Different Climate Regions Of Turkey Research Articles

The performance evaluation of R744 transcritical ejector and R290/R744 cascade refrigeration systems for Turkey

In this study, performance of two different environmentally friendly systems with natural refrigerant solutions, R744 transcritical booster system with ejector and a R290/R744 cascade system are examined theoretically by using engineering equation solver software. Operating conditions are determined to represent different climatic regions in Turkey using summer dry bulb temperatures of various cities. The transcritical and the cascade system are assumed to operate at two different evaporation temperatures of ?10?C and ?32?C. The overall energy efficiency ratio values for each system with respect to the same ambient and evaporation conditions are compared and evaluated. Finally, performance of both systems has been compared and the appropriate solution for each city has been suggested. For cold and mild climate regions of Turkey, the performance of transcritical alternative is found better than the proposed cascade system. Moreover, the performance of transcritical system is observed slightly lower than those of the cascade system in hot climate regions of Turkey such as Aegean, Mediterranean, and South-East Anatolian regions. It is also found that the performance of the transcritical system is better in regions having lower ambient conditions such as near the Black Sea and eastern regions of Turkey. Therefore, for the mild and cold regions of Turkey, the transcritical ejector option is the better alternative due to having higher performance compared to the cascade system.

Determination of optimum insulation thicknesses, energy savings and environmental impacts with respect to heating and cooling degree-days for different climate regions of Turkey

Choosing the most appropriate insulation material on the external walls of a building deserves serious attention. The present work is concerned with the economic and environmental assessment of using different insulation materials on the external walls of buildings located in four different degree-day regions. For this purpose, optimum insulation thicknesses were investigated for fibreglass, expanded polystyrene, glass wool and phenolic foam. Consequently, energy savings over a period of 10-years, payback periods, fuel consumptions and CO2 and SO2 emissions are determined for natural gas, coal and LPG. The annual heating and cooling energy required were estimated by using heating and cooling-degree days methodology. It is deduced that the cities of Antalya and Şanlıurfa positioned in the first and second degree-day regions in Turkey, respectively, were not able to save energy for fibreglass as an insulation material with natural gas as fuel. The result demonstrated that the amount of energy savings fluctuates from 1.91 to 368.58 TL/m2 in the event of employing different fuel types for heating, change between 2.74 and 399 TL/m2 in case heating and cooling requirements are provided together at externally insulated walls of buildings. Payback period ranges from 0.081 to 3.28 years for heating and cooling together. Reductions in emissions fluctuate between 45.65-86.81 % for coal, 31.03-83.21 % for natural gas and 69.64-92.49 % for LPG.

Evaluation of urban heat island effect in Turkey

Recently, the rate of urbanisation has accelerated due to increasing population density which causes unexpected environmental disturbances and problems. One of the major problems encountered to date is the change in the land use/cover (LULC) structure. Increasing the impervious surface cover has changed microclimatic properties of urbanised areas by altering their thermal characteristics. One of the most important problems facing urban planning today is the phenomena known as the urban heat island (UHI), which is largely due to the changing the character of LULC. In this study, to create a national picture of the UHI structure in Turkey, seven cities, namely Istanbul, Bursa, Ankara, Izmir, Gaziantep, Erzurum and Trabzon, each located in different climatic regions of Turkey, were investigated. The Gaussian fitting technique was applied to characterise the UHI effect in the seven cities in the study. An original contribution of the current study was that the rural reference temperature surface was automatically determined by a proposed algorithm including the automatic masking of input data, as well as the application of iterative Gaussian low-pass filtering during the fitting procedure. Within this context, the daytime and nighttime surface urban heat island (SUHI) effect was modelled and temporally analysed from 1984 to 2011 for all the sub-regions using remote sensing techniques. Furthermore, atmospheric UHI was also investigated using the mobile transect method. The findings from this study suggest that UHI is a major environmental problem in urbanised areas, both atmospheric UHI and SUHI were detected in all cities in the study area, and this problem was found to have rapidly increased from 1984 to 2011. Finally, as inferred from the multiple regression results, it can be concluded that the UHI problem in Turkey might have resulted from the altered LULC structure, as well as anthropogenic pressure on and interference in city planning geometries.

