Differences In Timing Research Articles

Study on the Bioactivity, Toxicity, Stereoselective Fate, and Risk Assessment of Chiral Fungicide Isopyrazam in Five Kinds of Fruits and Vegetables.

Isopyrazam (IPZ) is a new chiral fungicide. For bioactivity, there was a 3.37-1578 times difference among the four stereoisomers. For Alternaria alternata and Phoma multirostrata, cis-(1S,4R,9S)-IPZ had the greatest activity. Using cis-IPZ might improve the efficacy and reduce the dosage of the racemate by 54.7-72.2% for A. alternata and P. multirostrata. To zebrafish, trans-IPZ showed the highest acute toxicity (LC50, 0.096 mg/L). The degradation half-lives of IPZ stereoisomers in the five crops ranged from 3.50 to 15.2 days. Cis-IPZ was preferentially degraded in grape, pear, and celery. The residual concentrations of IPZ in grape and celery were still higher than the maximum residue limit, and the acute and chronic dietary intake risks of IPZ in celery were unacceptable (RQa: 146-250%, HQ: 117-200%), which were worthy of further researching. Based on the research results, it is safer and more reasonable to use IPZ in the form of a racemate with a high ratio of cis-IPZ.

Intra-species quantification reveals differences in activity and sleep levels in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti.

Aedes aegypti is an important mosquito vector of human disease with a wide distribution across the globe. Climatic conditions and ecological pressure drive differences in the biology of several populations of this mosquito species, including blood-feeding behaviour and vector competence. However, no study has compared activity and/or sleep among different populations/lineages of Ae. aegypti. Having recently established sleep-like states in three mosquito species with observable differences in timing and amount of sleep among species, we investigated differences in activity and sleep levels among 17 Ae. aegypti lines drawn from both its native range in Africa and its invasive range across the global tropics. Activity monitoring indicates that all the lines show consistent diurnal activity, but significant differences in activity level, sleep amount, number of sleep bouts and bout duration were observed among the lines. The variation in day activity was associated with differences in host preference and ancestry for the lineages collected in Africa. This study provides evidence that the diurnal sleep and activity profiles for Ae. aegypti are consistent, but there are significant population differences for Ae. aegypti sleep and activity levels and interactions with host species may significantly impact mosquito activity.

The key to intestinal health: a review and perspective on food additives.

In this review, we explore the effects of food additives on intestinal health. Food additives, such as preservatives, antioxidants and colorants, are widely used to improve food quality and extend shelf life. However, their effects on intestinal microecology May pose health risks. Starting from the basic functions of food additives and the importance of intestinal microecology, we analyze in detail how additives affect the diversity of intestinal flora, oxidative stress and immune responses. Additionally, we examine the association between food additives and intestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, and how the timing, dosage, and individual differences affect the body's response to additives. We also assess the safety and regulatory policies of food additives and explore the potential of natural additives. Finally, we propose future research directions, emphasizing the refinement of risk assessment methods and the creation of safer, innovative additives.

Exploring the Activation of Target Words in Picture Naming in Children Who Stutter: Evidence From Event-Related Potentials.

Target word activation in picture naming was explored in children who stutter (CWS) and typically fluent children (TFC) using event-related potentials (ERPs). A total of 18 CWS and 16 TFC completed a task combining picture naming and probe word identification. On each trial, a picture-to-be-named was followed by an auditory probe word-to-be-identified; the probe was identical (Identity condition) or Unrelated to the picture name. ERPs were recorded from probe onset. Attenuation of the N400 ERP component was predicted to Identity versus Unrelated trials (N400 priming). Between-groups differences in amplitude, timing, and topography of N400 priming were explored. Naming was more accurate on Identity versus Unrelated trials. Probe word identification accuracy was not affected by Condition. N400 priming was detected, indicating that self-generated picture names facilitated semantic processing of identical probes. This effect was larger in amplitude in CWS versus TFC. Unexpectedly, an N400-preceding, frontally maximal, positive-going ERP component-associated with expectancy processing-was larger in amplitude to Unrelated versus Identity trials. This effect was smaller in CWS versus TFC. A larger N400 priming effect in CWS versus TFC reflects a tendency toward more extensive semantic processing in picture naming in CWS. A smaller Condition effect on frontally maximal, positive-going, N400-preceding ERP activity in CWS versus TFC indicates a reduced ability to form expectancies about the lexical and/or phonological identity of probe words in CWS. Both effects may point to inefficient activation of target words in picture naming in CWS.

