Surface Temperature Difference Research Articles

A possible relationship between Changma and tropical cyclone genesis frequency in the western North Pacific linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation

AbstractThis study analysed the relationship between Changma and tropical cyclone (TC) genesis in the western North Pacific (WNP). The correlations between Changma onset, withdrawal, and duration in Jeju and the southern and central regions of Korea and TC genesis frequencies in June, July, and June–July in the WNP were analysed. The results showed that Changma duration in the southern region and June–July TC genesis frequency exhibited the highest negative correlation. To investigate the mechanism underlying the correlations, the differences in large‐scale environments between the 14 years with the longest Changma duration and the 14 years with the shortest Changma duration were analysed. For 850‐hPa stream flows, anomalous anticyclones are found in most WNP regions, while anomalous cyclones are located in the East Asian mid‐latitude region. In the long Changma duration years, the WNP subtropical high was strengthened in the north–south and east–west directions, the monsoon trough was weakened, and anomalous downward flows are formed at the latitudinal (longitudinal) band of 10°–27°N (100°–180°E) where TCs mainly occur. All these environments provide unfavourable conditions for TCs to occur. The difference in sea surface temperature revealed triple anomaly patterns, such as warm, cold, and warm, in the north–south direction in the North Atlantic. This spatial distribution was similar to the negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) pattern. From the analysis of 500‐hPa stream flow, we confirmed that the NAO acts as a bridge connecting the TC and Changma in the WNP.

Surface Dust Redistribution on Mars From Interannual Differences in Temperature and Albedo

AbstractThe present climate of Mars is punctuated by recurring dust storm events, where dust is lifted from the surface and is transported by the atmosphere. Dust addition or removal can brighten or darken the surface, as well as affect thermal insulating properties because of its low thermal conductivity. Of particular interest is the recurrence of global dust storms (GDSs) and whether their frequency is controlled by the replenishment or depletion of finite surface reservoirs between events. Global climate models predict changes in dust coverage before and after global storms, but output varies substantially regarding the amounts and locations of transported dust. The analysis of global, multiyear observations of surface temperature and albedo from orbit can constrain changes in dust coverage and/or thickness. We calculate and map interannual differences in surface temperature from Mars Year (MY) 24 through MY35 to identify regions of dust redistribution. Regional temperature changes across the MY25 GDS can be explained by changes in albedo and do not require changes in surface thermal properties, supporting extremely small dust thickness changes. Across the MY34 GDS, we find less extensive changes in surface temperature, indicating a reduced impact on dust redistribution compared to MY25. However, we identify a region between Acidalia and Arabia Terra that experienced substantial dust removal and positively correlates with visible high‐resolution orbital images. Our work supports minuscule changes in dust thickness from the observed GDSs and is consistent with effectively infinite dust reservoirs on timescales of at least 103 years.

A Numerical Study on the Role of Mesoscale Cold-Core Eddies in Modulating the Upper-Ocean Responses to Typhoon Trami (2018)

Abstract With two groups of numerical experiments with and without the cold-core eddy (CCE), the impacts of the CCE on the upper-ocean responses to Typhoon Trami (2018) were investigated using a coupled atmosphere–ocean model. It is commonly accepted that the CCE promotes the sea surface cooling (SSC) primally through the enhanced vertical mixing, while the contributions from the wind-driven advection and the near-inertial advection to the differences in the sea surface temperature (dSST) were underestimated. This study found that the presence of CCE contributed to the stronger along-track cold advection, which dominated the increase in the SSC near the radius of maximum wind (RMW) to the right of Trami’s track, and the stronger cross-track warm advection was acting to prevent the cooling induced by the vertical mixing. During the relaxation stage, the stronger near-inertial advection within the CCE accounted largely for the amplification and the redistribution of the dSST. As for the dynamic responses, the enhanced upwelling and downwelling within the CCE explained the larger cooling and warming in the subsurface temperature oscillations. The wind-driven acceleration of the currents in the mixing layer was larger during the typhoon–eddy interaction so that the CCE became an efficient mixer, thus contributing to the rapid surfacing of the cold water and the ensuing stronger wind-driven advection. These results highlight the importance of the advection processes in the modulating effect of the CCE. Therefore, 3D ocean models are needed to incorporate the mesoscale features of the oceanic eddies for realistically reproducing the upper-ocean responses to tropical cyclones (TCs).

