Different Concentrations Of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Research Articles

Transdermal drug delivery of rizatriptan using microneedles array patch: preparation, characterization and ex-vivo/in-vivo study

Given the extensive first pass metabolism of rizatriptan in oral administration and its delayed absorption during a migraine attack as a result of gastric stasis, focus has been on transdermal delivery. The main purpose of this study is to prepare and assess transdermal formulation of rizatriptan, loaded on hydrogel microneedles delivery system, to avoid first pass metabolism and also improve its percutaneous permeation rate. Rizatriptan hydrogel microneedles were prepared using micromolding method and evaluated in terms of mechanical strength, encapsulation efficiency, permeation and in-vivo skin absorption. Different formulations of rizatriptan microneedles (F1–F5) were successfully prepared using different concentrations of carboxymethyl cellulose and gelatin type A. Rizatriptan hydrogel microneedles demonstrated favorable mechanical properties, including withstanding insertion forces, thereby enhancing its skin insertion ability. In permeation study, the percent cumulative drug released after 24 h ranged between 93.1–100% which means that microneedles were able to deliver the drug effectively. For in-vivo study, F3 formulation was selected due to its superior characteristics over other formulations as it exhibited the highest swelling capacity, and demonstrated favorable mechanical properties. Furthermore, F3 showcased the most controlled drug release over a 24-hour period. Relative bioavailability of F3 microneedles was 179.59% compared to oral administration based on the AUC0-24. The observed AUC0-24 in F3 microneedles was statistically significant and 1.80 times greater than that in oral administration. The higher rizatriptan level in the microneedle demonstrated adequate drug permeability through the rat skin, suggesting the potential of microneedles for enhanced therapeutic effectiveness.

Suspension stability of passion fruit nectar formulated with carboxymethyl cellulose: Analysis of sedimentation kinetics

This study evaluated the suspension stability of passion fruit nectar formulated with different concentrations of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Passion fruit nectars with 0, 0.02, 0.1 and 0.2% (w/v) CMC were placed at rest in test tubes at room temperature (~25 °C) to measure the phase separation height for 87 h. Passion fruit nectars with 0 and 0.02% (w/v) CMC showed notable phase separation, while those with 0.1 and 0.2% (w/v) CMC were relatively stable suspensions. The analysis of sedimentation kinetics revealed that passion fruit nectars with 0 and 0.02% (w/v) CMC presented respectively: maximum sedimentation velocity of 0.426 m/s and 0.260 m/s, equilibrium sedimentation index of 46.494% and 20.434%, and sedimentation rate speed of 0.0362 and 0.0556%/s. A concentration of 0.2% (w/v) CMC is recommended in passion fruit nectar to maintain the appearance of a stable suspension, which is a characteristic desired by the consumer.

The effect of different concentrations of carboxy methyl cellulose addition on chemical and organoleptic characteristics of red guava (Psidium guajava) jam sheet

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) concentrations on the chemical and sensory characteristics of jam sheet products (pH value, moisture content, water activity, total dissolved solids and preference test), and to determine the best CMC concentration as food additives for jam sheet products. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and 4 replications. The treatment applied was the addition of different concentrations of CMC i.e., P0: CMC 0%, P1: CMC 0.25%, P2: CMC 0.5%, P3: CMC 0.75%, and P4: CMC 1.0%. The results showed that there was a significant effect of increasing the concentration of CMC on the pH value, water content, water activity, total dissolved solids and the red guava jam preference test.

Non-Conventional Hybrid Microporous Layers for Enhanced Performance and Durability of PEM Fuel Cells

In this work, novel microporous layers (MPLs) were developed based on fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), as a hydrophobic agent, and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), as a wettability modulator and rheology controller for the inks, which were deposited onto pre-hydrophobized macroporous gas diffusion layers (GDLs). Higher CMC amounts led to higher dynamic viscosities of the inks, which induced the formation of a more compact and less cracked MPL surface. Different concentrations of CMC were tested and the experimental measurements showed a threshold limit pointing out an optimal composition that positively affected the electrochemical performances at medium-low relative humidity (RH), which is important to mitigate the need of saturating inlet gases. Durability of the best performing samples was assessed by means of an ad hoc developed accelerated stress test (AST) and compared to one of the conventional FEP-based GDMs. It was found that a lower decrement of both the output power density and the overall cell efficiency can be obtained upon the ASTs with the novel samples.