B - 38 Concussion Clinical Outcomes and Recovery Time in Individuals with Pre-Existing Anxiety and/or Depression

Abstract Objective Post-injury anxiety and mood difficulties are common symptoms following concussion. However, limited research has explored the impact of anxiety and/or depression history on individuals’ clinical outcomes and recovery time post- concussion. This study aims to determine the influence of anxiety and/or depression history on individuals’ clinical outcomes and examine outcomes of those with both anxiety and depression history. Method We conducted a retrospective review of 297 concussed patients. All participants completed a clinical interview, Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT), Clinical Profile Screen (CP-Screen), and Vestibular/Ocular-Motor Screening (VOMS). Participants were categorized into one of three anxiety-depression subgroups — no anxiety or depression history (NONE), anxiety or depression history (EITHER), or anxiety and depression history (BOTH)— based on clinical interviews. Results The BOTH group reported higher symptom burden (CP Screen Total Score; p < 0.001) and performed worse on ImPACT Visual Memory (p = 0.03) compared to NONE and EITHER groups. Overall, recovery time differed significantly between groups (p = 0.006). The NONE group recovered significantly faster than the EITHER group (p = 0.04), and the BOTH group (p = 0.03). However, no significant difference in recovery time was noted between the EITHER and BOTH groups (p = 0.58). Conclusions Our results suggest that anxiety/depression history is associated with more severe post-concussion symptoms, worse visual memory, and longer recovery times when compared to those with no history of anxiety or depression. These findings highlight the importance of screening for anxiety and depression history in clinical settings and exploring ways to improve concussion recovery for individuals with anxiety and/or depression history.

A fourth order Runge-Kutta type of exponential time differencing and triangular spectral element method for two dimensional nonlinear Maxwell's equations

In this paper, we study a numerical scheme to solve the nonlinear Maxwell's equations. The discrete scheme is based on the triangular spectral element method (TSEM) in space and the exponential time differencing fourth-order Runge-Kutta (ETDRK4) method in time. TSEM has the advantages of spectral accuracy and geometric flexibility. The ETD method involves exact integration of the linear part of the governing equation followed by an approximation of an integral involving the nonlinear terms. The RK4 scheme is introduced for the time integration of the nonlinear terms. The stability region of the ETDRK4 method is depicted. Moreover, the contour integral in the complex plan is utilized and improved to compute the matrix function required by the implementation of ETDRK4. The numerical results demonstrate that our proposed method is of exponential convergence with the order of basis function in space and fourth order accuracy in time.

Identifying Population Segments by Differing Levels of COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence and Evaluating Subsequent Uptake of COVID-19 Prevention Behaviors: Web-Based, Longitudinal, Probability-Based Panel Survey.

