Differences In Subjective Perception Research Articles

Advanced footwear technology and its impacts on running mechanics, running economy and perception of male and female recreational runners

Studies on advanced footwear technology (AFT) often investigate potential performance benefits for constraint populations, and high running speeds. This research compared running biomechanics, running economy and perception between males and females, when wearing three different AFT conditions at recreational running speeds. An innovation shoe sample (IM) at confirmation stage in the product creation process was compared to two commercial running shoes (MM, MF). Gender and shoe variable means were compared for main and interaction effects (p < 0.05) by a mixed 2 × 3 repeated measures analysis of variance (RM ANOVA), and effect size estimation. A main effect was seen for shoe condition, both the IM and MF showed higher vertical loading rates than MM, and higher peak vertical force 1. IM had less frontal plane rearfoot motion than both the MM and MF. At the MTPJ, IM had lower maximum dorsiflexion angle, dorsiflexion velocity leading to lower negative power and negative work than both the MM and MF. IM and MF showed significantly lower oxygen consumption than the MM. Perception measurements showed IM and MF to be significantly softer, responsive and had better propulsion than the MM. A main effect was seen for gender, females exhibited higher vertical loading rates, reduced frontal plane ankle motion and lower MTPJ motion, and lower oxygen consumption compared to males. There was no gender effect for perception. Despite biomechanical differences, both IM and MF showed improved performance compared to the MM. Males and females exhibit different biomechanics when wearing AFT, however this did not lead to differences in subjective perception. It is concluded that the specific AFT applied for IM samples in this research functions for both groups largely similarly.

Studying subjective perception of time by Vietnamese and Russian students

Introduction. The perception of time at student age is an important component for successful adaptation to other conditions of education, for socialising in a new social circle and for acquiring knowledge necessary for further professional development. Learning conditions in the modern world are generally similar; however, students from different countries are bearers of differing cultures. The aim is to compare the characteristics of subjective perception of time in terms of its past, present and future by Vietnamese and Russian students. Materials and methods. The sample encompassed a number of university students from Vietnam and Russia. The total number of respondents was 199 (105 Vietnamese students and 94 Russian students). To achieve the set goal, the psychosemantic method and the “Semantic time differential” method were applied. The statistical data processing methods involved the arithmetic mean and Mann-Whitney U-test. Results. The research results revealed certain differences in subjective perception of time between the students from Vietnam and Russia at the level of statistical trend (p≥0.05) – as concerns future perception peculiarities and time structure perception. Conclusion. The subjective perception of time by Vietnamese and Russian students is influenced by the society and culture: the Vietnamese society is less exposed to Western ideas of time management, therefore their perception of time structure is less meaningful; at the same time, the future and the past are deemed to be equally important due to the ancestor cult and placing importance on connection with the departed. The power and vividness of manifestation of different time aspects is also culturally conditioned since it is not customary in Southeast Asia to express one’s emotional manifestations vehemently.

New technologies and ambient marketing communication

This paper introduces unconventional forms and technology of digital communication, which guerilla and ambient marketing communication utilize to implement strategies of communi-cation with clients. It presents specifics of the mentioned types of communication, pointing out creativity and its remarkable unique attributes (originality, the element of surprise, effectivity and others). In our selection of 300 respondents, differences in subjective perception of attributes were identified in ambient marketing communication and in classical creative form of marketing communication. Our paper characterizes strategies and visual techniques used in them, and new technologies implementing the element of surprise for creation of positive emotions. With the use of selected examples, we illustrate possibilities for digital communication with implemented communication strategies. At the end, we offer our own synthesized scheme of creativity levels in marketing communication addressing the special importance ofcreativity, with a regard to the new technologies and with an investigative approach towards the ambient and guerilla marketing communications using these new technologies at the set levels.

Polygraphic Study of Parameters of Subjective Perception of Norms and Humanization of Punishment by Residents of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra

The problem of determining the measure of criminal punishment has always worried the general public. It is the measure of punishment that largely determines the effectiveness of the system of legal regulation of relations in society, the normative rules of the hostel and mutual influence. In such a process, territorial, social, professional, cultural, ethnic and other characteristics of the population of our country are of decisive importance. In the minds of every person, in the process of legal socialization, their own ideas about the norms of criminal punishment are formed. The study of the psychological parameters of the subjective perception of the norms of criminal punishment, through the determination of the limits of their humanization, seems to be an interesting and important task of studying the designated problem. The object of the study is the residents of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Yugra, the subject is the subjective perception of the norms of criminal law and the processes of humanization of criminal punishment. Data were obtained on differences in subjective perceptions of the norms of criminal punishment and the limits of their humanization. Statistically significant differences are determined by gender, age, national-ethnic groups of respondents. The regularity of differently directed values of the limits of criminal punishment by age groups is revealed.

