Different Cities Of Punjab Research Articles

Investigating the Public Awareness and Utilization of Health Screening Services Offered by Community Pharmacies

Background: Community pharmacies are the integral part of the healthcare system offering healthcare services for patients. Pharmacists are expanding their roles by providing pharmaceutical services and comprehensive pharmaceutical care. Health screenings played an important role in early detection of diseases and potential risk factors. Objectives: To assess the extent of awareness, utilization and impact of using health screening services offered by community pharmacy among public and to identify the barriers to access these services. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in different cities of Punjab, Pakistan. Data was collected using validated questionnaire after getting consent from general public. The sample size for this study was 151. SPSS version 26th was used as a statistical tool to analyze data. P-value < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results: Health screening services were more used by middle age individuals and adults. Individuals holding bachelor’s degree (41.2%) and female respondents (42.9%) showed more satisfactory response than male respondents. Blood pressure screenings (53.6%), diabetes screenings (28.5%) and other services (34.4%) were mostly used by the participants Barriers to health screening services include lack of awareness, lack of time and preference to visit doctor. Conclusion: Screening services offered at community pharmacies are found satisfactory, convenient and economical by most people. However utilization of these services is less frequent indicating a need for improved awareness and public education about the services offered by community pharmacy. Attention should be given to reduce barriers to the use of health screening services.

Psycho-social sufferings and sexual difficulties among female survivors of child sexual abuse in Pakistan

BackgroundChild sexual abuse is a universal social challenge and the victims of childhood sexual abuse suffer a range of short and long term psychological, social, behavioral and physical problems that vary in different cultures. The study was carried out to explore the perceived impacts of childhood sexual abuse in Pakistan, because no such study was conducted in Pakistan earlier.MethodsInterpretative phenomenological analysis was used to analyze the data. A snowball sampling technique was used to approach the sample of current study. The sample of the study comprised ten female survivors of childhood sexual abuse of age ranged between 18 and 22 years (Mage= 20.10 years) with the education ranging from matric to BSc. Out of these participants, four were married and six were unmarried and belonged to different cities of Punjab, Pakistan. Data were collected via a semi-structured interview schedule and all interviews were verbatim transcribed.ResultsA rigorous iterative process of data analysis resulted in three super-ordinate themes and ten sub-ordinate themes: Experiencing Abuse (emotional trauma, and physical distress), Psycho-social Distress (low self-esteem, negative self-concept, psychological pain, social suffering, and retaliation vs. forgiveness), and Sexual Difficulties (passive role, emotionally aloof, aversion from hetero-sexuality and avoidance).ConclusionIt was concluded that childhood sexual abuse is an intense experience that has short- and long-term negative impacts on the lives of female survivors and engulfs their lives as a whole. The study has implications for psychiatrists, psychologists, family counselors, social scientists, educationists, and parents.

Molecular Characterization of Haemoglobin E

Objectives: To detect mutation in cases having haemoglobin A2 level 7percent on high performance liquid chromatography. Method: The cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted from July 2017 to December 2018 at the Department of Haematology and Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan, and comprised patients of either gender with haemoglobin A2 7percent. The samples were collected from different cities of Punjab in collaboration with the Punjab Thalassemia Prevention Programme, Lahore. The samples were subjected to complete blood count and high performance liquid chromatography using automated haematology analysers and a beta thalassemia short programme, respectively. To analyse haemoglobin E mutations at the molecular level, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR_RFLP) was performed using a type IIS restriction endonuclease known as Mnl1 (derived from Moraxella nonliquefaciens) to cleave DNA at specific sites and the results were further confirmed on randomly selected samples using Sanger sequencing. Data was analysed using SPSS 25. Results: Of the 39 patients, 15(38.5percent) were males and 24(61.5percent) were females. The overall median age was 14 (23) years. There were 29 (74.4percent) patients a thalassemia family history, and 22(56.4percent) had a positive family history of transfusion related to thalassemia, while no patient had a family history of iron therapy. The media haemoglobin A, haemoglobin A2 and haemoglobin F levels were 72.2 (65.2-79.1) percent, 26.6 (19.1-34.0) percent and 0.9 (-0.8-2.6) percent, respectively. After molecular investigation, HbAE mutation was found in 23(59percent) patients, while wild type HbAA genotype was found in 16(41percent). The heterozygous HbE mutation was present in 23(59percent) patients. Conclusions: Frequently missed/undiagnosed cases of haemoglobin E that co-elute with haemoglobin A2 in the same high performance liquid chromatography window were detected among those with haemoglobin A2 7percent. Key Words: Haemoglobin E, Beta-thalassemia, High performance liquid chromatography, Restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Cartoon’s Content and their Impact on Children’s Psychology

