Different Aspects Of Resilience Research Articles

Multiple resiliency metrics reveal complementary drivers of ecosystem persistence: An application to kelp forest systems.

Human-caused global change produces biotic and abiotic conditions that increase the uncertainty and risk of failure of restoration efforts. A focus of managing for resiliency, that is, the ability of the system to respond to disturbance, has the potential to reduce this uncertainty and risk. However, identifying what drives resiliency might depend on how one measures it. An example of a system where identifying how the drivers of different aspects of resiliency can inform restoration under climate change is the northern coast of California, where kelp experienced a decline in coverage of over 95% due to the combination of an intense marine heat wave and the functional extinction of the primary predator of the kelp-grazing purple sea urchin, the sunflower sea star. Although restoration efforts focused on urchin removal and kelp reintroduction in this system are ongoing, the question of how to increase the resiliency of this system to future marine heat waves remains open. In this paper, we introduce a dynamical model that describes a tritrophic food chain of kelp, purple urchins, and a purple urchin predator such as the sunflower sea star. We run a global sensitivity analysis of three different resiliency metrics (recovery likelihood, recovery rate, and resistance to disturbance) of the kelp forest to identify their ecological drivers. We find that each metric depends the most on a unique set of drivers: Recovery likelihood depends the most on live and drift kelp production, recovery rate depends the most on urchin production and feedbacks that determine urchin grazing on live kelp, and resistance depends the most on feedbacks that determine predator consumption of urchins. Therefore, an understanding of the potential role of predator reintroduction or recovery in kelp systems relies on a comprehensive approach to measuring resiliency.

The genetics of resilience and its relationships with egg production traits and antibody traits in chickens

BackgroundResilience is the capacity of an animal to be minimally affected by disturbances or to rapidly return to its initial state before exposure to a disturbance. Resilient livestock are desired because of their improved health and increased economic profit. Genetic improvement of resilience may also lead to trade-offs with production traits. Recently, resilience indicators based on longitudinal data have been suggested, but they need further evaluation to determine whether they are indeed predictive of improved resilience, such as disease resilience. This study investigated different resilience indicators based on deviations between expected and observed egg production (EP) by exploring their genetic parameters, their possible trade-offs with production traits, and their relationships with antibody traits in chickens.MethodsEgg production in a nucleus breeding herd environment based on 1-week-, 2-week-, or 3-week-intervals of two purebred chicken lines, a white egg-laying (33,825 chickens) and a brown egg-laying line (34,397 chickens), were used to determine deviations between observed EP and expected average batch EP, and between observed EP and expected individual EP. These deviations were used to calculate three types of resilience indicators for two life periods of each individual: natural logarithm-transformed variance (ln(variance)), skewness, and lag-one autocorrelation (autocorrelation) of deviations from 25 to 83 weeks of age and from 83 weeks of age to end of life. Then, we estimated their genetic correlations with EP traits and with two antibody traits.ResultsThe most promising resilience indicators were those based on 1-week-intervals, as they had the highest heritability estimates (0.02–0.12) and high genetic correlations (above 0.60) with the same resilience indicators based on longer intervals. The three types of resilience indicators differed genetically from each other, which indicates that they possibly capture different aspects of resilience. Genetic correlations of the resilience indicator traits based on 1-week-intervals with EP traits were favorable or zero, which means that trade-off effects were marginal. The resilience indicator traits based on 1-week-intervals also showed no genetic correlations with the antibody traits, which suggests that they are not informative for improved immunity or vice versa in the nucleus environment.ConclusionsThis paper gives direction towards the evaluation and implementation of resilience indicators, i.e. to further investigate resilience indicator traits based on 1-week-intervals, in breeding programs for selecting genetically more resilient layer chickens.