Using mulching to reduce soil surface temperature to facilitate grass production

Ecosystems in semi-arid and arid Southern Africa experience high temperatures which translate to extremely hot soil surface temperatures. High soil surface temperatures lead to a decrease in seed germination and consequently less plant cover in these areas. To facilitate maintenance of optimum plant cover, soil surface temperature should be moderated with appropriate mitigation techniques. Temperature variations in low (kg.0.5 m−3) and high density (1 kg m−3) brush packing treatments were compared to bare soil. We also measured the grass productivity (g.m−2) against the effect of temperature in the three treatments. iButtons® were used to log soil surface temperature every hour for seven months. Daily and nightly temperatures of the hottest months were compared amongst the three treatments. Mid-day temperatures, corresponding to peak heat stress were also compared between the three treatments. There was a significant difference (p < 0.01) in soil surface temperature between the three treatments. The high density treatment was the most buffered against temperature variation, when compared to the bare soil. Grass production was generally higher in the high density treatment. Productivity can be increased by mulching the soil with brush packing as this will improve soil surface conditions such as moderating abrupt changes in temperatures to assist plant growth.

Novel concept design of low energy hybrid battery thermal management system using PCM and multistage Tesla valve liquid cooling

To challenge the continuous operation performance of high energy density lithium-ion batteries at different ambient temperatures. A battery thermal management system combining Multi-stage tesla valve liquid cooling and Phase change material (MP) is proposed. After verification of the accuracy of the thermal model based on experimental measurements, numerical studies are performed at the end of 2C rate discharge. In addition, based on general full factorial design method, Kriging approximation model is used to construct complex nonlinear hybrid model between the spacing between batteries, the number of MSTV channels, coolant velocity and the performance of MP (pressure drop, standard deviation of surface temperature, and maximum temperature). At the same time, to avoid falling into local solutions, the adaptive simulated annealing (ASA) global search algorithm is integrated to optimize high-dimensionality multi-objective structural settings. The simulation results show that the designed MP-BTMS is connected with water/ethanol coolant and the inlet velocity is 0.193 m/s, the maximum temperature, standard deviation of surface temperature and pressure drop of the battery pack at 33.12 °C, 1.50 ℃ and 647.8 Pa, respectively. Finally, the optimised MP is used in continuous depth discharge conditions, as well as a range of simulation tests. The superiority of the optimum battery thermal management system in different application scenarios (liquid cooling/heating) is also verified. The cooling performance indicates that the use of MP reduces the total energy consumption required for coolant circulation by 79.9% compared to conventional BTMS. Moreover, it is found that at ambient temperature (Tamb = -10 °C), the use of MP can keep the battery module warm twice as long compared to conventional BTMS. This means that MP can significantly delay the temperature drop during cold stops of EVs, thus reducing the energy required for active battery heating after short-term parking.

Modeling Investigation of Thermal Circulations of a Large and Shallow Subtropical Lake

Lake Taihu, a typical shallow lake in eastern China, was selected for study in this paper. Methods: Considering that the accurate parameterization scheme is the key to a lake breeze simulation, then based on Lake Taihu’s characteristics, the setting of parameters of the lakes’ scheme was adjusted in the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting Model) lake model. Results: By comparing the observed values of the mesoscale flux platform of Lake Taihu from June to August 2012, the results showed that the model significantly improved the simulation. The root-mean-square error of the simulated and observed comparison of the latent heat fluxes over the lake improved from 42.77 to 89.00. The adjusted WRF-Lake model better presents the characteristics of Lake Taihu’s lake wind. The different lake depth cases showed that the maximum difference in surface temperature between the shallow lake case and the deep lake case reached 9.9 °C, and the average was about 3 °C. Conclusion: Compared with the deep lake case, the shallow lake case stimulated less lake breeze circulation with a shorter time and smaller range in the horizontal and vertical directions. The lake breeze frequency, simulated by the shallow lake case, was 18.5%, while for the deep lake case, it reached 38%. These simulations of lake breeze contribute to understanding the influence of a lake’s depth on lake breeze characteristics and the accurate parameterization scheme of the inland shallow lakes.