교직사회에서의 세대 차이 및 갈등 인식

This study explored the generation gap and conflict among teachers in the teaching society focusing on mutual perceptions and evaluations between teacher generations. For this purpose, in study 1 we classified elementary school teachers into the following: 86 generation, X generation, and the MZ generation respectively and examined the degree of mutual perception of each other by generation. Results of survey analysis show that the perception of generational differences between young MZ generation teachers in their 20s and 30s and 86 generation teachers in their 50s and 60s was noticeable, indicating clear generational boundaries. On the other hand, Generation X, who is in their 40s, is a generation sandwiched between the younger generation of the MZ generation and the older generation of 86 generation in terms of psychological distance. In addition, MZ generation teachers tended to perceive that generation differences could be the cause of intergenerational conflict than 86 or X generation teachers, but overall, elementary school teachers did not have a high perception of teacher conflict in schools. In study 2, through empirical data through FGI, how to evaluate each other between generations and the contents of mutual evaluation between teacher generations were examined in more detail. As a result of the study, each generation had both positive and negative perceptions of the other generation, but in particular, the lower generation, the MZ generation, had a stronger negative perception of the upper generation, the 86 generation. However, the perception of psychological discomfort or conflict felt by the other generation seems to be caused by differences in subjective perceptions and interpretations of expression methods or behavior patterns between generations. Based on the results of this study, implications for intergenerational communication and cooperation in the teaching society were discussed.

Use of Simultaneous Bilateral Cataract Surgery (SBCS) to Optimize Parameters Affecting the Subjective Perception of the Procedure.

Introduction Simultaneous Bilateral Cataract Surgery (SBCS) is still a relatively controversial procedure. The main objection is the risk of bilateral endophthalmitis or bilateral refractive error. However, SBCS has also some advantages (faster visual rehabilitation, lower risk of nosocomial infection, and lower cost). Performing surgery on both eyes in one session has one additional advantage which has not yet been described in the literature (according to the information available to authors). It allows surgeons to distinguish the effect of minor differences in the surgical protocol on the subjective perception of the procedure more accurately, which is a more suitable method than comparing two independent groups of patients. Purpose To compare the effect of minor changes in the surgical protocol during SBCS on intraindividual subjective perception of surgery (pain, pressure, glare, and perception of the duration of the surgery). Methods During the surgery of the right and left eyes of one patient, we randomly changed one surgical parameter (use of intracameral anesthesia, light intensity of the operating microscope, type of eyelid speculum, creation of the posterior circular capsulorhexis, and communication with the patient during surgery). Patients immediately after both surgeries subjectively evaluated the perception of pain (on the scale 0–10), pressure, and glare (on the scale 0–5) and estimated the duration of the surgery, separately for each eye. Each change was evaluated in a group of 50 patients. Results In the control group with no parameters changed, we noted no difference in subjective perception of the first and second surgery. In subgroups, where we changed the protocol, we detected only minor differences in subjective perception of pain, pressure, glare, and duration of the surgery. Only one statistically significant difference in subjective pain perception was in the subgroup where we used eye intracameral anesthesia (0.34 eyes with intracameral anesthesia, 0.44 eyes with only topical anesthesia). We did not note any statistically significant differences in the perception of the time of surgery. Conclusion SBCS can be used to optimize the parameters of cataract surgery. In our study, we noted a positive effect of intracameral anesthesia on subjective perception of surgery.