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted the launch of the US Department of Health and Human Services' COVID-19 Public Education Campaign to boost vaccine confidence and uptake among adults, as vaccines are key to preventing severe illness and death. Past segmentation research relevant to COVID-19 behavior has found important differences in attitudes, sociodemographics, and subsequent COVID-19 prevention behaviors across population segments. This study extends prior work by incorporating a more comprehensive set of attitudes, behaviors, and sociodemographic variables to identify population segments by differing levels of COVID-19 vaccine confidence and evaluate differences in their subsequent uptake of COVID-19 prevention behaviors. Data were obtained from 5 waves (January 2021 to June 2022) of a web-based longitudinal, probability-based panel survey of US adults (N=4398) administered in English and in Spanish. Participants were recruited from NORC at the University of Chicago's national AmeriSpeak panel and were invited to participate across multiple waves. Latent class cluster analysis estimated segments of respondents based on over 40 COVID-19 attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and sociodemographics as reported in wave 1. Survey-weighted cross-tabulations and bivariate regression analyses assessed differences in COVID-19 vaccine uptake, booster uptake, mask use, and social distancing in all segments across all 5 survey waves. A total of 6 segments (hardline nonintenders, prevention-compliant nonintenders, burned-out waiters, anxious waiters, skeptical confidents, and ready confidents) were identified, which differed by their COVID-19 vaccine confidence, prevention-related attitudes and behaviors, and sociodemographics. Cross-tabulations and regression results indicated significant segment membership differences in COVID-19 vaccine and booster timing, mask use, and social distancing. Results from survey-weighted cross-tabulations comparing COVID-19 vaccine and booster uptake across segments indicate statistically significant differences in these outcomes across the 6 segments (P<.001). Results were statistically significant for each segment (P<.01 for booster uptake among burned-out waiters; P<.001 for all other coefficients), indicating that, on average, respondents in segments with lower intentions to vaccinate reported later receipt of COVID-19 vaccines and boosters relative to the timing of vaccine and booster uptake among ready confidents. Results extend previous research by showing that initial beliefs and behaviors relevant to COVID-19 vaccination, mask use, and social distancing are important for understanding differences in subsequent compliance with recommended COVID-19 prevention measures. Specifically, we found that across respondent segments, the probability of vaccine and booster uptake corresponded with both COVID-19 vaccine confidence and mask use and social distancing compliance; more compliant segments were more likely to get vaccinated or boosted than less compliant segments given similar levels of vaccine confidence. These findings help identify appropriate audiences for campaigns. Results highlight the use of a comprehensive list of attitudes, behaviors, and other individual-level characteristics that can serve as a basis for future segmentation efforts relevant to COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.

Socio-demographic variations in prostate cancer diagnosis recording: Primary care compared to the Cancer Registry in England

IntroductionIn the UK, primary care data are often used for cancer-related research, but the accuracy of cancer information is uncertain. ObjectiveWe investigated socio-demographic variation based on the recording date of prostate cancer diagnosis between primary care and the National Cancer Registry (CR). ApproachWe utilised a data extract of 1,600,000 patients over 65 years from Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). We extracted prostate cancer diagnoses using Read and SNOMED-CT codes from primary care, and ICD-10 from CR. Initial code entry determined diagnosis dates. We categorised recording timing differences as earlier, same-day or later in primary care than CR and used the chi-squared test and logistic regression (adjusted for recording year) to compare these discrepancies across age, deprivation, and ethnicity. ResultsWe included 26,875 men with prostate cancer diagnoses commonly recorded in both sources during 2000-2016 (1,030 excluded with missing ethnicity). Compared to CR, 1,747 (7%) had diagnoses recorded on the same day in primary care, while 20,615 (77%) had later recordings with a median delay of 21 days (IQR: 13-38). Age at diagnosis was associated with recording discrepancies (p&lt;0.001); older men were more likely to have earlier/same-day recordings. Adjusted ORs for age groups were 1.4 (95%CI: 1.3-1.5) for 60-69, 1.3 (1.2-1.5) for 70-79, and 0.9 (0.8-1.0) for ≥80 compared to &lt;60. No associations were found between deprivation (p=0.096) or ethnicity (p=0.067) and recording differences. Conclusion/ ImplicationsThe discrepancy in prostate cancer information between primary care and CR underscores potential biases in studies relying solely on one data source.

Maternal and Fetal Outcomes of COVID-19 According to the Trimester of Diagnosis: A Cross-Sectional Prospective Study in a Tertiary University Hospital.