Built environment influences on urban climate resilience: Evidence from extreme heat events in Macau

Systematic understanding of climate resilience in the urban context is essential to improve the adaptive capacity in response to extreme weather events. Although the urban built environment affects climate resilience, empirical evidence on the associations between the built environment and urban climate resilience is rare in the literature. In this study, urban heat resilience (HR) is measured as the land surface temperature (LST) difference in a given urban area between normal and extreme heat event, and it further explores the impact of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) urban built environment features on HR. Using spatial regression, we find that solar insolation and water density are the dominant factors in determining land surface temperature. However, they do not appear to influence HR significantly. Results indicate that vegetation and urban porosity are crucial both in reducing LST and improving HR during extreme heat events. This study highlights the importance of 2D and 3D urban built environment features in improving HR to extreme heat events.

Precision technologies for predictive diagnosis and study of the allometric growth of broiler chickens with breast myopathies

ABSTRACT 1. An experiment was carried out to validate techniques as predictive diagnostic tools for breast myopathies and to study the allometric growth of distinct parts of the body and meat quality of broilers. 2. Infrared thermography was performed at 35 d of age. The surface temperatures of breasts of 300 birds were recorded, followed by ultrasound imaging. 3. The birds were slaughtered and the cuts were made to weigh the body parts. Then, the breasts were evaluated as for the presence and severity of myopathies, from which nine treatments were established represented by the associated degrees of the myopathies white striping and wooden breast and breasts classified as normal. 4. There was no difference in surface temperatures and echogenicity values between normal breasts and breasts affected by myopathies. At 35 d of age few fillets classified as normal were found. 5. The breast showed late growth in relation to the body, regardless of characteristic lesions of myopathies. The most severe score of wooden breast affected meat quality variables.

Measurement of water content at bare soil surface with infrared thermal imaging technology

In this study, infrared thermal imaging technology is adopted to measure water content at soil surface by calibrating the linear relationship between water content at soil surface and interfacial temperature difference of a given soil type. The method is suitable for the soil surface which is unsaturated. First of all, the theoretical considerations of the new method are introduced. Infrared thermal imaging technology can directly measure soil surface temperature and the difference between the soil surface temperature and the ambient temperature is named as the interfacial temperature difference. For over-saturated soils, at a certain environmental condition, the interfacial temperature difference of a given soil type is a constant value. For unsaturated soils, there is a linear relationship between water content at soil surface and interfacial temperature difference. For the tested four types of soils with different textures, all the values of R2 for the linear fitting are greater than 0.9. Then, the water content at soil surface can be calculated based on the surface temperature measured by the infrared camera. Moreover, in this study, a cracked soil sample with an uneven surface water content field is tested for validating the feasibility of the proposed method. There is a good match between the data measured by the proposed method and traditional oven drying. It indicates that the proposed method can be used to obtain the distribution of water content on the soil surface and may provide a new idea for the future research on the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of in-situ soil under climate change and provide a new choice for leakage detection of structures like dams, tunnels, etc.

Impact of Methane and Hydrogen-Enriched Methane Pilot Injection on the Surface Temperature of a Scaled-Down Burner Nozzle Measured Using Phosphor Thermometry

The surface temperature of a burner nozzle using three different pilot hardware configurations was measured using lifetime phosphor thermometry with the ZnS:Ag phosphor in a gas turbine model combustor designed to mimic the Siemens DLE (Dry Low Emission) burner. The three pilot hardware configurations included a non-premixed pilot injection setup and two partially premixed pilot injections where one had a relatively higher degree of premixing. For each pilot hardware configuration, the combustor was operated with either methane or hydrogen-enriched methane (H2/CH4: 50/50 in volume %). The local heating from pilot flames was much more significant for hydrogen-enriched methane compared with pure methane due to the pilot flames being in general more closely attached to the pilot nozzles with hydrogen-enriched methane. For the methane fuel, the average surface temperature of the burner nozzle was approximately 40 K higher for the partially premixed pilot injection configuration with a lower degree of mixing as compared to the non-premixed pilot injection configuration. In contrast, with the hydrogen-enriched methane fuel, the differences in surface temperature between the different pilot injection hardware configurations were much smaller due to the close-to-nozzle frame structure.