Resilience analysis of the local communities from a political economy perspective in Zanjan, Iran

Local community resilience has been a solution to reduce human and natural origin damages for several decades in global studies. Various studies have addressed different aspects of resilience. However, using the results of this research to create local community resilience has always faced limitations. In fact, the neglected role of political economy in these studies has caused the application of policies and strategies resulting from these studies to face challenge to create local communities’ resilience. Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate how political economy affects the resilience of local communities. The research method is mixed and qualitative analysis was used to analyze the impact of political economy on resilience and quantitative analysis was used to measure the extent of resilience. The research has investigated the impact of political economy on the aspects of resilience and measured the extent of resilience from economic, social, institutional, environmental, and physical aspects by selecting the central part of Zanjan. The results of the research show that political economy has caused the lack of role-playing of local communities in resilience creation. In fact, policy-making influenced by political economy has led to the formation of a rent economy, a top-down and centralized management system, and this was the main obstacle in creating resilient local communities directly and indirectly through the reduction of the role of local institutions, spatial segregation, housing rent, reduction of social capital, increasing greenhouse gases and poverty. Therefore, we need a transition from the current institutional environment take steps towards evolution, dynamism, and institutional transformation to create local communities’ resilience in order to create a resilient local society.

Evaluation of urban resilience in the post-COVID-19 period: A case study of the Yangtze delta city group in China

The coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak poses a new test for improving the resilience of cities in the face of public health emergencies, and a scientific evaluation of urban resilience is a key step towards improving such resilience. This study uses the post-pandemic period as the research perspective to establish an evaluation index system comprising six dimensions, namely infrastructure, ecological, social, economic, information elements and technology environment. The study also uses a combination of weighting and grey correlation Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution comprehensive evaluation method to empirically analyse the urban resilience of 27 cities in the Yangtze River Delta city group. The study found that significant spatial distribution differences exist in urban resilience. Moreover, the higher-, high- and medium-resilient cities are mostly located on the eastern coast of the Yangtze River Delta in Jiangsu and Zhejiang Province, whereas the lower- and low-resilient cities are mainly located in the inland area of Anhui Province. In addition, different aspects of resilience exist, which are shortcomings for each city. The above results indicate that the model is valuable for evaluating urban resilience in the post-pandemic period, and thus, the model can help policymakers formulate proposals to effectively improve urban resilience.

Facilities management and earthquake risk reduction: The TURNkey project

Reducing vulnerability and improving resilience of the existing built environment to disaster events is a complex multidisciplinary challenge in which facilities managers need to contribute an understanding of the impact that a disaster event could have on both their hard and soft facilities. Facilities managers also need to identify potential operational, physical and corporate adaptations/mitigations that can support continued business function during and after a disaster event. This paper describes work in progress to develop an earthquake forecasting, early warning and rapid response system that business and critical infrastructure organisations can use as part disaster risk reduction and business continuity planning. Focusing on theory and methods, the paper considers the different aspects of resilience from a facilities management perspective and presents findings from a participatory action research programme that developed a series of use-cases to explore the potential impact of earthquake forecasting, early warning and rapid response on an organisation’s vulnerability and resilience to an earthquake; and identifying physical, operational and organisational mitigation interventions that can reduce an organisation’s disaster risk. The paper concludes the need for facilities managers to understand the different aspects of resilience and to apply the most appropriate to their hard and soft facilities management systems.

Modelling systemic COVID-19 impacts in cities

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted public health, the economy and society—both directly and indirectly. Few approaches exist to understand these complex impacts in a way that (1) acknowledges cross-sectoral interdependencies; (2) models how short-term shocks translate into impacts on longer-term outcomes; (3) builds in local, contextual variation; and (4) recognises a wide set of priorities. The Urban Systems ion Hierarchy (USAH) is proposed as an approach with these capabilities, and applied to Edinburgh (UK) between March-October 2020 to identify city-level impacts of the pandemic and associated policy responses. Results show changing priorities in the system and suggest areas which should be targeted for future urban resilience planning in Edinburgh for both short-term shocks and long-term recovery. This makes both methodological contributions (in the form of testing a new complex systems approach) and practical contributions (in the form of city-specific results which inform different aspects of resilience) to urban science.

The difference between the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and the Brief Resilience Scale when assessing resilience: confirmatory factor analysis and predictive effects.

The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) are two scales widely used to measure resilience. Although both scales seek to assess an individual's ability to recover from and adapt to disruptions or stressful events, they can capture different aspects of resilience. While the CD-RISC focuses on resources that can help individuals to recover from and adapt to disruptions or stressful events, the BRS directly measures one's ability to bounce back or be resilient. The aim of this study is to better understand resilience through empirically examining the differences between the CD-RISC and the BRS. Samples (a pooled sample N = 448 and two subsamples N = 202 and 246) consisting of undergraduate students from Taiwan were used. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to examine the relationship between the CD-RISC and BRS. Regression analysis was conducted to examine predictive effects of the CD-RISC and BRS on depression and life satisfaction. The results of CFA using different samples consistently show that the CD-RISC and the BRS are highly correlated but still distinct. The results of regression analyses using different samples also consistently show that the CD-RISC and the BRS have unique predictive effects regarding depression and life satisfaction. The research findings suggest that the CD-RISC and the BRS capture different aspects of resilience. For future research on resilience, researchers should pay closer attention to the differences between these scales and choose the one that most closely fits their research purpose.