Cartoons and animated world of feature films absorb a considerable amount of a children's viewing time and undeniably questionable in terms of their content. The objectives of this study is to investigate the impact of cartoons on children’s behaviour. Researcher used stratified and purposive sampling techniques for analyzing the conduct of children. The focus group encompassed of 92 children. This study covers those cartoons which are shown in Pakistan or in dubbed in Pakistan. The study also covered the Free Animation Movies available on YouTube. For fulfilling the purpose of this study, the researcher used focus group, age 6 to 10 from different cities of Punjab. Using purposive sampling, the selected groups of children were shown cartoon animation movies. The findings of this study suggests that the cartoon animated movies effect on the children differently. Researcher observed cartoons and specific characters have a dark side that seriously harms a child's social and mental development. This study also examines how the psychology of school-age children is affected by the Cartoon Network, and how this affects not only their conduct but also their ability to persuade their parents to buy accessories featuring posters of their favorite cartoon character.

Assessment of Quality of Life Studies of Renal Failure patients in different cities of Punjab, Pakistan

Aim: To determine the quality of life (QOL) of renal failure patients on maintenance hemodialysis on the basis of their baseline characteristics in Lahore, Pakistan. Study design: A cross sectional study was carried out with two hundred and ten patients selected randomly from dialysis centers in General, Mayo and Jinnah hospitals, Lahore Pakistan, to measure and analyze the QOL of hemodialysis patients by pre-validated KDQOL-SFTM version 1.3 in English language. Methodology: Interviews of the patients were performed to collect data. SF-36 items mean and standard deviation were performed to analyze data on the basis of gender and age groups. Results: Among the eleven scales targeting End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), only the "Effects of Kidney Disease" scale demonstrates a greater impact on males than females. However, three scales including Symptom/Problem list, Quality of Social Interaction, and Dialysis Staff Encouragement show suboptimal results in young patients. Similarly, two of the seven health-related outcome scales, Physical Functioning and Energy Fatigue, exhibit poor outcomes in young patients. Conclusion: Major cause of their kidney disease was hypertension and diabetes. Overall, less number of prescribed medications, decreased hospitalization and reduced hospital visits are the factors showing overall better quality of life.This study helps us understand the impacts of kidney disease on different genders and age groups, guiding the development of personalized care plans. Keywords: Quality of life (QOL), End stage renal disease ESRD, hemodialysis, KDQOL-SFTM version 1.3

Dowry at Marriage as a Risk Factor in Relationship between Impacts of Dowry, Psychological Distress and Marital Satisfaction

In Pakistani culture, the dowry system is deeply entrenched, especially for parents who belong to the lower middle class. However, little has been documented about their positive and negative impacts on Pakistani married women. This research aimed to investigate the relationship between positive and negative impacts of dowry, psychological distress, and marital satisfaction in married women, and to investigate the effect of moderation of dowry at marriage on these relationships. A cross-sectional survey was carried out from February to April 2021 in Pakistan. The sample comprised 486 married women including working and non-working from different cities of Punjab. This study was carried out using a purposive convenient sampling technique and questionnaires as a data gathering tool. Results of the study showed that negative impact of dowry was associated with psychological distress and marital satisfaction but this association was not found for positive impact of dowry. Furthermore, moderation results illustrated no dowry at marriage strengthen the effects of negative impact of dowry on psychological distress and weaken the effects of negative impact of dowry on marital satisfaction in married women. Youth and the government should both take action to control this system.