Objectives: Pregnant women are considered a high-risk group because they may be particularly susceptible to COVID-19. Our study tried to relate fetomaternal outcomes and trimester-specific infection. Methods: A prospective study on 224 pregnant women with confirmed antenatal infections at a tertiary hospital. Data from the antenatal clinic records, admission files, labor ward and neonatal notes, lab results, respiratory consultations, and ICU admission were analyzed using Jamovi 2.2.5, with p < 0.05 indicating significance. Results: A total of 224 patients were included-10, 32, and 182 patients were diagnosed in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. Neonatal NICU admissions were significantly higher among those with infections in the third trimester compared to those in the first trimester (p = 0.008). Significant differences in Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min emerged between the second and third trimesters (p = 0.014 and p = 0.037, respectively). However, no significant differences were observed in Apgar scores between the first and second trimesters (p = 0.341, p = 0.108) or the first and third trimesters (p = 0.545, p = 0.755). Complications of pregnancy, including maternal mortality and various conditions (respiratory, obstetrical, sepsis, DIC), neonatal outcomes, ICU admission, and cesarean section indications, showed no significant differences related to the trimester of infection (p-values: 0.989, 0.892). Study limitations include sample size impacting generalization, higher COVID-19 cases in the third trimester than other trimesters, and potential historical data availability and accuracy issues. Conclusions: In the third trimester, COVID-19 caused more neonatal ICU admissions than the first trimester, with lower Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min compared to the second trimester, indicating an increasing susceptibility and vulnerability to COVID-19 infection with an increasing pregnancy age. Other fetal and maternal outcomes showed no significant differences in infection timing.

Laminar organization of visual responses in core and parabelt auditory cortex

Abstract Audiovisual (AV) interaction has been shown in many studies of auditory cortex. However, the underlying processes and circuits are unclear because few studies have used methods that delineate the timing and laminar distribution of net excitatory and inhibitory processes within areas, much less across cortical levels. This study examined laminar profiles of neuronal activity in auditory core (AC) and parabelt (PB) cortices recorded from macaques during active discrimination of conspecific faces and vocalizations. We found modulation of multi-unit activity (MUA) in response to isolated visual stimulation, characterized by a brief deep MUA spike, putatively in white matter, followed by mid-layer MUA suppression in core auditory cortex; the later suppressive event had clear current source density concomitants, while the earlier MUA spike did not. We observed a similar facilitation-suppression sequence in the PB, with later onset latency. In combined AV stimulation, there was moderate reduction of responses to sound during the visual-evoked MUA suppression interval in both AC and PB. These data suggest a common sequence of afferent spikes, followed by synaptic inhibition; however, differences in timing and laminar location may reflect distinct visual projections to AC and PB.

Successful School Principalship: A Meta-Synthesis of 20 Years of International Case Studies

This meta-synthesis crosses international borders by analyzing successful principalship across nine countries. With careful, detailed, systematic, and analytic synthesis, it critically explores research-informed understandings of successful principal leadership over the last 20 years. The paper is an interim report of reviews of the 85 articles and 23 chapters produced by the International Successful School Principal Project (ISSPP), the largest, longest-running international research project in this field. In that project, success is defined as the principal’s ability to grow and sustain students’ academic, personal, and social developments and achievements over time. The results add to existing knowledge of how successful school principals achieve success by examining high-quality, published case study evidence from Australia, Cyprus, Israel, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Spain, the UK, and the US. Results suggest common sets of core values, qualities, and practices among school principals, regardless of national contexts, conditions, or cultures. Because the research design is multi-perspective and multi-layered, the case studies also show significant, context-informed differences in timing, pace, and extent of application of improvement strategies. Thus, the findings of this synthesis paint a thorough and cohesive picture of who successful principals are and what they do over time at the global level to achieve success, as they navigate values-led school success in different contexts and improvement phases within complex internal and external ecological chrono-, macro-, exo-, meso-, and microsystems.