Towards a framework to position resilience and Industry 4.0

In the last decade, there has been a rapid digital transformation of industrial production systems, often called ‘Industry 4.0.’ In parallel these systems have to function in a continuous evolving environment and to face different kind of perturbations. Therefore, there is trend to design robust and resilient systems requiring to evaluate systems’ resilience. A step forwards this objective is to understand and define the concept in relation to its application area, here Industry 4.0. Indeed, the concept of resilience has been studied in various fields, covering different definitions and characteristics such as the ability to anticipate, to survive and to react to exceptional situations. This paper makes a literature review of the concept of resilience and its different aspects and then position it in the Industry 4.0 context. To achieve this objective a coarse framework linking Industry 4.0 pillars and components with the different aspects of resilience (characteristics, phases and strategies) is proposed.

A Methodology to Quantify Resilience in Growing Pigs.

Simple SummaryThe concept of resilience can be defined as the ability of animals to maintain their productivity despite the stressors that might occur during the rearing period. Despite the growing interest in the genetic determinism of resilience and its possible inclusion in selection objectives, there is no straightforward method to measure this trait. Several quantifying methods estimate resilience based on productivity such as body weight or milk production, or non-productivity related traits such as immunity or stress responses. The objective of this study was to elaborate novel resilience indicators in growing pigs based on both productivity (body weight) and non-productivity (acute-phase proteins) related traits. We propose the deviation from the expected growth curve and the increment of the acute-phase protein haptoglobin, after applying a common vaccine, as resilience indicators in growing pigs under standard rearing conditions. We showed that the suggested resilience indicators are under a genetic control, show a substantial variability in the population, and may be improved through selection.There is a growing concern about the genetic determinism of resilience and its possible implementation in breeding programs. The objective of our study was to elaborate novel resilience indicators in growing pigs based on the deviation from the expected growth curve and the increment of the acute-phase protein haptoglobin (HP) after applying a common vaccine. A total of 445 pigs were vaccinated with an attenuated Aujeszky vaccine at 12 weeks of age. Deviation from the expected body weight (ΔBW) given the growth curve of unvaccinated pigs at 28 days post-vaccination (DPV) and the increment of HP at 4 DPV (ΔHP) were suggested as resilience indicators. Challenged pigs that maintained their productivity and had a minor activation of HP were deemed resilient, whereas pigs that had low ∆BW values and a high activation of HP were deemed susceptible. Pigs were also classified based on ∆BW and ∆HP relative to the expected BW at 28 DPV and to the basal level of HP, respectively. The concordance was high between both methods, indicating that ΔBW and ΔHP are not sensitive to the animal’s expected BW nor the basal level of HP. The heritability estimates were moderate for ∆BW (0.33) and low-to-moderate for ∆HP (0.16). Our study suggests ΔBW and ΔHP as novel resilience indicators in pigs. The suggested indicators capture different aspects of resilience, are easy to measure, and are genetically controlled. Thus, they may be improved through selective breeding. Further analyses are needed to validate our findings.