Pengaruh Formulasi Bahan Baku dan CMC (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose) Terhadap Mutu dan Penerimaan Konsumen Susu Nabati

Nowadays, consumers tend to search for additional source of protein and energy for their dietary consumption, for instance from legumes and nuts. This trend is getting more common since the increase case of lactose intolerance. This study aims to study the effect of the formulation of materials consisting of a mixture of two or three types of nuts and the CMC (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose) on the quality characteristics of plant milk and consumer preferences towards the produced plant milk. The method used in this study was a factorial completely randomized design (FCRD). This study were used combination of two or three types of beans, namely soybeans (KK), peanuts (KT), green beans (KH). The first factor was formulation of raw materials (K1 = 50% KK: 50% KT: 0% KH, K2 = 50 % KK: 0% KT: 50% KH, K3 = 0% KK: 50% KT: 50% KH, and K4 = 33.3% KK: 33.3% KT: 33.3% KH). In addition, CMC was used as a stabilizer by treating different concentrations of CMC (C1 = 0.20% and C2 = 0.40%). Anova continued with DMRT0.05 determined that plant milk with the best treatment is K1C2 with the formulation of 50% peanut: 50% soybean and the addition of 0.4% CMC. The KIC2 treatment had values: protein content 3.87%, fat content 14.74%, pH 6.62, total dissolved solids 11.47oBrix. For consumer acceptance with RATA (Rate All That Apply) method, researchers found out that K1C2 has milky white color (89% of respondents), peanut aroma flavour (78% respondents), sweet (48%) and savory (37%) taste, thick and homogenous texture (44% respondents) with overall hedonic liking 3.11 or neutral. Protein content, fat content, and pH of vegetable milk meet the quality requirements of soy milk based on SNI No. 01-3830-1995.

Swallowing Gel for Patients with Dysphagia: A Novel Application of Chitosan.

Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing certain foods, liquids, or pills. It is common among the elderly with chronic diseases who need to take drugs for long periods. Therefore, dysphagia might reduce compliance with oral drug administration in the aging population. Many pharmaceutical companies search for new products to serve as swallowing aids. Existing products are expensive and do not suit all geriatric patients. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and investigate pill swallowing aid gels prepared from carboxymethyl cellulose and chitosan. We formulated gels by dissolving different concentrations of carboxymethyl cellulose and low or high molecular weight chitosan in solvents to find appropriate gel rheology properties. We then added several portions of glycerin as the glidant of the formulation. We found that the optimized gel formulation was 6.25% (w/w) chitosan with a molecular weight of 80–120 kDa dissolved in 1.2% acetic acid and 4% (w/w) glycerin. The developed pill swallowing gel’s rheology was pseudoplastic with a viscosity of 73.74 ± 3.20 Pa⸱s. The developed chitosan gel had enhanced flow ability; it allowed the pill to cross a 300 mm tube within 6 s, while the reference product took 3 s. Even though the reference product could carry the pill in the tube faster, the chitosan gel better covered the pill, making it more convenient to use. Finally, using a theophylline tablet as a model tablet dosage form, we assessed the gel’s effect on drug disintegration and dissolution. The chitosan gel delayed the tablet disintegration time by about 3–7 min and slightly affected the theophylline dissolution rate. Lastly, all gels were physically stable after a month of storage in the stress condition. These results show the feasibility of manufacturing a chitosan gel usable as a pill swallowing gel for patients with dysphagia.

Development of Active Packaging to Extend the Shelf Life of Agaricus bisporus by Using Plasma Technology.

In this study, a preservation package that can extend the shelf life of Agaricus bisporus was developed using plasma modification combined with low-density polyethylene (LDPE), collagen (COL), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Out results showed that the selectivity of LDPE to gas can be controlled by plasma modification combined with coating of different concentrations of CMC and COL. Packaging test results applied to A. bisporus showed that 3% and 5% of CMC and COL did not significantly inhibit polyphenol oxidase and β-1,3-glucanase, indicating no significant effect on structural integrity and oxidative browning. The use of 0.5% and 1.0% CMC and COL can effectively inhibit the polyphenol oxidase and β-1,3-glucanase activity of A. bisporus, leading to improved effects in browning inhibition and structural integrity maintenance. P-1.0COL can effectively maintain gas composition in the package (carbon dioxide: 10–15% and oxygen: 8–15%) and catalase activity during storage, thereby reducing the oxidative damage caused by respiration of A. bisporus. The current study confirmed that the use of plasma modification technology combined with 1.0% COL can be used in preservation packaging by regulating the respiration of A. bisporus, thus extending its shelf life from 7 to 21 days.