Thermodynamic analysis of the human body in different climate regions of Turkey to determine the comfort conditions with exergy method

Thermodynamic analysis of human body is studied to determine the thermal comfort conditions. In this context, exergy and energy analysis in the air conditioning of buildings is necessary for efficient use of energy. Thermodynamic analysis of human body is carried out for seven different climate regions of Turkey based on the use of meteorological parameters such as minimum and maximum and average monthly temperatures, atmospheric pressure and average relative humidity by implementing energy and exergy analysis. Human body, which is the subject of this study, was in the light activity level quantified as 58.2 W/m2. Analysis results have indicated that the major energy loss with 39.28 W/m2 is due to heat transfer with radiation, convection and conduction. Furthermore, the energy loss rates by water vapour diffusion from the skin, respiration, temperature difference and sweating were determined as 11.13 W/m2, 4.29 W/m2, 0.73 W/m2 and 0.02 W/m2, respectively. The maximum exergy consumption rate by the human body was 2.33 W/m2 for the cold and semi dry - less humid climate region (CR-7), while the minimum exergy consumption rate was obtained as 0.91 W/m2 for the hot and semi dry climate region (CR-1). Information presented in this study is expected to contribute to the design of air conditioning systems in order to choose more efficient energy systems.

Thermodynamic analysis of the human body in different climate regions of Turkey to determine the comfort conditions with exergy method

Thermodynamic analysis of human body is studied to determine the thermal comfort conditions. In this context, exergy and energy analysis in the air conditioning of buildings is necessary for efficient use of energy. Thermodynamic analysis of human body is carried out for seven different climate regions of Turkey based on the use of meteorological parameters such as minimum and maximum and average monthly temperatures, atmospheric pressure and average relative humidity by implementing energy and exergy analysis. Human body, which is the subject of this study, was in the light activity level quantified as 58.2 W/m2. Analysis results have indicated that the major energy loss with 39.28 W/m2 is due to heat transfer with radiation, convection and conduction. Furthermore, the energy loss rates by water vapour diffusion from the skin, respiration, temperature difference and sweating were determined as 11.13 W/m2, 4.29 W/m2, 0.73 W/m2 and 0.02 W/m2, respectively. The maximum exergy consumption rate by the human body was 2.33 W/m2 for the cold and semi dry - less humid climate region (CR-7), while the minimum exergy consumption rate was obtained as 0.91 W/m2 for the hot and semi dry climate region (CR-1). Information presented in this study is expected to contribute to the design of air conditioning systems in order to choose more efficient energy systems.

Infectious dermatological diseases findings of the wrestlers according to regions

Aim: Dermatologic diseases are commonly found in people engaged in contact sports. Particularly wrestlers can easily contract skin infections. The aim of this study is to reveal the incidence of infectious skin diseases engaged in wrestling athletes living in different climate regions. Material and Methods: Three hundred nineteen volunteer who actively wrestle in different climate regions of Turkey participated to the research. All of the athletes were asked the questions in the survey of “Personal History and Dermatological Examination Findings of Athlete”. The findings and diagnoses of each wrestler were then recorded and evaluated. Results: Dermatological diseases were observed in 195 (61.12%) Turkish wrestlers, 84 (26.33%) in the eastern region, 43 (13.47%) in the inland region and 68 (21.32%) in the coastal region. These diseases were 118 (36.99%) fungal, 49 (15.36) bacterial and 28 (8.77%) viral, respectively. It was found that infectious dermatological diseases were observed more frequently in the eastern and coastal regions than inland region and this difference was statistically significant. (P = 0.045). Conclusion: In this study which is the first study conducted on this issue in sports literature, various infectious dermatological diseases were detected in wrestlers living in different climate regions in Turkey and it was determined that these diseases differ by climate regions.

Life cycle environmental impacts of domestic solar water heaters in Turkey: The effect of different climatic regions

Solar water heating (SWH) systems could help reduce environmental impacts from energy use but their performance and impacts depend on the climate. This paper considers how these vary for residential SWH across four different climatic regions in Turkey, ranging from hot to cold climates. Life cycle assessment was used for these purposes. The results suggest that in the hotter regions, the impacts of SWH are 1.5–2 times lower than those of natural gas boilers. A similar trend was observed in the two colder regions except for acidification, which was four times higher than that of the boiler. The raw materials and electricity required for the manufacturing of the systems were found to be the most important contributors to the impacts. Recycling the major components instead of landfilling reduced human toxicity potential by 50% but had only a small effect (5%) on the other impacts. The impacts were highly sensitive to the type of material used for the construction of the hot storage tank, but were not affected by transport and end-of life recycling. The only exception to the latter is human toxicity potential which decreased significantly with greater recycling. Extrapolating the results at the national level showed that SWH systems could reduce the annual greenhouse gas emissions in Turkey by 790kt CO2-eq. and would save the economy $162.5millionperyear through the avoided imports of natural gas. All other impacts would also be reduced significantly (3–32 times), except for acidification which would double. Therefore, SWH systems should be deployed more extensively in Turkey but government incentives may be needed to stimulate the uptake.

