Different Concentrations Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Laboratory assessment of the acaricidal, repellent and anti-cholinesterase effects of Melaleuca alternifolia and Chamaemelum nobile essential oils against Hyalomma scupense ticks.

In cattle, Hyalomma scupense serves as an important vector of several pathogens resulting in diseases, subsequently affecting the agricultural field as well as the economy. Resistance to chemical acaricides has become widespread affirming the need for new drugs to tick control. The goal of this study was to investigate the acaricidal, repellent activities as well as the putative mode of action of two essential oils (EOs) from Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea tree) and Chamaemelum nobile (Roman chamomile) on Hyalomma scupense. The chemical composition of EOs was also evaluated. Different concentrations of EOs were tested in vitro for their acaricidal property on adults and larvae of H. scupense using adult immersion test (AIT) and larval packet test (LPT). Additionally, using Ellman's spectrophotometric method, the anticholinesterase (AChE) inhibition activity of M. alternifolia and C. nobile EOs was assessed in order to understand their putative mode of action. The main compounds of C. nobile were α-Bisabolene (22.20%) and (E)-β-Famesene (20.41%). The major components in the analyzed M. alternifolia were Terpinen-4-ol (36.32%) and γ-Terpinene (13.69%). Adulticidal and larvicidal assays demonstrated a promising efficacy of the essential oils against tick H. scupense. The lethal concentration (LC50) values obtained for M. alternifolia and C. nobile oils were 0.84 and 0.96 mg/mL in the AIT and 0.37 and 0.48 mg/mL in the LPT, respectively. Regarding repellent activity, M. alternifolia achieved 100% repellency at the concentration of 1 mg/mL while C. nobile showed 95.98% repellency activity at concentration of 4 mg/mL. Also, M. alternifolia and C. nobile EOs displayed potent AChE inhibition with IC50 value of 91.27 and 100.12 μg/mL, respectively. In the present study, M. alternifolia and, to a lesser degree, C. nobile EOs were found to be effective in vitro acaricides, repellents and acetylcholinesteraseinhibitor against H. scupense ticks. These plants may represent an economical and sustainable alternative to toxic synthetic acaricides in the management of ectoparasites of veterinary importance.

IN VITRO SCREENING OF THE INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF Salvia microphylla (Lamiaceae)

Aphids are important pests in fields and orchards. The use of chemical insecticides as the main control method resulted in many ecological and health problems. Thus, the development of alternative methods, such as botanical bio-pesticides becomes indispensable in recent years. In this context, we studied the insecticidal and repellent effects of different concentrations of essential oils (EOs) and aqueous extracts from Salvia microphylla (Lamiaceae) against Aphis craccivora aphids, under laboratory conditions. The results showed that higher concentrations of extracts (10000 ppm for EOs and 10% for aqueous solutions) proved significant aphicidal activity, where mortality rates of 100% and 74% were noticed, respectively. Furthermore, aqueous extract at 10% concentration recorded the highest repellent effect (repellency rate = 71.8%). Therefore, the use of extracts from S. microphylla may constitute an important tool in integrated pest management.

Assessment of Contact Toxicity and Repellent Effects of Essential Oils from Piper Plants Piper yunnanense and Piper boehmeriifolium against Three Stored-Product Insects.

