA (0.025% to 0.25%) for 30 minutes. The statistical significance between the various groups was evaluated using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student t test (unpaired) for 2 group comparisons. There was a significant (P < .01) decrease in the cell viability in a dose-dependent manner indicating the cytotoxic effect of both EDTA and MA when compared with the control group. However, all the dilutions of EDTA were significantly (P < .01) more cytotoxic over that of MA in all 3 assays. This study for the first time, clearly demonstrated the significantly less toxic effect of MA at a comparable dose of EDTA, suggesting its potential for use as root canal irrigant.

Inhibition on Candida albicans biofilm formation using divalent cation chelators (EDTA)

Candida albicans can readily form biofilms on both inanimate and biological surfaces. In this study we investigated a means of inhibiting biofilm formation using EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid), a divalent cation chelating agent, which has been shown to affect C. albicans filamentation. Candida albicans biofilms were formed in 96-well microtitre plates. Cells were allowed to adhere for 1, 2, and 4 h at 37 degrees C, washed in PBS, and then treated with different concentrations of EDTA (0, 2.5, 25, and 250 mM). EDTA was also added to the standardized suspension prior to adding to the microtiter plate and to a preformed 24 h biofilm. All plates were then incubated at 37 degrees C for an additional 24 h to allow for biofilm formation. The extent and characteristics of biofilm formation were then microscopically assessed and with a semi-quantitative colorimetric technique based on the use of an XTT-reduction assay. Northern blot analysis of the hyphal wall protein (HWP1) expression was also monitored in planktonic and biofilm cells treated with EDTA. Microscopic analysis and colorimetric readings revealed that filamentation and biofilm formation were inhibited by EDTA in a concentration dependent manner. However, preformed biofilms were minimally affected by EDTA (maximum of 31% reduction at 250 mM). The HWP1 gene expression was reduced in EDTA-treated planktonic and biofilm samples. These results indicate that EDTA inhibits C. albicans biofilm formation are most likely through its inhibitory effect on filamentation and indicates the potential therapeutic effects of EDTA. This compound may serve a non-toxic means of preventing biofilm formation on infections with a C. albicans biofilm etiology.

USE OF ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID FOR IN VIVO STRIPPING OF COLUMNAR MUCOSA: PILOT STUDY IN AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL

Barrett's oesophagus is an important clinical problem that can lead to oesophageal adenocarcinoma. A variety of mucosal ablation strategies are now being applied in an attempt to prevent this, although they all can cause complications. Animal experiments that suggest that ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) could be a novel agent for ablation of Barrett's oesophagus are reported in this article. Dark Agouti rats were used in all experiments. To determine the feasibility of using EDTA to strip intestinal type mucosa, segments of the small intestine were exposed in vitro to EDTA at various concentrations with or without agitation. The conditions required for EDTA to strip mucosa from a vascularized loop of small bowel were then optimized in vivo. Cannulated small bowel loops were irrigated with different concentrations of EDTA with or without pulsation of the irrigation solution. The effect of similar treatments on the normal mucosa of the rat oesophagus was then determined. Mucosal healing after EDTA stripping was studied in an isolated small bowel loop survival model. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid with agitation or pulsation resulted in stripping of the intestinal columnar mucosa in vitro and in vivo. The extent was influenced by the concentration of EDTA and duration of exposure. Squamous epithelium was relatively resistant to stripping. In the survival model the small bowel mucosa regenerated without stricture formation. Small bowel columnar mucosa can be removed by EDTA in vivo without stricture formation. A refinement of this approach could be applicable to the ablation of Barrett's oesophagus.