Numerical simulation of radiant floor cooling systems using PCM for naturally ventilated buildings in a hot and humid climate

This study constructs a coupled simulation model of heat balance analysis and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for naturally ventilated buildings with installed phase change materials (PCMs), and demonstrates a modeling method for the thermal storage effect of PCM in the simulation. Then, the constructed model was applied to a sensitivity analysis to clarify the key parameters of a radiant floor cooling system using PCMs. The simulation was conducted for the target building, where the radiant floor cooling system was installed, and the results were validated with field measurements in the hot and humid climate of Indonesia. The results showed that the coupled simulation model can evaluate both the temperature and heat balance of PCMs in naturally ventilated buildings, where air temperature and air flow distribution are not uniform, with higher accuracy. The temperature and heat flux on the floor surface showed good correlations between the simulation and measurement, with the root mean square errors of 0.3–0.5 °C and 4.0 W/m2, respectively. In particular, coupling with radiative heat transfer calculation increased the simulation accuracy in terms of floor surface and PCM temperatures by 0.3 °C when the surface temperature difference between the floor and the other surfaces, i.e., the wall and ceiling, was considerable owing to the thermal storage effect of the PCMs. The following sensitivity analysis showed that a PCM thickness of 6 mm and ventilation during nighttime are the optimum settings for the radiant floor cooling system under the given hot and humid conditions.

Hurricane Sally (2020) Shifts the Ocean Thermal Structure across the Inner Core during Rapid Intensification over the Shelf

Abstract Prediction of rapid intensification in tropical cyclones prior to landfall is a major societal issue. While air–sea interactions are clearly linked to storm intensity, the connections between the underlying thermal conditions over continental shelves and rapid intensification are limited. Here, an exceptional set of in situ and satellite data are used to identify spatial heterogeneity in sea surface temperatures across the inner core of Hurricane Sally (2020), a storm that rapidly intensified over the shelf. A leftward shift in the region of maximum cooling was observed as the hurricane transited from the open gulf to the shelf. This shift was generated, in part, by the surface heat flux in conjunction with the along- and across-shelf transport of heat from storm-generated coastal circulation. The spatial differences in the sea surface temperatures were large enough to potentially influence rapid intensification processes suggesting that coastal thermal features need to be accounted for to improve storm forecasting as well as to better understand how climate change will modify interactions between tropical cyclones and the coastal ocean. Significance Statement The connections between the underlying thermal energy in the ocean that powers tropical cyclones and rapid intensification of storms over continental shelves are limited. An exceptional set of data collected in the field as well as from space with satellites was used to identify spatial variations in sea surface temperatures across the inner core of Hurricane Sally (2020), a storm that rapidly intensified over the shelf. The spatial differences were due to the heat loss from the surface of the ocean as well as heat transport by shelf currents. The spatial differences were large enough to potentially influence how quickly storms can intensify, suggesting that coastal thermal features need to be accounted for to improve storm forecasting.

Optimization and thermal-performance deep learning on carbon/epoxy composite panels with microchannel structure for battery cooling

Carbon/epoxy composite with microchannel structure possesses potential commercial application in battery thermal management systems. Herein the thermal performance of the carbon fiber/epoxy composite panels with parallel microchannels was investigated by numerical simulation with experimental verification. Combining numerical simulation, design of experiment (DOE), and genetic aggregation (GA) algorithm, the response surface methodology (RSM) was performed to optimize the microchannel structure accounting for lower maximum surface temperature (Tmax). Optimally inclined microchannel structures showed that the branch channels near inlet and outlet was conducive to reduce Tmax and standard deviation of surface temperature (σT) on the composite panel. As channel diameter increased from 0.50 mm to 0.86 mm, little difference (less than0.6℃) occurred on maximum surface temperature while great reduction (greater than100 kPa) on inlet pressure took place. Flow rate greatly affected the panel’s cooling performance, and there existed an optimal flow rate to improve the cooling efficiency of the microchannel structure. Consolidating diverse inputs of microchannel-structure parameters, flow rates and channel diameters, and outputs of both Tmax and σT, a fully connected deep learning neural network model using two algorithms of Levenberg-Marquardt and Bayesian regularization was setup. Results showed that the neural network model predicted better output responses than RSM with higher R values. Bayesian regularization offered better accuracy and higher iteration efficiency on neural network training for Tmax and σT than Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm.