Storage is a crucial part during grain production for the massive spoilage caused by stored product insects. Essential oils (EOs) of plant origin have been highly recommended to combating insects which are biodegradable and safe mode of action. Hence, to make the fullest use of natural resources, essential oils of different parts from Piper yunnanense (the whole part, PYW; fruits, PYF; leaves, PYL) and Piper boehmeriifolium (leaves, PBL) were extracted by steam distillation method in the present study. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) characterization revealed bicyclogermacrene (PYW), γ-muurolene (PYF), δ-cadinene (PYL) and methyl 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoate (PBL) as the principal compound of each essential oil. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were also recognized as the richest class accounting for 56.3 %-94.9 % of the total oil. Three storage pests, Tribolium castaneum, Lasioderma serricorne and Liposceis bostrychophila, were exposed to different concentrations of EOs to determine their insecticidal effects. All tested samples performed modest contact toxicity in contrast to a bioactive ingredient pyrethrin, among which the most substantial effects were observed in PYF EOs against T. castaneum (35.84 μg/adult), PBL EOs against L. serricorne (15.76 μg/adult) and PYW EOs against L. bostrychophila (57.70 μg/cm2 ). In terms of repellency tests, essential oils of PYF at 78.63 nL/cm2 demonstrated to have a remarkable repellence against T. castaneum at 2h and 4h post-exposure. The investigations indicate diverse variations in the chemical profiles and insecticidal efficacies of P. yunnanense and P. boehmeriifolium EOs, providing more experimental evidence for the use of the Piper plants.

Effect of Simmering Technology on Components and Activity of Myristica fragrans Houtt.

This study aims to optimize the processing of Myristica fragrans Houtt. by talcum powder simmering using single-factor and orthogonal experimental methods, and the overall desirability values of dehydrodiisoeugenol and essential oils content were selected as indicators of the process. The new process reduced the total content of the three toxic components, namely myristicin, safrole and elemicin, from 1.91% to 1.16% before and after processing, indicating that the toxic components were reduced by 39%. The IC50 of the essential oils before and after processing were 1.002 ± 0.05 and 0.233 ± 0.05 mg/mL for DPPH scavenging activity and 0.132 ± 0.04 and 0.057 ± 0.05 mg/mL for ABTS scavenging activity, respectively. And the absorbance of the antioxidant activity against Ferric reducing power ranged from 0.213 to 0.709 and from 0.225 to 0.755, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration for Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pumilus and Escherichia coli were all lower after processing than before. The antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity of the essential oils after processing were better than before. The results of the survival of zebrafish embryos at different concentrations of essential oils at 0-168 h post fertilisation were higher after processing than before. These findings suggest that processing plays the role of reducing toxicity and increasing beneficial effects. They provide a scientific basis not only for the processing of M. fragrans, but also for the processing of other foods.

Physicochemical and sensory analysis of Coalho Cheese supplemented with different concentrations of essential oil of oregano (Origanum vulgare)

The objective of this study was to analyze the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory characteristics of coalho cheese supplemented with different concentrations of oregano oil. This study used a completely randomized experimental design with four levels of oregano oil and five storage days. However, fat content and fat in dry matter presented a significant difference (p<0.0001) with the inclusion of oregano oil. The sensory attributes had no significant difference. Regarding sensory analysis and purchase intention, all cheeses were well accepted by most consumers, indicating that they can be used as natural additives in coalho cheese.

Barely cultivar compositions influence essential oils effectiveness on Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most crucial grains for brewing, human nutrition, and animal feeding. It is frequently infested by a pest known as the granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The nutritional quality, weight and germination potential of the infested grains can be significantly decreased. Thus, the aim of the current study was to test the combined effects of essential oils (EOs) from two plant species, Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. and Dracocephalum multicaule Montbr & Auch (Lamiaceae), and ten cultivars (Abidar, Ansar, Azaran, Bahman, Dasht, Golchin, Makuyi, Nowbahar, Oksin, and Sahra) of barely on the granary weevil. Plant EOs were isolated by the Clevenger apparatus and subjected to GC-MS analysis. Our findings demonstrated that limonene was the predominant component in D. kotschyi and D. multicaule EOs, with 39.96% and 55.25%, respectively. The results indicated that, 24 h after exposure, D. kotschyi had the highest toxicity for the weevils reared on Makuyi (LC50 = 3.84 μl/l air) and the lowest on Golchin (LC50 = 32.61 μl/l air). Almost the same pattern was found when D. multicaule EOs were used; the highest and lowest toxicities were on Makuyi and Golchin cultivars, respectively. There were significant variations in the death rate of the weevil on ten barley cultivars exposed to different concentrations of EOs (0, 2, 5, 7, 10, and 13 μl/l air). It can be concluded that the weevils reared on Makuyi were more susceptible to D. multicaule and D. kotschyi EOs than those reared on other cultivars. Thus, Makuyi cultivar has great potential to be cultivated by farmers in order to combat this insect pest in storage areas.