117 Comparison of Various Methods to Differentiate Resilience and Vulnerability to Sleep Loss Using Self-Rated Measures

Abstract Introduction There are robust, trait-like individual differences in subjective perceptions in response to sleep restriction (SR) and total sleep deprivation (TSD). How to best define neurobehavioral resilience and vulnerability to sleep loss remains an open question. We compared multiple approaches and cutoff thresholds for defining resilience and vulnerability using scores on the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and the Profile of Mood States Fatigue and Vigor (POMS-F and POMS-V) subscales. Methods Forty-one adults (33.9±8.9y;18 females) participated in a 13-night experiment (two baseline nights [10h-12h time in bed, TIB], 5 SR nights [4h TIB], 4 recovery nights [12h TIB], and 36h TSD). The KSS, POMS-F, and POMS-V were administered every 2h during wakefulness. Resilience and vulnerability were defined by the following: average score during SR1-5, average change from baseline to SR1-5, and variance during SR1-5. Resilient and vulnerable groups were defined by the following cutoffs: the top and bottom 12.5%, 20%, 25%, 33%, 50%, and +/-1 standard deviation. Bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrapped t-tests compared the scores of resilient and vulnerable groups during baseline and across SR1-5. Kendall’s tau correlations compared the ranking of individuals in each group (tau=0.4:moderate,0.7:strong). Results Resilient and vulnerable groups for POMS-F, as defined by all three approaches, significantly differed in their scores at all cutoffs during SR. However, only raw score and change from baseline approaches defined significantly different resilient and vulnerable groups during SR for KSS, and only raw score and variance approaches defined significantly different groups during SR for POMS-V. Notably, raw scores at baseline significantly differed between resilient and vulnerable groups for all measures. Correlations revealed moderate to strong associations between all three approaches at all cutoffs for POMS-F, between raw score and change from baseline approaches for KSS, and between raw score and variance approaches for POMS-V. Conclusion Defining resilience and vulnerability on self-rated measures by change from baseline was comparable to using raw score for KSS and POMS-F, whereas defining these groups by variance was comparable for POMS-F and POMS-V. Differences across methods may be due to the differential impact of SR on these various distinct subjective states. Support (if any) ONR Award No. N00014-11-1-0361;NIH UL1TR000003;NASA NNX14AN49G and 80NSSC20K0243;NIH R01DK117488

Learners’ success and self-esteem in foreign language reading comprehension

Demands for a high-level development of foreign language reading comprehension skills and competences are now escalating and processing of foreign language text information is a matter of course. Pupils and teachers are faced with the need to work with textual information in more complicated ways, in which self-esteem plays an important role. This paper analyses learners’ success of reading comprehension in foreign language and real self-esteem in acquiring those skills. Self-esteem helps to promote language self-confidence, the learner’s level of aspiration, and adjustment to perception of foreign language structure. As long as the learner does not really perceive themselves (real “self”), it is difficult to talk about understanding lexical meanings and their real perception of grammatical structures in the text. The research goal was to find differences in self-esteem and success in foreign language reading comprehension skills with respect to categories of comprehension (specifically: I always understand everything; I have a lot of problems with text understanding; specifically: I experience difficulties with understanding unknown words; problem with understanding long sentences; difficulty with understanding the unfamiliar topic of the text; pictures help me in understanding; guiding questions help me in understanding). The research question was whether the self-image of learners in relation to the skill of foreign language reading comprehension is realistic given their real success in this skill. The research was carried out in the Slovak Republic on a sample of 327 respondents and found differences in subjective perception of understanding and success in reading comprehension skills. The research showed a low real self image of learners especially in categories of global character in respect to the average understanding of foreign language texts.

ASSESSMENT OF LIFE QUALITY INDICATORS DEPENDING ON THE MUSCLE TONE OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES IN PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS COURSE.

Multiple sclerosis has been known as one of the largest “contributor” to disability in young people worldwide, and muscle spasticity of the lower extremities is one of the challenges associated with this disease. The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between the severity of spastic hypertonicity in the lower extremity muscles and the life quality of patients with different types of multiple sclerosis courses. The study included 43 male and female inpatients with multiple sclerosis aged 19 – 54 years (mean age was 38±9.8 years) in the exacerbation stage, who took the course of treatment at the neurological department. The participants were divided into groups according to the type of course of the disease: I group with relapse remitting course, and II group with secondary progressive course. The diagnosis was made according to the criteria of McDonald (2011). The Expanded Disability Status Scale was used to assess the extent of disability. All patients received pulse therapy with methylprednisolone for 5 days. The spasticity in the lower extremities was evaluated by the modified Tardieu Scale. Life quality indicators were evaluated using the Short Form-36 questionnaire followed by analysis of all subscales. Assessment of cognitive function was performed by applying the Mini-Mental State Examination scale for both groups. The study has shown that spasticity, as a symptom of the disease, has an impact on the quality of life depending on the type of multiple sclerosis. Spastic hypertonicity in different muscle groups affects the quality of life that should be taken into account when choosing treatment tactics. With age and duration of the disease, the patients with relapse remitting multiple sclerosis lose the ability to assess of their physical functioning, the patients with secondary progressive experience the increase in spasticity that indicates a difference in subjective perception of the disease in different types of disease.