Prevalence and Impact of Cell Phone Elbow among Mobile Users in Different Cities of Punjab, Pakistan

Cell phone elbow is the pinching of ulnar nerve behind the elbow resulting in tingling or numbness within the hand when using a cell phone, sleeping with your elbows bent, or holding your arms bent and by your head for long period of time. Objective: To find out the prevalence of cellphone elbow among mobile phone users and its associated impairments and functional limitations. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during October 2021 to April 2022. Data were collected from different Punjab colleges and universities: NUR International University, Riphah International University, The University of Lahore, University of Faisalabad, Niazi College of Physical Therapy and Fatima Memorial Hospital and College. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling from 17-50 years of age with positive Tinel sign test. Data collection were done by using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale and Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questionnaires. Results: Out of 250 subjects 33.2% were having noticeable symptoms associated with prolong phone usage. Among them 39.6% experienced numbness and tingling. Hand pain is reported in 32.8% and 27.6% experienced pain on ulna side of elbow. Conclusions: The prevalence of cell phone elbow was 33.2%, higher than the previous studies. This research advice the cell phone users to minimize their mobile usage, avoid prolonged calls, use hands alternately to avoid strain on one hand, use hands-free and ear pods while taking calls

Proposed Economic Empowerment Plan based on Needs Identified by the Teachers and Parents of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities Studying in Punjab Province

People with disabilities experience multiple forms of discrimination and, as a result, are less likely to access productive and decent work than people without disabilities. They are more likely to work for low wages, informally and precariously. Multiple intersecting factors restrict the economic empowerment of people with disabilities, including inadequate laws and policies, discriminatory social norms, and unequal access to resources, information, and networks. This study was conducted to explore the economic empowerment needs and opportunities for individuals with IDD to enable them for independently living. A convenient sampling technique was applied for data collection, and data was obtained from 200 special education teachers and 100 parents of IDD children from different cities of Punjab. Two survey questionnaires were developed on the Likert-five-point scale for parents and teachers. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistical tools in SPSS. This study revealed that no schools practically are involved in any community-based rehabilitation initiatives. These young people have difficulty obtaining jobs in the area since it is unfavorable to them. These young people are not receiving any assistance from their environment in becoming financially independent. They need strong policies and strategies for their independent living and economic empowerment from the government.

FREQUENCY OF ERB’S PALSY IN ISLAMABAD CAPITAL TERRITORY AND PUNJAB REGION, PAKISTAN

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of Erb’s palsy, its associated risk factors and health-related quality of life of these patients in Islamabad and different cities of Punjab. Methodology: A cross-sectional study whereby 242 patients with erb’s palsy were analyzed. Data was collected from different government and private sector hospitals of Islamabad, Rawalpindi, and Lahore, Gujranwala, Okara and D.G khan (Jampur) through direct patient contact and postal and electronic mail during a period of 6 months. Two questionnaires used to assess factors and quality of life, were Questionnaire of Erb’s palsy and WHO Quality of life BREF questionnaire. All patients of erb’s palsy aged below 12 years were included. Results: The frequency of Erb’s palsy recorded in Islamabad and different cities of Punjab is about 1.67% with Okara having the highest frequency rate of 3.13%. Among the Fetal-associated factors; Macrosomia 107(44.2%), among Maternal-associated factors; Multiparity 150(62.0%) and among Obstetric-associated factors; assisted vaginal delivery 134(55.4%) had the highest frequency. Quality of life in patients was found to be moderately affected with mean 3.18±0.47 SD. All the physical, psychological and environmental domains were equally affected with mean 3.19±0.39 SD, mean 3.14±0.56 SD and mean 3.22±0.65 SD respectively. Conclusion: The frequency of Erb’s palsy is highest in Okara among different cities of Punjab and Islamabad, Pakistan. Macrosomia, multiparity and assisted vaginal delivery was the highest associated factors with erb’s palsy. Quality of life was moderately affected in patients with erb’s palsy.