Essential Oils Produce Developmental Toxicity in Zebrafish Embryos and Cause Behavior Changes in Zebrafish Larvae.

Essential oils have gained significant popularity in various industries due to their biological properties, but their potential toxic effects on living organisms have been poorly investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of lemongrass, thyme, and oregano essential oils on zebrafish embryos and larvae as animal models. Embryos were exposed to different concentrations of essential oils, and various endpoints were assessed, including epiboly, mortality (LC50), morphometry, and behavioral changes. All three essential oils reduced epiboly, affecting embryonic development. LC50 values were calculated for lemongrass (3.7 µg/mL), thyme (14.4 µg/mL), and oregano (5.3 µg/mL) oils. Larvae exposed to these oils displayed morphological defects, including growth reduction, spinal deformation, pericardial edema, eye size reduction, and reduced swim-bladder inflation. Morphometric analysis confirmed reduced larval length at higher oil concentrations. Essential-oil exposure altered zebrafish larval swimming behavior, with lemongrass oil reducing dark-cycle activity and oregano oil increasing light-cycle activity, suggesting neurodevelopmental toxicity. These findings illustrate the adverse effects of these oils on zebrafish embryos and larvae and reveal essential-oil toxicity, indicating careful use should be considered, particularly during pregnancy.

Cultivar-specific responses of tomato essential oils to tomato red spider mite (Tetranychus evansi): Implications for pest management

Background: The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a widely cultivated and nutritionally valuable plant species, known for its culinary and health benefits. However, tomato crops are susceptible to various pests, including the tomato red spider mite (Tetranychus evansi), which can cause substantial yield losses. Essential oils from plants have shown potential as natural alternatives for pest management. Methods: This study investigated the interaction between essential oils from seven different tomato accessions namely; 1 (money maker), 13 (marglobe), 51 (PI 134417), 162 (JKUAT 22/202183), 182 (JKUAT 19), 428 (LA 2185) and 460 (LO 3279) and T. evansi. The aim was to understand the role of essential oils in shaping mite behavior. Essential oils were extracted from these diverse tomato accessions using steam distillation. The response of spider mites to these essential oils was assessed using Y-tube olfactometer and glass slide bioassays. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to analyze the composition of volatile compounds released by the essential oils. Results: Spider mite responses to different concentrations of essential oils were not significantly different among accessions. However, specific accessions, such as 51 and 428, elicited negative responses across concentrations. Analysis of volatile compounds revealed qualitative and quantitative variations in essential oil composition among accessions. Compounds like 2-tridecanone, 2-undecanone, β-caryophyllene, and α-humulene exhibited distinct abundance patterns across accessions. Conclusions: The study provides insights into the complex interaction between tomato essential oils and spider mite behavior. While concentrations of essential oils did not strongly influence mite responses, the unique composition of essential oils in different accessions played a crucial role. These findings suggest the potential for selective breeding of tomato varieties with specific essential oil profiles to enhance resistance to spider mites. The research contributes to our understanding of natural pest management strategies and underscores the importance of phytochemical diversity in shaping arthropod behavior.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF Lippia rotundifolia Cham. AND ITS POTENTIAL AS NA AGROECOLOGICAL LARVICIDE AGAINST Aedes aegypti Linn.