Introduction: IJCAR - Volume 8

Dear readers,
 I am pleased to introduce the 2021 Issue of IJCAR, the International Journal of Child and Adolescent Resilience, addressing various aspects of youth resilience. We also have a thematic section focused on resilience in Indigenous and multicultural populations.
 This issue includes five regular articles on different aspects of resilience. First, Lafrenaye-Dugas et al. document the sources of distress of adolescent boy victims of physical violence within their romantic relationships. Then, Martinez and her colleagues examine the effect of disclosure on resilience in adult female victims of childhood sexual abuse. In the following paper, Dr. Medico proposes a theoretical model of trans affirmative approaches for trans and non-binary youth based on Axel Honneth's ethics of recognition model (2000; 2006). Richard et al. investigate the role of perceptions of harm and perceived peer and parental attitudes towards substance use in the association between adverse childhood experiences and substance use in adolescents. Finally, Villate and her colleagues document the subjective experiences of emerging adults who have a parent with a mental disorder and suggest ways to support their resilience in the transition to adulthood.
 In addition to these regular articles, we also have a commentary on the 5th World Congress on Resilience by Dr. Ionescu and a thematic section focused on resilience in Indigenous and multicultural populations. This section presents five articles on the effects of the Lantern|Awacic sexual violence prevention program training for workers in Indigenous care settings (Attard et al.), the relations between virtues, well-being, and resilience in Indigenous youth in the Peruvian Amazon (Bullock et al.), Child Maltreatment-Related Investigations of Children from Newcomer Households in Canada (Houston et al.), a review of the use of mobile applications to support Indigenous youth well-being (Noronha et al.), and finally, the validation of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-28; Ungar & Liebenberg, 2011) in Nicaraguan youth.
 I wish to take this opportunity to warmly thank each member of the IJCAR team, namely Dr. Isabelle Daigneault, Dr. Rachel Langevin and Dr. Tara Black, associate editors; Catherine Moreau, managing editor; Manon Robichaud, layout editor; Andréanne Fortin, senior copyeditor; and Ruo Feng, Sereena Pigeon, and Carley Marshall, junior copyeditor. We hope you enjoy your reading!
 Don’t forget to prepare your manuscripts for the 2022 issue. In addition to regular papers, we will feature a thematic section on research presented at the Child and Youth Trauma Symposium. Submit your manuscripts in English or in French by November 15th, 2021. Please feel free to send the information to colleagues and students who may be interested.
 Martine Hébert, Editor-in-Chief

Connecting research and practice

Connecting research and practice

Post-Traumatic Growth and Resilience Among Medical Students In the Wake of COVID-19

<strong>Background/Rationale:</strong> The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has not only affected the physical wellbeing but also the mental health of many individuals, including young adults such as medical students. Many factors influence a student’s ability to cope with and grow from stressful experiences, including their resilience behaviors and traits. Building upon prior studies on post-traumatic growth and resilience in medical students at Fukushima Medical University following their 3/11 disaster, this study broadens the scope by asking medical students at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai to identify any life event they recall as being most stressful, including but not limited to COVID-19, and to reflect on their resilience promoting behaviors and post-traumatic growth post-event. Surveying a new population of medical students in New York allows for comparisons of posttraumatic growth and resilience behaviors exhibited by students in Japan and the US. We also hope to identify specific strategies that are commonly used by students to cope with various traumatic experiences. <strong>Hypothesis or research question:</strong> The primary goal is to determine factors that contribute to posttraumatic growth and resilience among a cohort of medical students. We hypothesize that medical students who demonstrate greater resilience behaviors will experience less posttraumatic stress. Additionally, we hypothesize that students who indicated that their most impactful life event was a non-COVID event experienced less COVID-related stress. <strong>Study Design/Methods:</strong> All consenting medical students at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai were anonymously surveyed and asked to reflect on their most stressful life event (Impactful Life Events Survey). In the context of the impactful life event, students were asked to respond to an adapted version of the Davidson-Trauma Scale (DTS); Resilient Behavior Scale (RBS), a Mount Sinai-developed survey examining resilience behaviors across 10 domains; the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI); and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10 (CDRS-10). Students were also asked to reflect about the impact of COVID-19 on themselves and their families. Optional interviews were conducted to provide qualitative insights into students’ experiences. The survey data was analyzed by examining correlations between student demographics, post-traumatic stress, and responses on the RBS, PTGI, and resilience scales. Interview findings were analyzed qualitatively for trends and commonalities shared among students. <strong>Results:</strong> We distributed our survey to medical students at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and collected 78 responses. 35 (44.9%) students indicated that the COVID-19 pandemic was their most impactful life event (ILE), while 43 (55.1%) students indicated a non-COVID-19 event as their ILE (<em><strong>Figure 1</strong></em>). The RBS and CDRS-10 were positively correlated with one another (Pearson correlation = .533, p &lt;.001) (<em><strong>Table 1A</strong></em>), and both resilience scales were positively correlated with students who believed there was something positive about COVID-19 (RBS: Pearson correlation = .26, p = .05; CDRS-10: Pearson correlation = .31, p = .017). The RBS was positively correlated with posttraumatic growth (Pearson correlation .455, p &lt;.001), while the CDRS-10 was not (<em><strong>Table 1B, C</strong></em>). The highest-rated resilience behaviors used by students to cope included RBS-7: Established and nurtured a supportive social network, RBS-3: Relied on your moral compass, and RBS-2: Used cognitive flexibility through reevaluation of trauma (<em><strong>Table 2</strong></em>). Students who were interviewed similarly expressed that they relied on family, friends, and significant others to cope with stressful life events. Compared with students who indicated COVID-19 as their ILE, students who indicated a prior, non-COVID ILE experienced less COVID-related stress (t = –2.2, p = .03), greater posttraumatic growth (t = 4.3, p &lt; .001), and more resilient behaviors including establishing and nurturing a supportive social network (t = 2.2, p = .03), developing brain fitness (t = 2.2, p = .03), and finding meaning and purpose in things (t = 2.9, p = .006) (<em><strong>Table 2</strong></em>). <strong>Conclusions/Future Plans:</strong> Given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on mental health, understanding how young adults respond to this and other stressful life events is essential. We identified specific resilience behaviors and traits that medical students commonly used to cope with traumatic experiences. Additionally, we demonstrated that the RBS and CDRS-10 likely measure different aspects of resilience, since only the RBS was positively correlated with posttraumatic growth. Finally, we found that students who chose a non-COVID event as their ILE demonstrated greater posttraumatic growth, greater resilience behaviors, and less COVID-19 stress than students who indicated COVID-19 as their ILE. This suggests that stressful experiences prior to or in parallel to COVID encourage posttraumatic growth and development of resilience behaviors that are protective factors to COVID-19-related stress.