Gravitational settling of calcium carbonate in different non-Newtonian carboxymethyl cellulose concentrations using the gamma-ray attenuation technique

In the drilling of oil wells, there are different types of rock formations, which requires fluids with different formulations for each level. These fluids must be pseudoplastic and thixotropic suspensions and they must prevent the sedimentation of particles. In this scenario, this work aimed to evaluate calcium carbonate (CaCO3) sedimentation in fluids with different degrees of pseudoplasticity and thixotropy, to propose constitutive equations for pressure on solids, and to calculate permeability. We characterized fluids with different concentrations of carboxymethyl cellulose and monitored their stability regarding the maintenance of particles in suspension. We used the gamma-ray attenuation technique (TARG). The experiments showed that the non-Newtonian behavior of the fluid influenced particle sedimentation and accommodation, which confirmed the hypothesis that pressure on solids is an exclusive function of particle concentration. We proposed an equation for sediment permeability based on Laruccia (1990).

Recovery of lignin from water and methanol using low-cost kaolin based tubular ceramic membrane

This study investigated the performance of low-cost tubular ceramic membranes fabricated using kaolin, quartz and calcium carbonate as inexpensive raw materials following the extrusion method for lignin recovery from water and methanol. The effect of different concentrations of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a binder along with the raw materials on the membrane properties such as porosity, pure water permeability, flexural strength and chemical stability was first studied. The increase in CMC concentration resulted in enhancement of chemical stability, flexural strength and pure water permeability alongside a decrease in porosity of the membrane. Based on the characterization results, membrane prepared using 3 wt% CMC was found suitable for microfiltration applications, which showed porosity of 36 %, flexural strength of 38 MPa and average pore size of 0.18 μm. The prepared membrane was further tested for the recovery of lignin - a key value-added component in biorefinery operation - from water and methanol. Cross-flow microfiltration experiments performed using the membrane at five different applied pressures (34−172 kPa) showed maximum lignin rejection values of 82.5 % and 80 % with lignin-water and lignin-methanol solutions, respectively, at an applied pressure of 34 kPa.

Graphene Oxide Carboxymethylcellulose Nanocomposite for Dressing Materials.

Sore, infected wounds are a major clinical issue, and there is thus an urgent need for novel biomaterials as multifunctional constituents for dressings. A set of biocomposites was prepared by solvent casting using different concentrations of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and exfoliated graphene oxide (Exf-GO) as a filler. Exf-GO was first obtained by the strong oxidation and exfoliation of graphite. The structural, morphological and mechanical properties of the composites (CMCx/Exf-GO) were evaluated, and the obtained composites were homogenous, transparent and brownish in color. The results confirmed that Exf-GO may be homogeneously dispersed in CMC. It was found that the composite has an inhibitory activity against the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, but not against Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At the same time, it does not exhibit any cytotoxic effect on normal fibroblasts.

Influence of the chemical structure of different carboxymethylcelluloses on the performance of clay dispersions

Abstract The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of the chemical structure of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) on the rheological performance and fluid loss of clay dispersions. The dispersions were prepared with a fixed content of bentonite clay (15 g/350 mL of water) and different concentrations of CMCs (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g/350 mL of water). After aging for 24 h in ambient and static conditions, the dispersions were tested in a viscometer. Apparent and plastic viscosities, yield point and gel strength were obtained using the viscometer, according to Petrobras’ standard (EP-1EP-00011-A). The filtrate volume was determined using the API filter press. The results showed that the addition of long chain, low degree of substitution and lower substitution uniformity of CMC contribute to the flocculation phenomenon. In addition, the different chemical characteristics of CMC only influence fluid loss when the ionic strength of the dispersion is set to any other value than zero.

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-ACNE GEL CONTAINING GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM) AGAINST PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES

Objective: The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate the gel of garlic juice as anti-acne to facilitate the topical usage.Methods: The steps of this study consisted of extraction, gel formulations with various concentrations of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and gel evaluation, i.e., organoleptic, viscosity, pH, skin irritation test, hedonic test, and anti-acne activity assay against Propionibacterium acnes.Results: The garlic juice contains alkaloids, saponins, tannins, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. The different concentrations of CMC produce different physicochemistry properties of the gels. These properties were affected the gels stability, anti-acne activity, and the panelis perception on hedonic test.Conclusion: The garlic juice at 7.5% has anti-acne activity to P. acnes, and the gel of 3% CMC is the most stable and preferable.