Agroecological products have been demanded by the population due to their low environmental impact. Faced with the demand, Lippia rotundifolia Cham., belong to the Verbenaceae family, is an aromatic species from the Brazilian Cerrado with high biological potential. Due to its effectiveness, we goal to evaluate the content and chemical characterization of the essential oil of Lippia rotundifolia Cham. as well as to evaluate its potential as an agroecological larvicide against Aedes aegypti Linn. Larvae. To achieve this goal the essential oil was obtaneid by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to the mass spectrometer. The larvae of Aedes aegypti Linn. were exposed to the hydrolate and in different concentrations of essential oil (300, 250, 125, 62.5 e 31.25 µg.mL-1). The essential oil presented a content of 3.09%. The chemical analysis detected 27 compounds. The major compound was myrcene (15.52%). All treatments presented larvicidal activity with strong sedative action. The lowest concentration after 24h presented more than 80% of mortality. The lethal concentration was 232 µg.mL-1. The Lippia rotundifolia Cham. features 3,09% essential oil content. The mircene, (Z)-tagetone and β-caryophyllene compoundes are the chemical representatives of the species. The species has potential against mosquito larvae Aedes aegypti Linn., it can be used in the formulation of larvicidal products to control its population.

Essential Oil from Tagetes minuta Has Antiquorum Sensing and Antibiofilm Potential against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain PAO1.

Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms that are enclosed in a matrix that shows increased resistance to antimicrobial and immunological encounters. Mostly, the traditional methods to control biofilm are exhausted; therefore, the aim is to evaluate the potential of essential oil (EO) from Tagetes minuta to encounter biofilm and other related virulence factors. The EO of T. minuta was extracted through steam-distillation, analyzed on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the biofilm inhibition assays were performed with various concentrations of EO. Mainly the EO from T. minuta contains cis-β-ocimene (29.1%), trans-tagetenone (23.1%), and cis-tagetenone (17.7%). The virulence factors were monitored while applying different concentrations of EO and it was recorded that the EO from T. minuta significantly inhibited the virulence factors linked with quorum sensing (QS), such as pyocyanin production, protease production, and swarming motility. Biofilm formation is one of the most important virulence factors associated with the QS pathway and was inhibited up to 79% in the presence of EO. Antibacterial activity against the PAO1 of EO was not so promising particularly and it has high MIC (325 μg/mL) and MBC (5000 μg/mL). EO is quite efficient to inhibit biofilm in a very small concentration of 20 μg/mL, which confirms that the biofilm inhibition by EO is not by killing bacterial cells but by inhibiting the QS pathway. The study on PAO1 constructs carrying various QS reported genes confirmed that the EO interferes with the QS pathway that ultimately controls various virulence factors caused by PAO1.

Assessment of Responses of Peach Cultivars to Postharvest Pathogen Botrytis Cinerea and its Mitigation using Plant Essential Oils

In peaches, post-harvest losses occur due to injury during mishandling, storage, processing, and transportation, especially caused by pathogen infections that result in the reduction of quantity, quality, and market value of agricultural commodities. Numerous postharvest pathogens attack peaches, especially Botrytis cinerea, which causes grey mold disease, resulting in losses of about $10 billion globally. The current paper reports the results of a study that investigated the occurrence of different fungi and the effect of different essential oils on mold growth in five peach cultivars. The study found that Penicillium expansum, Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus flavus, and A. niger had different preferences and distributions among the cultivars. The study also found that Florida King 6-A was resistant to B. cinerea, while Early Gold was highly susceptible. The study also found that cinnamon oil was the most effective essential oil in controlling mold growth in Florida King 6-A, while sesame oil was the least effective in Early Grand. The study also found that clove bud oil at 100% concentration had the highest antifungal potency among the tested essential oils and that different concentrations of essential oils were required for different cultivars. These findings highlight the varying levels of susceptibility among peach cultivars to fungal pathogens and the varying degrees of effectiveness associated with different essential oils in mitigating fungal growth. Such insights are invaluable for agricultural practices aiming to protect peach crops from fungal infections and optimize yield.