Genome-wide SNP analysis coupled with geographic and reproductive-phenological information reveals panmixia in a classical marine species, the Japanese jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus)

Identification of genetic population structures in classical marine species—species with large population sizes, wide range distributions, and high dispersal potential—can be a challenging task because of expectedly weak genetic signals of population structure. The Japanese jack mackerel, Trachurus japonicus, is a classical marine species and one of the most important fishery resources in the East Asian seas. In this study, we tested the hypothesis of genetic panmixia in the Japanese jack mackerel using genome-wide SNP analyses coupled with geographic and reproductive phenology information. We generated a highly contiguous genome assembly and performed Genotyping by Random Amplicon Sequencing-Direct (GRAS-Di) to produce at least 19,904 SNPs that were genotyped in 614 samples from seas around the Japanese archipelago. Genetic population structure analyses did not reveal any evidence of genetic differentiation. Neither geographical barriers in the Japanese archipelago nor phenological differences in reproductive timing affected the genetic population structure. Overall, these findings were consistent with the interpretation of genetic panmixia, providing evidence for high genetic connectivity across the population’s distribution. Considering the current knowledge about the distribution and life history of T. japonicus, we suggest that the panmictic status may reflect a metapopulation structure with source-sink dynamics and/or extensive gene flow across the distribution range.

Making housing affordable? The local effects of relaxing land-use regulation

This paper examines the effects of relaxing land-use regulations on housing supply and rents at the local intra-city level. We apply a staggered difference-in-difference model, exploiting exogenous differences in the treatment timing of zoning plan reforms as identifying variation. Increasing the allowable floor-to-area ratio (FAR), i.e., upzoning, significantly increases the living space and housing units by approximately 9% in the subsequent five to ten years. This effect is stronger for larger upzonings, for rasters where zoning is binding, and where rents are high. Furthermore, upzoning leads to no difference in hedonic rents between upzoned and later-upzoned rasters. These results show that upzoning is a viable policy for increasing housing affordability. However, the effects depend on the upzoning policy design and take several years to materialize.

Sex differences in distributed error-related neural activation in problem-drinking young adults

BackgroundDetecting and responding to errors is central to goal-directed behavior and cognitive control and is thought to be supported by a network of structures that includes the anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula. Sex differences in the maturational timing of cognitive control systems create differential periods of vulnerability for psychiatric conditions, such as substance use disorders. MethodsWe examined sex differences in error-related activation across an array of distributed brain regions during a Go/No-Go task in young adults with problem alcohol use (N=69; 34 females; M=19.4 years). Regions of interest previously linked to error-related activation, including anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and frontoparietal structures, were selected in a term-based meta-analysis. Individual differences in their responses to false alarm (FA) inhibitory errors relative to “go” trials (FA>GO) and correct rejections (FA>CR) were indexed using multivariate summary measures derived from principal components analysis. ResultsFA>GO and FA>CR activation both revealed a first component that explained the majority of the variance across error-associated regions and displayed the strongest loadings on salience network structures. Compared to females, males exhibited significantly higher levels of the FA>GO component but not the FA>CR component. ConclusionsMales exhibit greater salience network activation in response to inhibitory errors, which could be attributed to sex differences in error-monitoring processes or to other functions (e.g., novelty detection). The findings are relevant for the further characterization of sex differences in cognitive control and may have implications for understanding individual differences in those at risk for substance use or other cognitive control disorders.

Enhanced multifunctional sensing in human motion with speed-controlled coaxial wet-spun hollow MWCNT-TPU/TPU smart fibers