Influence of Calcite in the Filtration Properties of Clay Dispersions

This project had as objective to evaluate the influence of the content and particle size of the calcite in the filtration properties of clay dispersions. For that, it was realized the characterization of a bentonite clay sample using X-Ray Fluorescence and X-Ray Diffraction. In addition, two samples of calcite (CaCO3) were granulometrically analyzed by Laser Diffraction. The dispersions were prepared with fixed concentration of clay (10g) and different concentrations of carboxymethylcellulose of low viscosity (0 to 2g), and calcite (0 to 20g). After 24 hours of repose, it were determined the filtration properties (filtrate volume (FV), mudcake thickness (h), and mudcake permeability (k)). It was observed that the lowest filtrate volume was acquired using CaCO3 sample with the lowest average diameter, and, also, a bigger concentration of calcite was not able to promote a considerable reduction of the filtrate.

The Influence of Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) and Solution pH on Carbon Fiber Dispersion in White Cement Matrix

Dispersion of carbon fiber in cement matrix is one of main challenges for fabricating carbon fiber reinforced cement based materials. In this study, the dispersion of carbon fiber was improved by pre-dispersion of carbon fiber in basic aqueous solution using different concentrations of CMC. The relationships of CMC concentration and pH solution toward carbon fiber dispersion in aqueous solution was evaluated by UVvis spectroscopy. In order to understand how carbon fiber is dispersed in cement matrix, morphology fiber carbon reinforced composite was examined. Experimental results show that aqueous solution of CMC is effective to disperse carbon fiber. In addition, dispersion of carbon fiber increases with increasing of pH of CMC solution.

Correlation for Prediction of Minimum Fluidization Velocity and Riser Liquid Holdup in Three-Phase External Loop Air Lift Fluidized Bed Reactor

The effect of superficial gas and liquid velocities and properties of solids on the minimum fluidization velocity and riser liquid holdup of a three-phase external loop air lift fluidized bed reactor was characterized using Newtonian and non-Newtonian systems. Water, 65% and 85% of glycerol and n-Butanol were used as Newtonian liquids and different concentrations of carboxymethyl cellulose (i.e. 0.2%, 0.5% and 1% CMC) were used as non-Newtonian liquids. Spherical glass beads, bearl saddles and rasching rings of different sizes were used as solid phases. The phase flow rates and properties of solid particles had significant effects on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the external loop air lift fluidized bed reactor, such as minimum fluidization velocity and riser liquid holdup. Unified correlations have been developed to estimate the minimum fluidization velocity and riser liquid holdup as a function of superficial phase velocities, properties of solid particles and physical properties of both Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquid systems. The predicting ability of the correlations were tested with the experimental data and found to be a good fit with an absolute average relative deviation (AARD) of ± 6.5 % and ± 7.8 % for minimum fluidization velocity and riser liquid holdup, respectively.

The influence of carboxymethylcellulose, xanthan and guar-gum addition in bread dough before freezing on metabolism and viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Doughs were prepared with different concentrations of carboxymethylcellulose, xanthan, and guar-gum (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% in doughs), freezed at -20?C and analyzed after 0, 7, 15 and 30 days. Pure Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture was isolated from dough and was cultivated under optimal conditions during 24 hrs to determine the following parameters: specific growth rate, fermentative activities and cytochromes contents in intact cells with the aim of determining the respiration intensity. During freezing of dough for 30 days, the percentage of living cells from dough surface was 53.11% and from the middle 54.95%. Carboxymethylcellulose in concentration of 0.3 and 0.5% increased number of survived cells on the surface to 70.64, and 70.28% and in the middle to 74.79, and 76.54%, respectively. Guar-gum increased number of survived cells only in concentration of 0.1% on the surface to 70.17% and in the middle of the dough to 75.26%. The mean specific growth rate decreased by approximately 10% during 30 days of storage at -20?C. Content of cytochromes in intact cells decreased in all samples during freezing.

Experimental Study of the Effect of Drag Reduction Agents on the Performance of Jet Pumps

The overall efficiency of the jet pump is low compared with most of the other types of pumps. The majority of previous investigations concentrated on the effect of its geometric ratios on its performance. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, there are no previous investigations on the effect of adding drag reduction agents to the fluid passing on its performance, which is the objective of the present investigation. The mixing process in this case is that of two streams: the primary stream is water (Newtonian fluid), whereas the secondary stream is a solution of certain polymer (considered to be non-Newtonian). Tests are carried out to study the effect of different concentrations of additives (carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC)) on the performance of the jet pump. The experimental results include characteristic curves for different area ratios, with different concentrations of CMC, as well as the wall static pressure distributions along the mixing chamber, diffuser, and outlet pipe. The results show that the concentration have a pronounced effect on the overall efficiency. The efficiency increases with the increase in concentration, up to a certain value, then decreases at higher value of concentration. Further, the maximum overall efficiency increases with the decrease in values of area ratio ( R).