Validation of resilience indicators by estimating genetic correlations among daughter groups and with yield responses to a heat wave and disturbances at herd level

Resilient cows are minimally affected in their functioning by disturbances, and if affected, they quickly recover. Previously, the variance and autocorrelation of daily deviations from a lactation curve were proposed as resilience indicators. These traits were heritable and genetically associated with good health and longevity. However, it was unknown if selection for these indicators would lead to desired changes in the phenotype. The first aim of this study was to investigate if forward prediction of the resilience indicators in another environment was possible. Therefore, the resilience indicator records were split into 2 subsets, each containing half of the daughters of each sire, split within sire into cows that calved in early year-seasons and cows that calved in more recent year-seasons. Genetic correlations between the subsets were then estimated for each resilience indicator. The second aim was to estimate genetic correlations between the resilience indicators and traits describing production responses to actual disturbances. The disturbances were a heat wave in July 2015 and yield disturbances at herd level. The latter were selected by decreases in mean yield of all primiparous cows in a herd, indicating that a disturbance occurred. The data set used for calculation of the resilience indicators and the traits describing yield responses contained 62,932,794 daily milk yield records on 199,104 primiparous cows. Genetic correlations (rg) between recent and earlier daughter groups were 1 for both resilience indicators, which suggests that selection will result in changes in the phenotype in the next generation. Furthermore, low variance was genetically correlated with weak response in milk yield to both the heat wave and herd disturbances (rg 0.47 to 0.97). Low autocorrelation was genetically correlated with reduced perturbation length and quick recovery after the heat wave and herd disturbances (0.28 to 0.97). These results suggest that variance and autocorrelation cover different aspects of resilience, and should be combined in a resilience index. In conclusion, genetic selection for the resilience indicators will likely result in favorable changes in the traits themselves, and in response and recovery to actual disturbances, which confirms that they are useful resilience indicators.

Factors Affecting Resiliency Among Volunteers in Disasters: A Systematic Literature Review.

Volunteers need considerable resiliency to cope with formidable challenges during their operations in disaster scenes. The present study was conducted to identify factors affecting the different aspects of resiliency among volunteers in disasters. The databases of Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, Google Scholar, World Health Organization Library, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Library, PsycArticles, and SafetyLit were searched until September 29, 2018. The main search terms were resiliency, disaster, humanitarian aid worker, and volunteer. A total of 548 documents were obtained and screened based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A number of 8 documents was selected for the final analysis. The main factors contributing to the resilience of volunteers at the 3 stages of pre-, during, and post-disasters were classified into 3 groups of individual, environmental, and organizational. Important factors affecting resilience of volunteers in disasters included previous disaster response experience and disaster-related training. Resiliency should be deemed integral to relief operations. Considering the main factors affecting volunteers' resiliency, it is highly suggested that organizations active in humanitarian endeavors explore the factors impacting on resilience among their volunteers via various research methods and seek to select those with higher degrees of resilience in order to avert untoward consequences in their missions.