In vitro Study: Determining the Antibacterial Activity of Different Concentrations of Essential Oil against Streptococcus sanguinis Isolated from supragingival Plaque

Several mouth diseases are common health issues, including dental caries and periodontal disease. In the absence of prevention, these conditions result in periodontal pockets. It has been proven that periodontal diseases are associated with supra-gingival plaque bacteria, including Streptococcus sanguinis. To avoid antibiotic side effects and bacteria becoming increasingly resistant, an alternative to antibacterial agents must be developed to ensure no side effects or increased resistance. As a consequence, natural herbs and Ayurveda drugs have become increasingly important. This research aims to investigate the antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus Globules essential oil against Streptococcus sanguinis bacteria. An evaluation of the anti-microbial effects of different concentrations of Eucalyptus Globules oil on Streptococcus sanguinis bacteria was conducted using a well-plate approach was also utilized to compare the effects of Eucalyptus Globules oil on bacterial growth in comparison to 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash. It was found that Eucalyptus Globules essential oil was highly antibacterial against Streptococcus sanguinis as the concentration of extract increased, with a highly significant difference (P ≤ 0.01) between all concentrations and chlorhexidine. Thus, this antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus Globules essential oil against Streptococcus sanguinis suggests that it could be used as a natural antibacterial component in treating oral infections. Keywords: Essential oil, Eucalyptus Globules, Dental plaque, Antibacterial activity.

Evaluation of the inhibition of strains of Candida Albicans by the essential oil of <em>origanum vulgare</em>

Candida albicans is a yeast normally found in the human microbiota, but it is considered opportunistic, causing a pathology called candidiasis. The essential oil of oregano (Origanum vulgare) has thymol and carvacrol in its composition, compounds with proven antimicrobial and antifungal action. Thus, the present study evaluated the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of essential oil of oregano on the strain ATCC 90028 of Candida albicans through macro and microdilution techniques, where it showed antifungal activity in vitro. Fungal suspensions were treated with different concentrations of essential oil (100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125 and 1.56 uL/mL) where it was possible to identify the MIC's of 6.250 uL/mL and 12.5 uL /mL in the macrodilution and microdilution techniques, respectively. Thus, it is concluded that the essential oil of Origanum vulgare has a promising antifungal action, especially on Candida albicans, and, therefore, potential therapeutic action.

Potencial antifúngico de óleos essenciais de Pectis brevipedunculata e Dizygostemon riparius no controle de antracnose em manga

Abstract Essential oils have been widely studied because they are natural sources of substances that have antimicrobial properties. In fruit growing, especially in mango crop, anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) is considered the main disease because it causes series of damages in the fruit production chain and, in this sense, essential oils can be an option in this disease control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of essential oils obtained from the leaves of Chá-de-moça (Pectis brevipedunculata) and Melosa (Dizygostemon riparius) in the in vitro and in vivo control of the C. gloeosporioides fungus, in seedlings and mango fruits. The in vitro bioassays were performed by testing the effect of different concentrations of essential oils (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 µl/mL) on the reduction of mycelial growth of the C. gloeosporioides fungus. Additionally, the anthracnose control in mango seedlings (Tommy Atkins, Constantina, Comum and Rosa cultivars) was evaluated by foliar application of essential oils at 4 µl/mL concentration. Disease control in fruits of the same mango cultivars was evaluated at 3 µl/mL concentration of essential oils. The evaluation was carried out by measuring the average diameter of the colonies, for the in vitro treatment, and the lesions for the in vivo treatments, in two diametrically opposite directions. There was a decrease in the fungus mycelial growth in all tested concentrations. There was a decrease in the disease severity from the sixth day after the oils application in Tommy Atkins cultivar seedlings, when treated with both essential oils at 4 µl/mL concentration. As for preventive treatments with fruits, it was observed that all cultivars achieved a reduction in severity from 54.83% at 3 µl/mL concentration with the use of both essential oils. Given the results obtained, it was observed that the essential oils P. brevipedunculata and D. riparius can be a viable alternative in the anthracnose control in mango culture.