Analysis of conjugate heat transfer in a roots blower and validation with infrared thermography

• Conjugate heat transfer in a Roots blower. • Gap size calibration achieved deviation of 7.5% on flow and 4.3% on power. • Discharge air temperature deviation was within 4 °C. • High speed infrared thermography based surface temperature deviation was within 6 °C. Oil-free Roots blower is a type of Positive Displacement Machine used for low pressure ratio applications. Its volumetric efficiency is dependent on the leakage of compressed gas through the clearance gaps. In the absence of internal cooling, prediction of temperature distribution and conjugate heat transfer becomes important for reliable design and operation. The interaction of gas flow and structural deformation in the blower is highly transient and one of the most challenging problems which need to be addressed for accurate performance prediction. To achieve this, the technique which includes moving and transforming the mesh is employed. The performance test data used for validation included discharge air temperature, mass flow rate, pressure, and power. The comparison between numerical and experimental results has shown good agreement of 7.5% on flow, 4.3% on power while the discharge temperature deviation was within 4°C. High speed infrared thermography of the rotor lobe and housing surface temperatures was used to evaluate the accuracy of the Conjugate Heat Transfer model. The difference between the experiment and simulation was within 6°C. The aim of this study was to develop and validate the numerical model for analysis of heat transfer between pressurized air and compressor elements and to provide temperature distribution in structural elements. By this means, the operational gap sizes can be reliably minimised during the design of a machine.

Parametric Evaluation of Cooling Pipe in Direct Evaporation Artificial Ice Rink

With the coming of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games, China’s artificial ice rink construction will be in rapid development. A parametric evaluation of the cooling pipe in a direct evaporation rink was performed by numerical simulation. The results showed that the influence of the temperature of the antifreeze pipe on the ice surface temperature can be ignored. The evaporation temperature of the working medium in the cooling pipe is between −32 °C and −22.4 °C to ensure the ice surface temperature is between −5 °C and −3 °C. With the increase in the cooling pipe spacing, the required evaporation temperature of the working medium in the cooling pipe and the uniformity of the ice surface temperature decreased. The required evaporation temperature of the working medium in the cooling pipe decreases by 1.2–1.5 °C for every 10 mm increment of spacing. With the increase in the cooling pipe diameter, the required evaporation temperature of the working medium in the cooling pipe and the uniformity of the ice surface temperature increase. The required evaporation temperature of the working medium in the cooling pipe increases by 2.2–2.9 °C for every 5 mm increment of diameter. The maximum temperature difference of ice surface temperature ranged from 0.004 °C to 0.111 °C.

Experimental study of indoor light/thermal environment with spectrally selective windows using ATO nanofluids in winter

As a weak link in energy efficient buildings, the building glass windows have been developing towards energy saving, comfort and adjustability. The dynamic windows and static windows have the disadvantages of instability as well as low spectral flexibility and poor seasonal adaptation respectively, to solve the above problems, this study proposes a novel semi-dynamic fluidic window filled with ATO/water nanofluids to bridge the gap between dynamic windows and static windows, and its performance has been experimentally studied. Firstly, the operating principle of the novel spectrally selective windows with overturn function is depicted during summer and winter operating periods. Meanwhile, the indoor light/thermal environment is discussed with the effect of volume concentrations ATO nanofluids, by comparative experiments. Results indicated that the inner/outer surface temperature with spectrally selective windows is higher than that with common windows, and the inner surface temperature difference of two cases can reach 1.3 °C, 4.7 °C, 10.1 °C and 6.8 °C, with volume concentration of 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm respectively. Meanwhile, heat absorption of nanofluids delays the time of indoor peak temperature and increases the indoor air temperature during the afternoon and evening period, with a delay time of 33 min at 1000 ppm volume concentration. Additionally, it is found that with volume concentration increases, indoor illuminance significantly decreases, and the optimal concentrations of 100 ppm or 200 ppm are recommended for operation during winter time.

Spatial Contribution of Environmental Factors to Soil Aggregate Stability in a Small Catchment of the Loess Plateau, China