Resilience in Ministry: Listening to the Voice of Church of Scotland Ministers

ABSTRACT The present study analyses the qualitative text written on the back page of a quantitative survey concerned with resilience in ministry among ministers serving in the Church of Scotland. Of the 505 ministers who took part in the survey, 176 wrote further (sometimes detailed) comments on the back page (35% participation rate). Three main themes emerged from these comments concerned with different aspects of resilience in ministry. The first theme concerns definitions of resilience from the perspective of ministers. The second theme concerns the challenges to resilience highlighted by ministers including workload and stress, ill health and family issues, tensions with changing theology and apathy to Christianity, conflicts with congregations, and problems with wider church structures. The third theme concerns the coping strategies and support mechanisms identified by ministers as essential for resilience including personality and self-care resources, and interrelationships with family, friends, peers, the church institution, and outside agencies.

Resilience analysis of multi-state systems with time-dependent behaviors

Most of existing resilience models assume that system performances are continuous. In this paper, we consider resilience modeling and analysis for multi-state systems, whose performances are characterized by discrete, rather than continuous variables. A non-homogeneous Semi-Markov reward process model is developed for resilience analysis of multi-state systems. In the developed model, system performance changes, caused by either disruptive events or system recoveries, are modeled as state transitions, and rewards are used to model financial losses incurred during and after the disruptions. Four resilience metrics are defined to quantify different aspects of resilience. As the developed model is non-homogeneous, it can capture time-dependent system behaviors and their impact on system resilience. An efficient resilience analysis algorithm is also designed based on linear interpolation and implemented using vectorization. The computational benefits of the developed algorithm are demonstrated through two numerical experiments. We apply the developed method on two practical case studies, an oil tank farm and a re-configurable computing system. The results show that the developed methods can quantify resilience of multi-state systems accurately and efficiently.

Introduction: IJCAR – Issue 7

Dear readers, I am pleased to introduce the 2020 Issue of IJCAR, the International Journal of Child and Adolescent Resilience. We have to recognize that we are confronted with an unprecedented situation in the COVID-19 pandemic. Across the world, we are all trying to manage and adapt in these uncertain times. Research on resilience and factors promoting adaptation despite adversity should thus be at the forefront of our preoccupations. Indeed, what we have learned in the past decades in this area of research can inform as to which strategies to focus on to alleviate distress and build upon individual and collective strengths to foster positive outcomes for youth and their families.&#x0D; This is the first issue for which I have the pleasure to act as Editor-in-Chief. IJCAR is now published with the support of the Canada Research Chair in Interpersonal Traumas and Resilience. As you can see, the journal has a new look. We have chosen the dandelion as our emblem due to its capacity to thrive in difficult conditions. The dandelion represents the ability to rise above life's challenges.&#x0D; It is worth mentioning that IJCAR now solicits different manuscript formats. In addition to original research articles, we now accept submissions of brief reports and review articles that aim to provide a synthesis and critical analysis of existing published literature. We also accept theoretical papers, clinical intervention papers that provide descriptions of innovative intervention or prevention approaches that aim to promote resilience, as well as commentaries.&#x0D; In the 2020 issue, we have introduced several new elements. First, we have the pleasure of presenting a feature paper in both English and in French. This paper is written by Dr. Sherry Hamby, a renowned expert in the field of resilience. Hamby and colleagues used a dual-factor approach to examine associations between seeking and receiving social support. Also Dr. Christine Wekerle, founder of the journal, presents a thoughtful commentary on Dr. Hamby’s research.&#x0D; This issue includes four regular articles on different aspects of resilience. First, Jean-Thorn and colleagues provide evidence of reliability and validity for the Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC 10; Campbell-Sills &amp; Stein, 2007; Hébert et al., 2018) used in a sample of mothers of sexually abused children. Then, Cabecinha-Alati and her colleagues present a novel conceptual model that elucidates some of the mechanisms involved in the intergenerational transmission of emotion dysregulation among mothers with a history of childhood maltreatment. In the following paper, Guyon and her colleagues provide a qualitative meta-synthesis that enriches the actual body of knowledge by identifying key aspects of the recovery process of child sexual abuse survivors. Finally, Vakili and colleagues examine the impact of the Instagram platform for disseminating sensitive topics about youth resilience research.&#x0D; In addition to these regular articles, we also have a thematic section focused on complex trauma arising for the 3rd Annual Complex Trauma Symposium held in Montreal in 2019. This section presents nine articles and are introduced by our colleague, Dr. Delphine Collin-Vézina, who organized the symposium.&#x0D; With 15 different manuscripts, the 2020 issue is the largest edition since the creation of the IJCAR. As this was my first experience as Editor-in-Chief, I have to admit that I faced several challenges in familiarizing myself with the submission, revision, and production process. Getting through the different steps was possible because I was able to rely on a very supportive and efficient team. As associate editors, Dr. Isabelle Daigneault, Dr. Rachel Langevin and Dr. Tara Black were truly indispensable teammates in these last months and made this adventure enjoyable despite the challenges encountered. I wish to take this opportunity to warmly thank Catherine Moreau, managing editor, who guided us through the publication process and Manon Robichaud, layout editor, who meticulously laid out the manuscripts. Andréanne Fortin did a rigorous job as the senior copyeditor and harmoniously orchestrated the team of junior copy editors whom we would also like to thank: Ruo Feng, Ihssane Fethi, Marie Emma Gagné, Audrey Kern, Carley Marshall, Queeny Pognon and Aimée Wallace.We also wish to thank members of the editorial team who contributed to the revision of manuscripts and our authors for their patience with the publication deadlines. We hope you enjoy your reading!&#x0D; Don’t forget to prepare your manuscripts for the 2021 issue. In addition to regular papers, we will feature a thematic section on Resilience and cultural considerations. Submit your manuscripts in English or in French. Please feel free to send the information to colleagues and students who may be interested.&#x0D; Martine Hébert, Editor-in-Chief