EFFECT OF PEPERMINT AND OREGANO ESSENTIAL OIL ON OLIVE SEED GERMINATION

In the present study the allelopathic effect of oregano (Oregano vulgare) and peppermint (Menta piperita) essential oil on olive seed germination was investigated. Five different concentrations of each essential oil (0%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5% and 1%) were used. The seed germination percentage were calculated to determine the essential oils effect. Results shows that different concentrations of oregano and peppermint essential oil had significant effect on seed germination. Essential oil of oregano had remarkable allelopathic effect in olive seed germination even in a low concentration. In contrast peppermint essential oil could reduce seed germination percentage at higher concentrations. At 1% essential oil concentration of both aromatic plants exhibits inhibitory effect.

Antifungal action of essential oils on Colletotrichum musae in vitro

Anthracnose is a phytosanitary problem affecting banana producers. It is a major postharvest disease and is mainly controlled by the use of fungicides. As the search for healthy foods free of chemical residues has increased among consumers, the objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antifungal efficacy of different concentrations of essential oils on mycelial growth of Colletotrichum musae, the causal agent of anthracnose in banana fruits. The essential oils used were citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citrates), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), and basil (Ocimum basilicum). The essential oils were added to a potato dextrose agar medium at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0,and 2.5 μLmL−1 and distributed in 90 mm diameter Petri dishes. Mycelium discs from the fungal colony, grown for seven days, were transferred to Petri dishes containing the oils and incubated at 25°C with a photoperiod of 12 h (light/dark) cycle for eight days. Colony growth was monitored daily to determine the percentage, index of inhibition of mycelial growth, and average diameter of the colonies. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with six different extract concentrations with replicates (n = 4). Each oil extract was then evaluated separately. The essential oils from citronellagrass, lemongrass, and basil inhibited mycelial growth to the proportion that the oil concentration increased. The total inhibition of the pathogen occurred at a concentration of 1.5 µLmL−1 using citronellagrass and lemongrass and 2.5 µLmL−1 using basil. However, essential oils from clove completely inhibited the mycelial growth of C. musae at a concentration of 0.5 µLmL−1. The tested essential oils showed in vitro antifungal activity against C. musae at different concentrations. However, essential oils from clove are unique in exhibiting a better inhibitory effect on mycelial growth at lower concentrations.

The Formulation and Stability Test of The Balm Emprit Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) Essential Oil

Emprit ginger (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) is a rhizome plant that is much of the time tracked down in the locale. Tanasitolo, Kab. Wajo. Its utilization is most generally utilized as a cooking zest, defeating joint inflammation, muscle torment, treating colds, treating hacks, as a characteristic cell reinforcement and warming the body. The compound parts contained in emprit ginger (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) are zingiberene, shagaol, sap, and gingerol which are adequate as cancer prevention agents and mitigating or then again reflexology. This study aims to decided how to of ginger emprit (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) as a salve form of a natural balm. This type of research is a direct observation in the laboratory using the distillation method to obtain the essential oil in ginger emprit (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) was then made in the form of a balm with different concentrations of essential oils, namely F1 (0 g), F2 (1.5 g), and F3 (2 g) using accelerated stability testing on the balm preparation, stored for 6 days with 3 cycles (40C and 400C) the observations included organoleptic tests (shape, smell, and colour), homogeneity test, pH test, spreadability test, adhesion test, and specific gravity.. This study indicate that a stable balm preparation that meets the standard requirements based on SNI with accelerated stability testing is formula F3 with a concentration of 2 grams of ginger essential oil. Emprit ginger (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) can be formed in a balm preparation.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Alpinia malaccensis (Burm. f.) Roscoe and Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome Essential Oil Gel Formulations by Carrageenan Induction Method