Time Perspective in Patients with Affective Disorders: Review of Scientific Research

The article presents the results of the theoretical analysis of the Russian and international studies devoted to the phenomenon of the time perspective of the personality. The time perspective is an extremely relevant research topic, and at the same time, a littlestudied area of psychological and psychiatric science. The history of the term is briefly described, the main approaches to the definition of the concept are considered, the important properties and characteristics of the time perspective of the individual are determined. In this article, the features of the time perspective of a personality are considered with regard to anxiety and depression, important manifestations of affective disorders; the properties of the temporal perspective are considered in the context of manifestations of anxiety and depression in patients with affective disorders. The connection of the depressive episodes and the subjective attitude to the past, present, and future is marked, the role of dysfunctional time perspective in the context of depressive and anxious experiences is emphasized. The influence of subjective perception of time, especially future, on the increasing anxiety is reflected. Some foreign and domestic studies of the time perspective in patients with affective disorders are considered and analyzed. We found some differences in subjective perception of time and time perspective in patients with anxious and depressive manifestations: the speed of time in depressed patients is slowed down, in anxious patients it is accelerated; as for the attitude to the past, present, and future, in patients with severe depressive manifestations there is a pessimistic attitude to the events of the future and fixation on the events of the past.

Hybrid Brain-Computer-Interfacing for Human-Compliant Robots: Inferring Continuous Subjective Ratings With Deep Regression.

Appropriate robot behavior during human-robot interaction is a key part in the development of human-compliant assistive robotic systems. This study poses the question of how to continuously evaluate the quality of robotic behavior in a hybrid brain-computer interfacing (BCI) task, combining brain and non-brain signals, and how to use the collected information to adapt the robot's behavior accordingly. To this aim, we developed a rating system compatible with EEG recordings, requiring the users to execute only small movements with their thumb on a wireless controller to rate the robot's behavior on a continuous scale. The ratings were recorded together with dry EEG, respiration, ECG, and robotic joint angles in ROS. Pilot experiments were conducted with three users that had different levels of previous experience with robots. The results demonstrate the feasibility to obtain continuous rating data that give insight into the subjective user perception during direct human-robot interaction. The rating data suggests differences in subjective perception for users with no, moderate, or substantial previous robot experience. Furthermore, a variety of regression techniques, including deep CNNs, allowed us to predict the subjective ratings. Performance was better when using the position of the robotic hand than when using EEG, ECG, or respiration. A consistent advantage of features expected to be related to a motor bias could not be found. Across-user predictions showed that the models most likely learned a combination of general and individual features across-users. A transfer of pre-trained regressor to a new user was especially accurate in users with more experience. For future research, studies with more participants will be needed to evaluate the methodology for its use in practice. Data and code to reproduce this study are available at https://github.com/TNTLFreiburg/NiceBot.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СУБ’ЄКТИВНОГО СПРИЙНЯТТЯ БАТЬКІВСЬКОГО ВІДНОШЕННЯ ОСОБАМИ З РІЗНИМ РІВНЕМ ЕМОЦІЙНОЇ ЗРІЛОСТІ

The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of emotional maturity of the personality. The most popular generative and partial models of emotional maturity of personality are revealed. A five-component model of emotional maturity is shown, consisting of the following elements: reflection of emotions, emotional self-regulation, empathy, emotional expressiveness, of one's own emotions. The correlation between the integral index of emotional maturity of the individual and the indicators of parental attitude was established. Emotional maturity is positively correlated with the acceptance and type of attitude; an inverse correlation was found between emotional maturity and the symbiosis and small failure type of attitude. Differences in subjective perceptions of types of parental attitudes between groups with high and low levels of emotional maturity are shown; in individuals with high levels of emotional maturity, such types of parental attitude as acceptance and are predominant, while in the group of persons with low levels of emotional maturity such indicators as symbiosis and small failure are more pronounced. The four-factor structure of emotional perception of parental attitude of emotional maturity of a person is presented; the first factor is positive adaptation as a result of acceptance”, the second one is dominance through hostility”, the third factor is bipolar emotions from cooperation with parents”, the fourth one is joy from infantile position”. Specifics of manifestation of the selected factor structure for each of the research groups is revealed. Specific for representatives of a group with high levels of emotional maturity is the factor of positive adaptation as a consequence of acceptance; in subjects with low levels of emotional maturity, the factors of dominance through hostility and joy from infantile position are more pronounced.