Resilience of Complex Adaptive Systems: A Pedagogical Framework for Engineering Education and Research

Abstract The discourse on resilience, currently at the forefront of research and implementation in a wide variety of fields, is confusing because of its multi-disciplinary/spatial/temporal nature. Resilience analysis is a discipline that allows the assessment and enhancement of the coping and recovery behaviors of systems when subjected to short-lived high-impact external shocks leading to partial or complete failure. This paper, meant for pedagogical teaching and research formulation, starts by providing an overview of different aspects of resilience in general and then focuses on communities and regions that are complex adaptive systems (CAS) involving multiple engineered infrastructures providing essential services to local inhabitants and adapted to available natural resources and social requirements. Next, for objective analysis and assessment, it is proposed that resilience be characterized by four different quantifiable sub-attributes. This paper then describes the standard technocentric manner in which different temporal phases during and in the aftermath of disasters are generally visualized and analyzed, and discusses how these relate to reliability and risk analyses. Subsequently, two prevalent types of frameworks are described and representative literature reviewed: (i) those that aim at improving general resilience via soft methods such as subjective means (interviews, narratives) and census data, and (ii) those that are meant to enhance specific resilience under certain threat scenarios using hard/objective methods such as data-driven analysis and performance-predictive modeling methods, akin to resource allocation problems in operations research. Finally, the need for research into an integrated framework is urged; one that could potentially combine the strengths of both approaches.