Bioactive compound from essential oils of Alpinia malaccensis (AM) and Kaempferia galanga (KG) rhizomes, respectively, such as methyl cinnamate and ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMS) have been reported to have anti-inflammatory activity. The present study aimed to determine the topical anti-inflammatory activity of 3 gel formulations (Formula 1, 2 and 3) having different concentrations of essential oil from AM and KG rhizomes. The gelling agent used in this study was Carbopol 934. The physicochemical parameters of the gel formulations such as organoleptic, pH, viscosity, and spreadability as well as hedonic test were also examined. The anti-inflammatory activity assay was carried out using the carrageenan induced rat paws edema method. The chemical composition of AM and KG rhizomes was identified by GC-MS with LRI index. The major essential oils content in AM and KG rhizome was methyl cinnamate (58.80%) and ethyl-p-methoxy cinnamate (59.68%), respectively. Based on the results of physical evaluation, hedonic test and anti-inflammatory activity, Formula 1 with 5% AM and 2.5% KG essential oils is the best formula with % inflammation inhibition of 36.32 ± 6.32%.

Effect of lavander (Lavandula angustifolia) and laurel (Laurus nobilis) essential oils as anesthesics in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

In this study, anesthetic effects of lavender ( Lavandula angustofolia ) and laurel ( Laurus nobilis ) essential oils were investigated in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Fish (avarege 10 g) were exposed to different concentrations of essential oils (5, 10, 20, 50, 70, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mg L −1 ). Anesthesia induction and recovery times were evaluated. In addition, histopathological effects of the essential oils in fish tissues were determined after deep anesthesia. As a result of this study, lavender essantial oil at 200 mg L −1 dose and laurel essential oil at 400 mg L −1 dose showed ideal anesthetic effects on rainbow trout. At these concentrations, deep anesthesia (Stage 4) induction times were 258.0 s for lavender and 189.5 s for laurel. Recovery times at these concentrations were 41 s for lavender and 129.5 s for laurel. No histopathological finding in gill, liver and kidney was observed. Consequently, this study was demostrated that lavender and laurel essential oils can be used as effective anesthetic in rainbow trout. • Anesthetic effects of laurel essential oil on rainbow trout determined for the first time in this study. • Laurel essential oil at 400 mg L −1 dose and lavender oil at 200 mg L −1 dose are suitable for anesthesia in rainbow trout. • No histopathological findings were found in gill, liver and kidney of fish exposed to 600 mg L −1 EOs. • This study was demostrated that lavender and laurel essential oils can be used as effective anesthetic in rainbow trout.

The Effect of Some Wild Grown Plant Extracts and Essential Oils on Pectobacterium betavasculorum: The Causative Agent of Bacterial Soft Rot and Vascular Wilt of Sugar Beet.

The bacterial soft rot and vascular wilt of sugar beet are the major diseases of sugar crops globally induced by Pectobacterium betavasculorum and P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc). The control of this bacterial disease is a severe problem, and only a few copper-based chemical bactericides are available for this disease. Because of the limitations of chemicals to control plant bacterial pathogens, the essential oils and extracts have been considered one of the best alternative strategies for their control. In this study, twenty-seven essential oils and twenty-nine plant extracts were extracted and evaluated for their antibacterial activities against Pectobacterium betavasculorum isolate C3, using the agar diffusion method at 0.01%, 0.1%, and 100% (v/v). Pure Pimpinella anisum L. oil exhibited the most anti-bacterial activity among three different concentrations of essential oils and extracts, followed by Thymus vulgaris L. oil and Rosa multiflora Thunb. extract. The efficacy of effective essential oils and extracts on Ic1 cultivar of sugar beet seeds germination and seedling growth in vivo also were tested. The seed germination of the Ic1 cultivar was inhibited at all the concentrations of essential oils used. Only extracts of Rosa multiflora Thunb., Brassica oleracea L., Lactuca serriola L., Salvia rosmarinus Spenn., Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and L.M.Perry, Eucalyptus globulus Labill., and essential oils of Ocmium basilicum L., Pimpinella anisum L., and Mentha× piperita L.L. in 0.1% concentration had no inhibition on seed germination and could improve seedling growth. This is the first report of the antibacterial activity of essential oils and extracts on Pectobacterium betavasculorum.