Toxicological investigations of the effects carboxymethylcellulose on ciliary beat frequency of human nasal epithelial cells in primary suspension culture and in vivo on rabbit nasal mucosa

The objective of this study was to investigate the safety of a mucoadhesive carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) formulation for intranasal administration of apomorphine. The effect of different concentrations of CMC on ciliary beat frequency (CBF) was studied using a human nasal epithelial suspension cell culture system. The CBF was determined by computerized microscope photometry. The in vivo rabbit nasal mucosal tolerance of the mucoadhesive polymer was investigated using light microscopy. Twice daily, six rabbits received CMC powder in one nostril and CMC/apomorphine powder in the alternate nostril for 4 weeks. Two control rabbits received air puffs in one nostril and nothing in the alternate nostril. The rabbits were subsequently sacrificed and the stained nasal sections examined microscopically. CMC showed both concentration- and time-dependent inhibitory effects on the CBF. Only mild-to-moderate cilio-inhibition was recorded with the different concentrations of the polymer. CMC (both with and without apomorphine) caused mild-to-moderate inflammation after 4 weeks. Necrosis, squamous metaplasia or ciliary degeneration was not observed. Based on: (1) the mild-to-moderate cilio-inhibition induced by different concentrations of CMC; and (2) the mild-to-moderate nasal mucosal inflammation caused by CMC with and without apomorphine, we conclude that this polymer can be considered as a safe carrier for short-term intranasal administration. However, further investigations are required for its use in the treatment of chronic diseases such as with apomorphine in Parkinson's disease.

Approaches to optimising surface coatings for fruits

A mathematical model predicted that final water vapour permeance in surface‐coated fruits would depend upon water permeance of the coating but not the proportion of pores blocked on the fruit surface. In contrast, predicted final oxygen (O2) permeance depended upon numbers of pores blocked but not O2 permeance of the coating. Predicted variation in internal atmosphere composition caused by coatings that blocked different proportions of pores on the model fruit surface was consistent with data from two experiments on coated apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). A new equation was developed to characterise the relationship between internal carbon dioxide (CO2) and O2 levels resulting from different coating treatments. Two graphical approaches to assess surface coatings for fresh fruits are presented. In the first, a plot of water vapour permeance against internal O2 was used to identify the most suitable of three surface coatings for reducing water loss in ‘Royal Gala’ apples at 20°C. The second method used a plot of internal CO2 versus internal O2 in coated fruit to identify the crop's internal lower O2 limit (LOLi), which lies just below the optimum internal O2 level for modified atmosphere effects. Coatings containing different concentrations of carboxymethyl cellulose produced internal O2 levels ranging from almost 0 to 16 kPa in ‘Granny Smith’ apples at 20°C. The LOLi of these fruit was estimated using the new equation to be c. 0.8 kPa O2. Large fruit‐to‐fruit variability with some coating treatments indicated that uniformity of response may be as important as average response in selection of coatings. Risks cannot be separated from benefits when using surface coatings to gain modified atmosphere benefits, making their use to achieve modified atmosphere benefits more risk‐laden than for other purposes.

Effect of mixing on enzymatic liquefaction of sago starch

The effect of mixing as a function of agitation speed and impeller diameter on the rate and degree of enzymatic liquefaction of sago starch was carried out using a stirred tank reactor with a single Rushton turbine impeller. The performance of the reactor as a mixing device was first examined using different concentrations of carboxymethylcellulose, which exhibited pseudoplastic behaviour similar to that of the solution during the sago starch liquefaction process. A correlation between mixing time ( t m ) and Reynolds number (Re) in the form of t m = bRe c is presented; the constants for the correlation depended on viscosity of the fluid. For the two ratios of impeller diameter ( D i ) to tank diameter ( D t ) used, 0.407 and 0.542, agitation speed gave significant influence on both overall rate and degree of liquefaction of sago starch. Mixing time ( t m ) was independent of impeller diameter used, and correlated well with the overall rate of liquefaction ( P) (calculated as the reducing sugar produced divided by time of liquefaction) and expressed as P = 1.95 t m −0.362.