Introduction: IJCAR / RIREA Regular Issue of 2019

Dear readers, I am pleased to introduce this 6th issue of the International Journal of Child and Adolescent Resilience (IJCAR), or as we now call it in its bilingual version, la Revue Internationale de la résilience des enfants et adolescents (RIREA).&#x0D; With pleasure, I took on the role of Acting Editor-in-chief of IJCAR / RIREA over the last year to replace Tara Black who was on maternity leave. I took advantage of this interim to initiate several changes to the Journal, including making it officially bilingual and transfer hosting to the Public Knowledge Project (PKP) in collaboration with ÉRUDIT and Coalition Publi.ca, which will ensure its dissemination. The Open Journal System submission platform will remain the same, allowing us to maintain open access publishing without cost to authors. These changes are underway and you will see them come to fruition over the next few months as the Journal officially changes sites and editors. Indeed, it is with great pleasure that IJCAR / RIREA welcomes its new Editor-in-chief, Martine Hébert, Professor in the Department of Sexology at the Université du Québec à Montréal and Canada Research Chair in Interpersonal Trauma and resilience, which will oversee activities for the next four years.&#x0D; I will continue to be involved in the Journal as co-editor and would like to see it grow and develop into new horizons and new themes. Another novelty started this year will see IJCAR / RIREA focus on annual thematic issues. The first of these issues, arising from the 3rd Annual Complex Trauma Symposium, will focus on resilience in the context of complex trauma (see the call for submissions below). With her expertise in research on the resilience of children and adolescents, her international recognition and influence and her scientific rigor, Dr. Hébert is well suited as Editor-in-chief and will promote IJCAR / RIREA internationally and especially within the Francophonie.&#x0D; Finally, for this regular 2019 issue, six articles on different aspects of resilience are published and demonstrate the wealth of work in this area. Liebenberg and Joubert (pp. 4-14) will discuss resilience indicators and, in particular, how the meaning assigned to them affects resources interactively. Moisan, Hébert, Fernet, Blais, and Amédée (pp 15-31) will present the results of a study using the resilience portfolios and the concept of polystrenghts, stressing the importance of taking these forces into account in the evaluation of young people exposed to traumatic experiences. Fallon, Kartusch, Filippelli, Trocme, Black, Chan, Sawh, and Carnella (pp. 32-40) will provide a brief report of the answers to the 10 questions any protection center should be aware of in order to serve its population well. Cash (pp. 41-47) will discuss how technologies can facilitate research and intervention in the area of abuse to promote resilience. Strickland, Wekerle, Kehayes, Thompson, Dobson, and Stewart (pp. 48-65) will address the issue of self-compassion as promoting resilience in sexually assaulted youth when alcohol is involved. And finally, Alaggia, Morton and Vine (pp. 66-82) will present the guiding principles for the transfer and use of knowledge from the Make Resilience Matter project according to the conceptual model of the Research Contribution Framework.&#x0D; I take this opportunity to thank Christine Wekerle, Tara Black and Martine Hébert for their essential support during this interim, Marlyn Bennett and Ihssane Fethi for the manuscripts’ copyediting and Author guidelines’ update, Alexandre Masino for the image of one of his paintings on the cover that illustrates so evocatively what resilience may be, the editorial team that contributed to the revision of manuscripts and the authors for their patience with the publication deadlines of this issue. On that, enjoy your reading!

Body Weight Deviations as Indicator for Resilience in Layer Chickens.

Resilience is the capacity of an animal to be minimally affected by disturbances or to rapidly return to the state pertained before exposure to a disturbance. Less resilient animals are expected to be more susceptible to environmental perturbations, such as diseases, and will consequently show more and/or greater fluctuations in production than more resilient animals. Natural antibodies (NAb) are antibodies recognizing antigens without previous exposure to these, and are hypothesized to be an indication of general disease resistance. The objective of this research was to investigate genetic parameters of resilience indicators based on standardized body weight (BW) deviations and to investigate its relation with immunity (i.e. NAb) and disease resistance. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin-binding NAb were measured in layer chickens, which were selectively bred for high and low keyhole limpet hemocyanin-binding NAb levels during six generations. In addition, BW data of these layers were collected on a four-weekly interval from 4 weeks of age until 32 weeks of age. Standardized deviations of BW from an individual were compared to lines’ average BW (i.e. across individuals), and these were used to calculate resilience indicators: natural logarithm-transformed variance [ln(variance)], skewness, and lag-one autocorrelation of deviations (i.e. all within an individual). Heritabilities of resilience indicators were between 0.09 and 0.11. Genetic correlations between the three resilience indicators were between -0.20 and 0.40 (with high SE), which might suggest that the resilience indicators capture different aspects of resilience. Genetic correlations between resilience indicators and NAb were close to zero, which suggests that the resilience indicators and NAb capture different aspects of immunity. This might indicate that, in this dataset, environmental perturbations are only to a small extent affected by disease incidence, possibly due to a lack of disease occurrence. However, a lower estimated breeding value for ln(variance) was predictive for lower lesion scores after an avian pathogenic Escherichia coli inoculation and vice versa. In conclusion, this study shows that there is genetic variation in resilience indicators based on BW deviations in layer chickens, which opens up possibilities to improve resilience by means of selective breeding.