The impact of hourly solar radiation model on building energy analysis in different climatic regions of Turkey

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of solar radiation models on the determination of energy performance of a single-family house assisted with renewable energy system including photovoltaic panels and solar water heater. An Angstrom-Prescott type solar radiation model was compared with Zhang and Huang model derived based on hourly meteorological data of 12 locations in Turkey. Since regression coefficients of the Zhang and Huang model are valid for China, new regression coefficients were derived by using local meteorological data. A clear distinction could not be observed in simulated annual heating load intensity for each model since the average relative deviation of the models’ results was 2.5%. However, the average deviation was 12.5% for space cooling load intensity. Primary energy ratings (PER) and the renewable energy ratio (RER) were determined for each location. For total PER, the highest deviation was 4.6% and 3.3% for Mersin and Mugla, respectively. For the other locations, this parameter deviates between 0.02%–2.11%. The highest RER was 18.6% for Mersin.

Nonlinear benefit-cost optimization-based selection of insulation material and window type: A case study in Turkey

In this study, we maximize the energy savings of a hypothetical household by choosing an optimal insulation material with its optimal thickness and also the optimal window type. We develop a nonlinear mixed integer optimization model that maximizes the net present value of the benefits obtained by insulation over the lifespan of the house. Savings are calculated based on the gains from the electricity usage for air conditioning during cooling-required days and the fuel usage for heaters in heating-required days. The heat transfer calculations consider conductive, convective, and radiative components simultaneously. The optimization model takes the climate conditions of the region where the house is located, the consumer's desired indoor temperature, and the properties of the insulation options; then, it returns a combination of selected insulation materials with its optimum thickness and window type as output. We applied the optimization model developed to hypothetical houses in four different climatic regions of Turkey for different lifespans. For all reasonable lifespans, the model choses stonewool as the ideal insulation material. For high interest rates, single windows or double-glazed windows are preferable, but as the interest rate decreases and the net present value of the energy-savings increases, the model prefers triple-glazed windows as the ideal material. Erzurum, a city in climatic region 4, characterized by very cold winters and cool summers, was found to require the highest optimum insulation thickness, and the economic return resulting from the above-mentioned energy-saving actions was also found to be the highest in the case of Erzurum. In all the regions, the energy-saving investments were found to be feasible via applying the feasibility assessment techniques of net present value and payback period. The model developed in this study is applicable to any household as long as the required input data are available.

SIMPLE NONLINEAR OPTIMIZATION-BASED SELECTION OF INSULATION MATERIAL AND WINDOW TYPE IN TURKEY: EFFECT OF HEATING AND COOLING BASE TEMPERATURES

The energy-savings of four hypothetical households in different climatic regions of Turkey were calculated via a nonlinear mixed integer optimization model. The ideal insulation material, its optimum thickness, and the ideal window type were determined. The standard degree days method was used with five different base temperatures for heating and five different base temperatures for cooling. The climatic conditions of the region, the properties of the insulation options, the unit price of fuel and electricity and the base temperature are used as model inputs, whereas the combination of selected insulation material with its optimum thickness and window type are given as model outputs. Stone Wool was found to be the ideal wall insulation material in all scenarios. The optimum window type was found to depend on the heating or cooling requirements of the house, as well as the lifetime of insulation. The region where the energy saving actions are deemed most feasible has been identified as Erzurum (Region 4), followed by Antalya (Region 1). Finally, the effect of changing the base temperature on energy savings was investigated and the results showed that an approximate average increase of $15/°C in annual savings is possible. Our model can be used by any prospective home-owner who would like to maximize their energy savings.

A Study on the Sustainable Architectural Characteristics of Traditional Anatolian Houses and Current Building Design Precepts

Buildings and construction industry play an important role at local and global scale in utilization of natural sources, energy consumption and environmental problems. In this respect, the discipline of architecture has a prominent responsibility in achieving sustainability by constructing environmentally-friendly buildings.In this study, traditional houses selected from different climate regions of Turkey, which is located in the middle of Asia and Europe, were examined in terms of settlement characteristics, planning scheme, form, facade characteristics and material use, attempting to determine whether there are precepts for architecture. Common sustainable architectural characteristics of traditional Anatolian houses were listed drawing attention to the fact that the obtained data should be considered as a precept in current building design.