Genotypic Prevalence of KELL1/KELL2 and KELL3/ KELL4 Blood Group Antigens in Individuals from Four Cities of Punjab, Pakistan

Kell blood group system (KBGS) plays a vital role in transfusion medicine and bears a multidimensional character. Kell antigens are very reactive and vital responses can be observed in case of mismatched blood. This research is aimed to check the frequency and prevalence of different antibodies (KELL1, KELL2, KELL3, and KELL4) of the KEL gene in the local population of four different cities of Punjab, Pakistan. To this end, two hundred volunteers (from different ethnic groups) were enrolled for blood sampling. A questionnaire was designed to collect the required demographic information covering gender, age, cast, blood group, and city of origin of all the participants. Genomic DNA was extracted using the phenol-chloroform method and DNA was quantified using a UV spectrophotometer. Screening for the two known variants (C578T, T193M) in exon 6 of KELL1/KELL2 and for another two variants (C841T, R281W) in exon 8 of KELL3/KELL4 was performed by using tetra arms PCR. Data was entered in the SPSS software. The frequency of contributing factors was calculated, followed by cross-tabulation and chi-square analysis. The results showed that the incidence of KELL2 was 90%, while KELL1 was observed only in 7.5% of samples and the heterozygous allele KELL1/KELL2 was reported in only 2.5% of the total samples, respectively. Similarly, the frequency of wild-type allele KELL3 was 2.5% and of mutant allele KELL4 it was 96%, while the frequency of heterozygous allele KELL3/KELL4 was 1.5%, respectively. Chi-square values of cast and the city of origin showed non-significant results for both variants, although the type of blood group was found to have a significant association with KELL3/KELL4 genotype. Our results are in line with the previously reported results of prior studies.

SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS OF PARENTAL STRESS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC RELATED LOCKDOWN IN PAKISTAN

Background: There had been recent Western studies that reported the parental stress during COVID-19 pandemic. The present study was designed with an aim to find out the socio-demographic factors of parental stress in a sample of parents in Punjab province of Pakistan. Methods: Four hundred and sixty-six (466) parents were recruited from different cities of Punjab by administering a Google form based cross-sectional survey over social media platforms including WhatsApp and Facebook. The study was conducted from March to May 2020. The Urdu standardized version of Parental Stress Scale was administered as the main measure. Each participating parent was requested to give explicit consent before enrolling for the study. The data was analysed using SPSS-25. Results: There were statistically significant differences in parental stress with respect to marital status, age, gender, and employment status of parents. On the other hand, there were no statistically significant differences in parental stress with respect to the number and age of children, and education of the parents. Conclusion: There were 7 socio-demographic factors of parental stress. Some of those factors impact parental stress while some other factors did not impact parental stress. Future studies may be conducted with participants from other provinces too and by including other parenting related variables.

Prevalence of Risk Factors for Thyroid Hormone Imbalance

This study was aimed to assess the frequency of thyroid hormone imbalance risk factors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using the convenience sampling technique, from July-2018 to September-2018 in different cities of Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 150 patients, having thyroid hormone imbalance with or without any comorbidity were included and the subjects having normal thyroid levels were excluded. Thyroid hormone imbalance was more frequent in females having 40-60 years of age. Gender was significantly associated with 'pregnancy or delivery in last six months' (p=0.029) and iodine deficiency (p=0.036). Marital status was significantly associated with 'symptoms observed' (p=0.009), 'radioactive iodine exposure' (p=0.001), 'autoimmune disease' (p=0.050), 'smoking' (p=0.014) and 'stress' (p=0.040). Family income was significantly associated with 'family history of disease' (p=0.039) and 'iodine deficiency' (p=0.049). Residential area was significantly associated with 'autoimmune disease' (p=0.050), 'smoking' (p=0.036) and 'stress' (p=0.029). Use of iodized salt and stress were prevalent risk factors and disease was common among females, especially age group 40-60 years.

Rehabilitation of Acute and Chronic Ankle Sprain for Male Cricketers Through Headway (Isometric, Isotonic and Proprioception) Exercises