Soil aggregate stability and erodibility are the influential factors governing soil resistance to water erosion. The interactions among aggregate stability, erodibility, and their influencing factors have not been fully explored. We collected soil samples from 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers in the Zhifanggou watershed. Then, the major contributors to aggregate stability and erodibility and how soil properties, environmental factors and land use contributed to them were explored by using partial least-squares regression and path analysis, respectively. The results showed that the major contributors included the slope, soil organic carbon (SOC), elevation, the percentage of landscape area of farmland (PLAND_F) and grassland (PLAND_G), the land surface temperature difference between seasons (ΔLST), topographic wetness index (TWI), pH, amorphous iron (poorly ordered forms of iron, Feo), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). In which, the slope, SOC, and elevation were the most important contributors to the mean weight diameter (MWD) and the percentage of water-stable aggregates greater than 0.25 mm (WSA&gt;0.25) and had a direct contribution to MWD, WSA&gt;0.25, and K factors. The PLAND_F and PLAND_G had a significant and indirect contribution to those three indices by affecting slope. Meanwhile, the effects of pH, Feo, and CaCO3 on WSA&gt;0.25 should also not be underestimated. For MWD and WSA&gt;0.25, there was a significantly higher effect of the land use types and composition than hydrothermal conditions. For K factors, PLAND’s contribution was still higher than ΔLST and TWI, but they were all significant. The other soil properties, including pH, CaCO3, and Feo, indirectly affected them by influencing SOC. However, the direct contributions of soil properties increased as the soil layer deepened.

Thermal Effects of Vertical Greening in Summer: An Investigation on Evapotranspiration and Shading of Façade Greening in Vienna

Global urbanization is advancing, and with it, the densification of cities. Due to increased sealing of open spaces and the re-densification of existing urban settings, green spaces in the city are becoming scarcer. At the same time, greening within the urban fabric is known for its positive effects on the environment and decisively counteracts the urban heat effect. This study deals with the benefits of green façades for the environment as a cooling measure. Two façade greening systems, one trough and one cassette system, consisting of curtain wall elements with a basic metal structure, installed at a south-facing outdoor wall of a school building in Vienna, Austria, were taken under metrological examination. In order to evaluate the cooling effect caused by evapotranspiration, the amount of water evaporated was calculated using the difference of inflow and outflow. Furthermore, the surface temperatures of the greened and non-greened walls were measured to display the influence of the interaction of shading and evapotranspiration on the surrounding microclimate. The investigated vertical greening system with an area of 58 m2 has an average evaporation capacity of 101.38 L per day in the summer. The maximum surface temperature difference was measured to be 11.6 °C.

Experimental Study on the Performance of a Space Radiation Cooling System under Different Environmental Factors

As a new passive cooling technology, space radiation cooling has great potential for development because the cooling itself has no energy consumption, and the radiation heat exchanger does not affect the appearance, with low noise and low cost. Several rectangular stainless steel plates coated with RLHY-2 material are used as the transmitter for the field test. The experimental results show that, in the case of no windscreen, the increase of outdoor humidity will reduce the cooling effect, and the greater the humidity, the more pronounced the reduction effect. Significantly when the humidity increases from 78% to 90%, the cooling power of the cooler reduces from 102 to 67 W/m2. The thickness of the cloud layer also affects the cooling effect of the space radiative cooler. Compared with the clear weather, the cooling power of the cooler is reduced by 11.65 W/m2 on average under foggy weather conditions. Compared with the force-1 wind and the force-3 wind, the cooling effect of the cooler is the worst under the condition of the force-2 wind, and the average cooling power is only 49.76 W/m2. In addition, laying polyethylene (PE) film as a windscreen is beneficial to improving the radiative cooling effect, and the difference in surface temperature between the two is up to 3 °C. This research provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for applying radiative cooling technology in different regions and seasons and adjusting and improving its effects.

Non-Axisymmetric Modelling of Moving Heat Source for Spatial and Temporal Investigation of Temperature in Railway Vehicles Disc Brake

Railway disc brake is vulnerable to surface damages including fade, wear, squeal, thermal cracks and fatigue being just few of them. To counteract these negative consequences, reliable thermal model that can accommodate space and time variables is essential. The aim of this study is to develop new non-axisymmetric moving heat source and compare its efficiency with pre-existing traditional models. Factors responsible for temperature spatial and temporal variation are identified first and then programmed in ANSYS APDL similar capability to a FORTRAN. Heat flux and convection coefficients are calculated by empirical equations and stored in parameters and arrays for later use, based on small time and pad angular increment. The modelling is to successfully solve the problems in traditional models by estimating surface temperature difference as high as 49 °C, within acceptable computation time. Besides, its consideration of radial distance reported variations from traditional models as high as 10% and 60% in moving heat source and axisymmetric, respectively. And, it is also verified with the literature within acceptable variation. Finally, it is suggested that the model can be applied in conducting pad geometry optimization, thermal stress and fatigue life of disc brake.