The Impact of Optimum Insulation Thickness of External Walls to Energy Saving and Emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub> for Turkey Different Climate Regions

In this study, the optimum insulation thickness of the external walls of the housing and it’s energy saving and environmental impact in the provinces—Ardahan, Aydin, Eskisehir and Samsun—located in four different climate regions of Turkey was calculated for the expanded polystyrene and polyurethane insulation materials. Natural gas and coal were selected as fuels. Ardahan in the coldest climate region and Aydin in the hottest climate region, for the coal and optimum thickness of expanded polystyrene and polyurethane insulation materials, the reduction of CO2 and SO2 emissions. In the study, the relations between annual energy cost saving and insulation thickness are given. The value of energy cost saving increases up to optimum insulation thickness and beyond this level, the energy cost saving is decreased. For coal and optimum thickness of expanded polystyrene and polyurethane insulation materials, the energy cost savings was higher for the cold climate regions when it was compared with the hot climate regions.

Life cycle assessment of energy retrofit strategies for an existing residential building in Turkey

Energy consumption in residential buildings contributes significantly to neg ative environmental impacts such as climate change and ozone depletion, and the implication for carbon dioxide emissions reductions in buildings during the construction phase as the embodied carbon and the operation phase in the form of operational carbon are widely acknowledged. Investment on creating a sustainable built environment especially through energy retrofit strategies for buildings has been progressively increasing over the last decade. To identify optimum energy retrofit strategies for reducing both energy consumption and CO 2 emissions, this paper presents a simplified life cycle model and implements this to a case study focused on different climate regions of Turkey. The objective of this study is to develop effective strategies on the improvement of building energy perfor mance for different climate regions, which is important for optimum use in the sense of country resources and decision makers. Also the energy and environmental performances of the residential buildings regarding these strategies are assessed on the basis of a comparative method in the framework of life cycle. In this study based on life cycle energy and environmental performance, the alternatives related to energy retrofit strategies were evaluated in order to improve the energy performance of the existing residential buildings. In this context, the effect of each measure on life cycle energy consumption and CO 2 emissions was determined by using the “Life Cycle Energy (LCE)” and “Life Cycle CO 2 (LCCO 2 )” analyses developed based on the life cycle assessment (LCA) method.

A research on environmental rating systems considering building energy performances in different climatic regions of Turkey

Turkey's diverse regions lead to complex issues in sustainability. We studied to cities in different areas of the country to examine the effects of local climate on energy use in energy-efficient buildings. Erzurum is the coldest city; Antalya lies in the Mediterranean region and has the highest solar global horizontal radiation in Turkey. We used Heating Degree Days (HDD) and Cooling Degree Days (CDD) values for both cities to estimate the energy demand for heating and cooling the buildings. In Erzurum, CO2 emissions are high, because fuel consumption to heat the same building is more than 4 times of that of Antalya in winter. CO2 emission is significant as the key greenhouse gas. In Antalya, the electricity costs for cooling the same building are more than 42 times that of Erzurum; CO2 emissions are also higher during summer. A building certified by the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) uses about 35% less energy for heating and cooling in both cities. The economic and environmental contributions of a LEED-certified building in Erzurum is higher during cold weather, while in Antalya, a LEED-certified building conserves comparatively more energy and retains more CO2 during hot weather. The results show that the LEED Certification System can be a more international system if geographical and climatic differences are also taken into consideration.

Environmental consequences of rehabilitation of residential buildings in Turkey: A case study of Istanbul

This paper explains a method developed to assess environmental performance achieved by rehabilitation of residential buildings in Turkey. Several measures focussing on a reduction in the heating demand were investigated such as replacement of window and insulation of different elements of building skin. The influence of several building characteristics was moreover examined such as window to wall ratio (WWR), orientation and building age. Another important aspect which affects environmental performance is climate. In the context of this method, rehabilitations were proposed for temperate-humid climates like Istanbul. According to the assessment results, an environmental performance is obtained for all proposed rehabilitations. When proposed rehabilitations are analysed separately, the environmental performance ratios resulting from the rehabilitations of exterior walls and projected floors, roof, window system, and floors above unheated spaces reduce respectively. WWR has the highest effect on the environmental performance ratios obtained by rehabilitations. The effects of building age and orientation are in negligible amounts when compared to that of WWR. In the future, these assessments should be carried out for different climatic regions of Turkey as well. This method can be used to assess existing and new buildings in terms of environmental impacts by architects, contractors, building owners or municipal authorities.