In the field of personal health management and athletic performance optimization, the demand for multi-parameter human signal monitoring devices is rapidly increasing. Currently, flexible sensors produced through wet spinning techniques face challenges of simplistic structure and functionality, as well as difficulty in balancing strength and sensitivity. In-depth research is needed to develop high-performance wet spinning techniques, which will lay the foundation for commercial smart garments capable of unobtrusively monitoring human motion in the future. This study innovatively employs specialized slurry formulations and spinning speed controls to utilize the timing differences in fiber precipitation and the affinity among similar materials. Through the coaxial wet spinning process, it enables the continuous, large-scale manufacturing of hollow core–shell fibers, MT/T-S5, which feature a dense inner layer and a porous outer conductive layer. This special structure endows the fibers with high strength, high signal stability, and capabilities for both active and passive heating. These fibers achieve a maximum gauge factor (GF) 65.2 in stretch sensing applications and can detect pressures as low as 0.1 N. The MT/T-S5 smart fibers can sense human joint movements, and through connection with an Arduino microcontroller, they can control a robotic hand and perform independent and real-time motion detection of five fingers to distinguish gestures. This research not only provides a new type of fiber material for the development of future smart textiles but also reveals a formation mechanism for hollow core–shell fibers in the field of wet spinning. This discovery can offer valuable inspiration for fiber structural design in future research.

Классификация и систематизация схем недобросовестных действий, выявляемых в ходе аудита финансовой отчетности

The paper evaluates the scale of fraud and analyzes the role of auditing in its detection. Differences between corporate fraud and fraud in the context of auditing are identified. Fraud schemes related to illegal appropriation of assets and fraudulent financial reporting, including improper asset valuation, timing differences, overstatement or understatement of revenues and expenses, as well as inadequate disclosure of information, are systematized. Each scheme is illustrated with examples. Special attention is given to the peculiarities of applying fraudulent schemes in the Russian accounting practice. The research results are intended to simplify the process of assessing the fraud risks and developing responsive procedures during the audit of financial statements. The developed methodological approaches may be of interest to practicing auditors and other professionals in the field of financial control and analysis.

Decomposition of phenotypic heterogeneity in autism reveals distinct and coherent genetic programs.

Unraveling the phenotypic and genetic complexity of autism is extremely challenging yet critical for understanding the biology, inheritance, trajectory, and clinical manifestations of the many forms of the condition. Here, we leveraged broad phenotypic data from a large cohort with matched genetics to characterize classes of autism and their patterns of core, associated, and co-occurring traits, ultimately demonstrating that phenotypic patterns are associated with distinct genetic and molecular programs. We used a generative mixture modeling approach to identify robust, clinically-relevant classes of autism which we validate and replicate in a large independent cohort. We link the phenotypic findings to distinct patterns of de novo and inherited variation which emerge from the deconvolution of these genetic signals, and demonstrate that class-specific common variant scores strongly align with clinical outcomes. We further provide insights into the distinct biological pathways and processes disrupted by the sets of mutations in each class. Remarkably, we discover class-specific differences in the developmental timing of genes that are dysregulated, and these temporal patterns correspond to clinical milestone and outcome differences between the classes. These analyses embrace the phenotypic complexity of children with autism, unraveling genetic and molecular programs underlying their heterogeneity and suggesting specific biological dysregulation patterns and mechanistic hypotheses.

Postdischarge needs identified by an automated text messaging program: A mixed-methods study.

Text messaging has emerged as a popular strategy to engage patients after hospital discharge. Little is known about how patients use these programs and what types of needs are addressed through this approach. The goal of this study was to describe the types and timing of postdischarge needs identified during a 30-day automated texting program. The program ran from January to August 2021 at a primary care practice in Philadelphia. In this mixed-methods study, two reviewers conducted a directed content analysis of patient needs expressed during the program, categorizing them along a well-known transitional care framework. We describe the frequency of need categories and their timing relative to discharge. A total of 405 individuals were enrolled; the mean (SD) age was 62.7 (16.2); 64.2% were female; 47.4% were Black; and 49.9% had Medicare insurance. Of this population, 178 (44.0%) expressed at least one need during the 30-day program. The most frequent needs addressed were related to symptoms (26.8%), coordinating follow-up care (20.4%), and medication issues (15.7%). The mean (SD) number of days from discharge to need was 10.8 (7.9); there were no significant differences in timing based on need category. The needs identified via an automated texting program were concentrated in three areas relevant to primary care practice and within nursing scope of practice. This program can serve as a model for health systems looking to support transitions through an operationally efficient approach, and the findings of this analysis can inform future iterations of this type of program.