Analysis of citizens’ subjective perception of safe antibiotic use in European Union countries

ObjectivesAntibiotic consumption is high and varies between different European Union countries. One of the reasons could be different subjective perception of safe antibiotic use. The aim of our study was to analyse citizens’ subjective perception of safe antibiotic use in the European Union countries in the context of different antibiotic policies. Some countries are prepared comprehensive national strategies and action plans and implement many activities in different areas while other countries implement actions only in particular fields and even do not have prepared strategy or action plan. MethodsThis article is based on conception of security by Barry Buzan. Variables collected from the Special Eurobarometer public opinion on Antimicrobial Resistance in European Union countries in 2016 were used for creation the factor of subjective perception of safe antibiotic use. Six contextual factors were selected from the scientific literature and their impact on subjective perception of safe antibiotic use was investigated. ResultsHigh differences in subjective perception of safe antibiotic use were observed in countries despite general European Union recommendations on antibiotic policy. The highest subjective perception of safe antibiotic use was in Netherlands, Finland, Sweden, Luxembourg, and Denmark. Significant negative correlation was observed between factor of subjective perception of safe antibiotic use and antibiotic consumption (r=−0.41, p<0.05). Created factor of information and communication technology (ICT) development, gross domestic product (GDP) and health expenditure had impact on subjective perception of safe antibiotic use (t=4.69, p<0.01). Consumption of antibiotics also had influence on subjective perception of safe antibiotic use (t=−2.43, p<0.05). ConclusionsIndividuals’ subjective perception of safe antibiotic use which is related to antibiotic consumption highly varies between different EU countries despite general EU recommendations on antibiotic policies and depends on ICT development, GDP, health expenditure and consumption of antibiotics.

소비자의 위험인식이 녹차 구매 의도에 미치는 영향

Pesticide residues on green tea is a biological hazard that threatens the safety of agricultural products in modern society, and difference in subjective perception of this risk can cause social confusion and conflict such as a sharp decline in green tea consumption. The purpose of this study is to derive a risk communication strategy&#x0D; that can minimize the resulting social confusion and conflict more effectively. Since the right to determine the final acceptance of the risk of purchasing green tea lies with consumers, the strategy that we need must be a ‘consumer-centered risk communication’ strategy that takes consumers’ subjective perception of risk and the individual characteristics that affect it into consideration. Accordingly, we have reviewed various theories related to this subject and presented a research model that applied major variables concerned.

Subjective Perception of Safe Antibiotic Use in the Context of European Union Health Policy

Goals of antibiotic policy and its implementation in European Union (EU) and Lithuania are analysed in this article. Study also investigates subjective perception of safe antibiotic use between different Lithuanian citizens’ social groups. In order to determine this perception index of subjective perception of safe antibiotic use was created using data from special Eurobarometer (2016). Results showed that Lithuanian citizens’ index of subjective perception of safe antibiotic use was not high but did not differ from EU. In Lithuania the lowest perception was observed in individuals whose education ended before the age of 15, in the working class and in persons who never used the internet. The highest perception was seen in house persons, the upper middle class and managers. Only small differences in subjective perception of safe antibiotic use was estimated between different social groups.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.17.1.20606

New windows into a broken construct: A multilevel factor analysis and DIF assessment of perceived incivilities