The present study investigated that Headway (Isometric, Isotonic and Proprioception) exercises are effective for acute & chronic ankle sprain injury, which was observed through experimental research. Ninety-four amateur cricketers of age, 15-35 years (Control Injured, N=48; Headway Rehab Group N=46) with a confirmed acute or chronic ankle sprain, selected from four different cities of Punjab, Pakistan was evaluated through Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), Single Leg Balance test (SLB) and subject to a set of progressively increasing exercises on ground known as Headway rehab exercises which consisted of Isometric, Isotonic and proprioception protocols. Another group of the same level of cricketers (N=40) was managed parallel for comparisons. The Control Injured and Headway Rehab Group was left with 40 subjects each because during the course of Headway exercise eight and six subjects left the study due to their personal reasons. Comparisons of pre and post-exercise (Control Injured Group) values showed a significant increase (p<0.001) in Lateral direction reach and Posteromedial direction (p<0.05) while the rest of the six directions showed non-significant results. Headway Rehab Group showed an overall improvement of 5.2% and 7.5% with an increase (cm) of 3.4 and 4.9 for the non-injured and injured leg respectively. However, the range of improvement in percentage for all eight directions (anterior, anterolateral, lateral, posterolateral, posterior, posteromedial, medial, anteromedial) lies between 5.7-7.1(range) and 6.3-9.6 (range) for the non-injured and injured leg respectively. Similarly, the difference between pre and post-exercise difference of two positions of non-injured leg and injured leg (closed and open eyes) in seconds were 2.9, 12.1 and 4.1, 27.7 respectively. However, the improvement percentage of two directions (closed and open eyes) of Headway Rehab Group was 44.9 and 75.3 for non-injured and 12.7 and 51.6 per cent for injured group respectively. It was evaluated through the Single Leg Balance Test and analyzed by paired sample t-test found highly significant (p<0.001). The results indicated that Headway exercises improved isometric and isotonic muscular strength, proprioception and stability that ultimately helped to recover, regaining strength and reinstall proprioception. After completing the Headway Rehab plan the subjects were followed for four months to check the recurrence and found recurrence of Control Injured Group and Headway Rehab Group was 17.5% and 12.5% respectively.

Speech-Language Intervention used by Professionals for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Pakistan

Purpose: This study will benefit the field of Autism as well as incorporation of communication interventions for the Professionals for Children with Autism in Pakistan. The objective of the study was to find the most common types of Speech-Language interventions used by professionals, Speech-Language interventions preferred by professionals, Speech-Language interventions supported by parents of children with autism. Methodology: The study was quantitative the data was collected from the100 health Professionals working in government and private autism centers or settings in different cities of Punjab. A purposive sampling technique was used. The researcher developed a questionnaire was developed by research considering literature review. The questioner had 35 questions related to interventions given by health professionals working in government and private autism centers. Findings: Findings of the study showed that many institutions were giving various therapeutic services to children with Autism Spectrum Disorder regarding speech and language but mostly experienced people were practicing speech therapy and PECS as speech and language intervention.

Detection of Aflatoxins B1 from Layer and Broiler Feed Samples Collected from Different Cities of Punjab, Pakistan

Detection of Aflatoxins B1 from Layer and Broiler Feed Samples Collected from Different Cities of Punjab, Pakistan

Study the different incidences of Tramadol in different cities of Punjab, Pakistan

Aim and Objective: The objective of this case series is to evaluate the effectiveness of Tramadol according to prescribe-rs and patient's feedback. Methodology: A cross-sectional study to assess pain management practice among patients from different hospitals of Punjab. We conducted this study and collect data from August 2020 to October 2020. A total of 740 patients were included in our study and fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Results: In our results, we find that consumption of opioids in different pain types and concluded that tramadol is the most used opioid among all other opioids. We also found its stability, safety, and efficacy parameters. We confirmed from our study tramadol is used mostly to treat acute musculoskeletal pain. Conclusion: We concluded that tramadol has lower dependency as compare to other recent opioids and have more benefits.

Monitoring and health risk assessment of selected trace metals in wheat rice and soil samples

Wheat and rice constitute important cereal crops and any contamination may pose potential adverse impacts on human health. The study was conducted to determine eight trace metals, i.e. cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), nickel(Ni), manganese (Mn), in wheat, rice and soil samples collected from different cities of Punjab. Results showed general trend of trace element accumulation in samples as Cd >Cu>Zn>Co>Mn. All wheat and nine rice samples exceeded permissible limit of Cd. Copper in eight wheat and rice samples and Zn levels in three wheat and one rice samples were in excess. While only one soil sample of Multan exceeded the WHO 2007 and EU 200 0 maximum allowable limit for Cu. Manganese and Co concentration were within allowable limit, while Ni, Cr and Pb were not detected in any sample. Health Risk Index was higher than 1 for Cu, Cd, Co and Mn thereby showing potential health risks to consumers.

Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of Pakistani population about the risk factors, causes, complications and management of diabetes mellitus.