Tolerances of hybridized entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) strains to heat and desiccation

Heat and desiccation are two major problems of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) for outdoor applications. The factors decrease their survival and effectivity in the field. Thus, the success ratio drops dramatically especially in hot and drought prone regions. Hybridization of EPNs is a way to overcome these major stress problems. In the present study, heat and desiccation tolerances of ten hybrid strains, which were hybridized from six domestic strains isolated from different climatic regions in Turkey, were determined. The heat tolerance experiments were performed at 32, 34, 36, 38, 40 and 42 °C and desiccation tolerance experiments were performed at PolyEthylene Glycol (PEG) concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 %. The results of the tolerance experiments are shown as mean temperature tolerated by 50% of the population (MT) and mean temperature tolerated by 10% (MT) of the strains for heat testing, and as Lethal Concentration (LC and LC) for the desiccation test. For the heat tolerance experiments, the results showed that hybrid strains had slightly higher heat tolerance levels than their parents. In the desiccation experiments, it was determined that most of the hybrid strains had greater tolerances than their parents. The outcome of the study was promising for conducting further research and trials.

Effects of tobacco seed oil methyl ester onperformance and exhaust emissions of dieselengine

Tobacco seed oil (TSO) was considered as a potential alternative fuel for compression ignition engines as the tobacco plant has high ecological tolerance and its farming can be realised on five different climatic regions in Turkey. In this study, the effects of TSO methyl ester (TSOME) on the performance and exhaust emissions of a single cylinder water cooled four-stroke diesel engine were experimentally investigated at full load conditions. The TSOME is mixed with diesel fuel in the mass rates of 10, 20, 50 and 100% (B10, B20, B50 and B100), and all the results tested with TSOME blends were compared with those of the standard diesel fuel. Comparing TSOME with standard diesel fuel, both the brake torque and the power of the engine were found higher 2·5% at B50. Hydrocarbon, CO and smoke emissions are measured lower, whereas the NOx emissions are found high.

Polymorphisms at the 5′ flanking region of the HSP90AA1 gene in native Turkish sheep breeds

In this study, several polymorphisms in the gene encoding the inducible form of the cytoplasmic Hsp90 (HSP90AA1) were characterized in 10 sheep breeds reared in different climatic regions of Turkey. A new indel (AA) polymorphism located at the −704 position in the HSP90AA1 5′ flanking region was found in all investigated breeds. This polymorphism create/remove a GR transcription site that could affect heat stress response and is completely linked with the C/G transversion located at −660 in the same region of the gene. Genotype frequencies differed significantly between breeds. No clearcut relationship was found between this polymorphism and climate factors, but breeds from northern Turkey had higher frequencies of the indel AA allele than breeds from southern Turkey.

Determination of optimum insulation thickness, energy savings, and environmental impact for different climatic regions of Turkey

In this study, optimum insulation thicknesses, energy savings, and payback periods have been investigated based on life‐cycle cost analysis for an external wall in four various cities from four climate zones of Turkey. Also, the study have been analyzed the effect of insulation thickness on release of CO2 and SO2 emissions. The results show that insulation thicknesses vary between 0.045 and 0.195 m, life‐cycle energy savings between 13.26 and 248.9 $/m2, payback periods between 1.19 and 1.97 years when used extruded polystyrene as insulation material. When the optimum insulation thickness was used, emissions were reduced by 62–92% depending on the city, fuel type, and insulation material. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 365‐372, 2013

Multiple pane window applications in various climatic regions of Turkey

In this study, a thermoeconomical optimization of multiple pane window for İskenderun, İzmir, Kocaeli, Sinop, Malatya, Ankara, Van and Ardahan cities which are located in different climatic regions of Turkey is carried out using the degree-day method. Operation cost in the objective function is obtained for five different fuel sources. The results show that the optimum number of panes in Turkey varies between 2 and 4 depending on the climate zone and fuel type. Multiple pane windows should be seriously considered, particularly in the cold climate zones of Turkey where the amount of lifetime heating energy saving can reach up to 1200$ m −2.