When Are Pregnant Patients Receiving Tranexamic Acid during Delivery Hospitalization in the United States?

The World Health Organization recommends tranexamic acid (TXA) in the management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). However, the role of TXA in PPH prevention and the optimal timing of TXA administration remain unknown. Our objective was to describe the timing of TXA administration, differences in timing of TXA administration by mode of delivery, and current trends in TXA administration in the United States. We conducted a descriptive study of trends in TXA administration using the Cerner Real-World Database. We identified 1,544,712 deliveries occurring at greater than 24 weeks' gestation from January 1, 2016, to February 21, 2023. Demographic data were collected including gestational age, mode of delivery, and comorbidities. The timing of TXA administration and differences in TXA timing by mode of delivery were also collected. In our cohort, 21,433 patients (1.39%) received TXA. The majority of patients who received TXA were between ages 25 and 34 years old (55.3%), White (60.7%), and delivered between 37 and 416/7 weeks (81.4%). The TXA group had a higher prevalence of medical comorbidities including obesity (32.9 vs. 19.0%, p < 0.00001), preeclampsia (19.6 vs. 6.81%, p < 0.00001), and pregestational diabetes (3.27 vs. 1.36%, p < 0.00001). Among women who received TXA, 15.4% received it within 3 hours before delivery. Among patients who received TXA after delivery, 23.6% received TXA within 3 hours after delivery, whereas 35.7% received TXA between 10 and 24 hours after delivery. A total of 80.4% of patients who received TXA before delivery had a cesarean delivery. While TXA is most commonly administered after delivery, many patients are receiving TXA prior to delivery in the United States without clear evidence to guide the timing of administration. A randomized trial is urgently needed to determine the safety and efficacy of TXA when administered prior to delivery. · TXA is used in the treatment of PPH.. · The role of TXA in prevention of PPH is unclear.. · Fewer than 2% of patients in the United States receive TXA at delivery.. · TXA administration before delivery in the United States is rising..

Evaluating the transferability of airborne laser scanning derived stem size prediction models for Pinus taeda L. stem size estimation to two different locations and acquisition specifications

ABSTRACT Airborne laser scanning (ALS) datasets are used widely for estimating forest biometrics. The transferability of predictive models among ALS acquisitions is a topic of research due to differences in timing, flight parameters, equipment specifications, environmental conditions, and processing methods. The transferability of predictive models therefore is subject to uncertainty. This paper presents an evaluation of the transferability of models for the estimation of stem volume and diameter at breast height (DBH) based on individual tree crown size and competitive neighbourhood metrics derived for managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) forest in the Southern USA. Two predictive models types were tested: multiple linear regression (MLR) and Rand Forest (RF). We also evaluated the inclusion of additional training data to model development. Models were able to be transferred to other locations with similar structural and management conditions as the original training dataset with little decrease in accuracy, specifically unthinned stands, despite different ALS acquisitions (Plot stem volume: R2 0.7–0.8; NRMSE 10–12%; mean DBH: R2 0.4–0.7; NRMSE 10–17%; plot basal area: R2 0.7–0.8; NRMSE 12%). Increases in structural differences between the training and test data, driven by age or thinning status, introduced unacceptable levels of uncertainty (Stem volume: R2 0.4–0.7; NRMSE 12–16%; mean DBH: R2 0.4–0.5; NRMSE 18–20%; plot basal area: R2 0.5–0.6; NRMSE 22–40%). Generally, RF models most accuracy estimated DBH, and MLR for stem volume. Improvements to estimate accuracy can be achieved through the addition of relatively small datasets, representing features which were not present in the original data. ALS’s ability to provide accurate and near-complete inventories of forests hold a great deal of potential for forest management. The existence of a transferable model that can be used across different acquisitions represents a saving in terms of cost and time, we would argue that future research is therefore warranted.