To compare the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding diabetes mellitus among diabetics and non-diabetics. The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan, from December 2017 to April 2018, and comprised subjects recruited randomly from different cities of Punjab, Pakistan. Data was collected using a predesigned structured questionnaire regarding socio-demographic characteristics, general knowledge about diabetes, perception regarding indication, risk factors, diagnosis, and complications, and practices followed for treatment and management of diabetes. Of the 2,000 subjects, 972(48.6%) had family history of diabetes, 1338(66.9%) were living in urban areas, 1068(53.4%) were university graduates, 804(40.2%) were employed and 1152(57.6%) belonged to socio-economically balanced families. Composite knowledge score was significantly associated with age and socio-economic status (p<0.05). A highly significant association was observed regarding family history (p<0.001), level of education (p<0.0001) and occupation (p<0.001) with composite knowledge score. The knowledge level about diabetes was seen to be average.

Assessment of health status of traffic constables: An occupationally exposed group in Pakistan

Background: Traffic constables are exposed to various occupational health hazards worldwide. This study is planned to assess occupational health hazards in traffic constables in Punjab, Pakistan.&#x0D; Subjects and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in different cities of Punjab including Lahore, Gujranwala, Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, Sialkot and Islamabad from March till August 2018. A sample of 384 traffic personals were selected by using non-probability convenient sampling technique. Retired traffic constables and those with work experience less than a year were excluded. A pretested questionnaire was used to conduct the interviews after taking informed consent. Data was collected and analyzed using SPSS version 22 and presented in frequency tables and charts.&#x0D; Results: Maximum number of constables belonged to 31-40 years of age group. Among them 98.7% were male, 25% were having education level above graduation. Results of physical health hazards showed that 53% of warden were smoker, 16.14% were known diabetics and 19.53% were found to be hypertensive. Other physical ailments included respiratory problems (23.4%), hearing impairment or loss (15.88%) and various eye ailments (13.28%). Additionally, 9.1% of participants had evidence of lead poisoning, 33.84% complaints of tightness in muscles and 13.72% of headache, whereas 35.7% had met an accident in the last year. Prevalence of stress and anxiety were 30% and 33.33%. Regarding social health issues 36.7% reported that they were unable to give family time and 42.48% felt lack of independence due to their occupation. Job satisfaction was reported by 50%.&#x0D; Conclusion: The traffic constables in Punjab suffer from a large number of physical, mental and social health issues. Their perception about their occupational health hazards is low and needs improvement through imparting health education.

Emergence of mixed infection of Beijing/Non-Beijing strains among multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Pakistan.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains as one of the deadliest diseases after HIV globally with 95 % of deaths confined to low-and-middle income countries. Pakistan is fifth among the 22 high-burden TB countries with the incidence rate of 230/100,000 persons, however, studies related to prevalent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and their spread, drug resistance pattern and evolutionary genetics are inadequate. The present study was undertaken to highlight the circulation of M. tuberculosis strains causing drug resistant TB in our community by targeting the molecular marker IS6110 and then characterization of these strains as Beijing and Non-Beijing genotypes. Sputum samples from 102 MDR TB suspects from different cities of Punjab were collected and their record was stored in a database. Sputum samples were evaluated by Ziehl Neelson staining and cultured on Lownstein Jensen medium by Modified Petroff’s method. DST was performed for first-line anti-mycobacterial drugs by indirect proportion method. Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were investigated for the presence of IS6110 and further identification as Beijing, Non-Beijing or mixed genotype. Percentage of male and female patients was found to be 58.8 and 41.2 % respectively. DST showed resistance of 93 % of isolates to isoniazid and rifampicin. All of the isolates showed positive results for IS6110 amplification. Based on PCR amplification of Beijing and non-Beijing primer sets 4.9 % of the patients showed infection with pure Beijing isolates, 14.7 % with both Beijing and non-Beijing isolates and 80.3 % with pure non-Beijing isolates. Analysis of IS6110 and Beijing sequences showed the presence of putative transposase conserved domain while non-Beijing sequences were epitomized with RAMP_I_III superfamily domain (CRISPR-associated protein family). TB in Pakistan is predominantly caused by Non-Beijing genotypes, but Beijing strains showed incessant circulation in our community as both single and mixed (co-infecting Non-Beijing and Beijing) strains.