Objectives(1) To determine whether perceived physical and social incivilities are distinguishable at the individual and/or neighborhood levels and, if so, whether there are differences in effects on fear of crime. (2) To identify, characterize, and account for differential item functioning (DIF) to understand differences in subjective perceptions of incivilities across demographic groups. MethodsThis study uses data from a probability sample of 1622 residents nested within 66 ecologically valid neighborhoods and employs multilevel SEM to identify factor structure, assess DIF, and examine structural relations at individual and neighborhood levels. ResultsPhysical and social incivilities are distinguishable at the individual level but not at the neighborhood level. Three physical incivilities items exhibit DIF for race and three social incivilities items exhibit DIF for age. Residents in neighborhoods with higher concentrations of African Americans report greater levels of combined incivilities, but, within neighborhoods, African Americans perceive lower levels of physical and social incivility. Within neighborhoods, social incivilities link to fear of crime. ConclusionsDemographic factors affect how individuals use response categories for gauging perceived incivilities in their locale. Discriminability of underlying separate physical and social components only at the individual level points to needed areas of theoretical elaboration in incivilities models.

Força de preensão manual, nível de atividade física e qualidade de vida de competidores máster de judô

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e testar a correlação entre força isométrica de preensão manual (FIPM), nível de atividade física (AF) e qualidade de vida (QV) de competidores máster de judô. A amostra foi composta por 44 homens (45 a 64 anos), participantes do Campeonato Panamericano Master de Judô de 2011. Para avaliar a força manual, utilizou-se teste de força isométrica de preensão manual. Empregaram-se os questionários WHOQOL-Breve e Questionário de Atividade Física Global (GPAQ). Na análise estatística, após a verificação da normalidade na distribuição dos dados, os mesmos são apresentados com média [Intervalo de confiança 95%]. Na comparação entre grupos etários, foi conduzida análise de variância (ANOVA), com pos-hoc de Tukey. Para correlações bivariadas, empregou-se o teste de Pearson. Os competidores de judô demonstraram: 1) quantidade elevada de AF (661 [513-810] min de AF moderada a vigorosa) quando se consideram as recomendações populacionais; 2) FIPM com valores moderados (soma bilateral de 87,1 [82,3-91,9] kgf) comparados com pessoas fisicamente ativas e idosos; e 3) escores de QV superiores aos registrados em outros estudos. Adicionalmente, destacam-se dois principais achados, ausência de diferenças significantes para percepção subjetiva de QV e de FIPM segundo grupos etários e correlação positiva entre quantidade semanal de AF moderada a vigorosa e escores de QV.

Aging and effort expenditure: The impact of subjective perceptions of task demands.

Engagement in cognitively demanding activities has a positive impact on cognitive health in older adults. Previous work, however, has suggested that the costs associated with engagement increase in later life and influence motivation. We examined how subjective perceptions of these costs varied with age and influenced task engagement. The following questions were of specific interest: (a) Are there age differences in subjective perceptions of cognitive costs? (b) What is the impact of these perceptions on engagement? We tested 39 older (ages 65-84) and 37 younger (20-42) adults on a working memory task. Systolic blood pressure responsivity (SBP-R; reflective of effort) and subjective perceptions of task difficulty were assessed. We found that age was associated with an increase in the perceptions of cognitive costs, and that these subjective perceptions had a stronger impact on older adults' engagement than on that of younger adults. More important, this impact was specific to subjective perceptions of cognitive costs. The results provide further support for the hypothesis that increased costs associated with cognitive engagement influence older adults' willingness to engage cognitive resources, and that these costs in part reflect subjective perceptions that are independent of objective task demands. (PsycINFO Database Record

Tuning to the Positive: Age-Related Differences in Subjective Perception of Facial Emotion

Facial expressions aid social transactions and serve as socialization tools, with smiles signaling approval and reward, and angry faces signaling disapproval and punishment. The present study examined whether the subjective experience of positive vs. negative facial expressions differs between children and adults. Specifically, we examined age-related differences in biases toward happy and angry facial expressions. Young children (5–7 years) and young adults (18–29 years) rated the intensity of happy and angry expressions as well as levels of experienced arousal. Results showed that young children—but not young adults—rated happy facial expressions as both more intense and arousing than angry faces. This finding, which we replicated in two independent samples, was not due to differences in the ability to identify facial expressions, and suggests that children are more tuned to information in positive expressions. Together these studies provide evidence that children see unambiguous adult emotional expressions through rose-colored glasses, and suggest that what is emotionally relevant can shift with development.

Acupuncture point injection treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea: a randomised, double blind, controlled study

ObjectiveTo determine if injection of vitamin K3 in an acupuncture point is optimal for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea, when compared with 2 other injection treatments.SettingA Menstrual Disorder Centre at...