Differences In Sociodemographic Characteristics Research Articles

Prevalence of Self-Reported Intake of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Among US Adults in 50 States and the District of Columbia, 2010 and 2015.

Frequent intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with adverse health outcomes, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. We used combined data from the 2010 and 2015 National Health Interview Survey to examine the prevalence of SSB intake among US adults in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Approximately two-thirds of adults reported consuming SSBs at least daily, including more than 7 in 10 adults in Hawaii, Arkansas, Wyoming, South Dakota, Connecticut, and South Carolina, with significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics. Efforts to decrease SSB consumption could consider the sociodemographic and geographic differences in SSB intake when designing equitable interventions.

Comparing multi-attribute utility instruments: CP-6D, a Cerebral palsy specific instrument, vs AQoL-4D

ABSTRACT Background Economic-evaluations of Cerebral palsy (CP) were based on utility estimates of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) from generic multi-attribute utility instruments (MAUIs). However, generic instruments had limited use as they could not capture some of the important aspects of living with CP. The Cerebral palsy 6 Dimension (CP-6D) is a disease specific MAUI. In this study, we compared the results of CP-6D with the Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL-4D), a generic MAUI, and tested the criterion validity of the CP-6D in the general population. Methods An online survey of the Australian general population (n = 2002), who completed both the AQoL-4D and CP-6D MAUIs, was conducted. Validity was assessed from the correlations between the domains, items and instruments. ANOVA and t-tests were used to assess the instrument’s discrimination in different social demographic categories. Result There was a moderate correlation between the instruments (0.64). Differences in socio-demographic characteristics showed a medium effect size (p < 0.001) in both instruments and had a similar effect on utility weights in both instruments. Although the CP-6D was more sensitive to changes in income and education. Conclusions Our results suggest that CP-6D and AQoL-4D were measuring a similar underlying construct. Both instruments responded similarly to socio-demographic differences.

HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG HAEMODIALYSIS AND KIDNEY TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS FROM NEPAL: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY USING WHOQOL-BREF

Objective: Very less is known about health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among patients with kidney diseases in Nepal. This study examined HRQOL among haemodialysis and kidney transplant recipients in Nepal. Design and method: The Nepali version of World Health Organization Quality of Life Instruments -(WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire was administered using face to face interviews among end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, from two large national referral centers in Nepal. The differences in socio-demographic characteristics among ESRD patients were examined using the Chi-square test. The group differences in quality of life (QOL) were examined using the Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: Of the 161 participants, 92 (57.1%) were renal transplant recipients and 62 (42.9%) patients were on maintenance haemodialysis. Hypertension (70.9%) was the most common co-morbidity among ESRD patients. Haemodialysis patients scored significantly lower than the transplant recipients in all four domains as well as in overall perception of quality of life and general health. Ethnicity (p = 0.020), socio-economic status (p &lt; 0.001), educational status (p &lt; 0.001) and employment status (p = 0.009) were significantly associated with the overall QOL in ESRD patients. Across patient groups, educational status (p = 0.012) was positively associated with QOL in dialysis patients, while urban residence (p = 0.023), higher socio-economic status (p &lt; 0.001), higher educational status (p = 0.004) and diabetes status (p = 0.010) were significantly associated with better QOL in transplant recipients. Conclusions: The overall QOL of the renal transplant recipients was higher than that of the patients on maintenance haemodialysis; this was true in all four domains of the WHOQOL-BREF. ESRD patients with low HRQOL could benefit from targeted risk modification intervention.

Health-Related Quality of Life of Persons with Direct, Indirect and No Migration Background in Germany: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).

Global migration towards and within Europe remains high, shaping the structure of populations. Approximately 24% of the total German population had a migration background in 2017. The aim of the study was to analyze the association between migration background and health-related quality of life (HrQoL) in Germany. The analyses were based on 2014 and 2016 data of the German Socio-Economic Panel. Differences in sociodemographic characteristics between migrant and non-migrant samples were equal by employment of the entropy balancing weights. HrQoL was measured using the physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) component summary scores of the SF-12v2. Associations between PCS and MCS scores and migration background were examined using Student’s t-test. The mean PCS and MCS scores of persons with migration background (n = 8533) were 51.5 and 50.9, respectively. Persons with direct migration background had a lower PCS score (−0.55, p < 0.001) and a higher MCS score (+1.08, p < 0.001) than persons without migration background. Persons with direct migration background differed with respect to both physical and mental HrQoL from persons without migration background in the German population. Differences in HrQoL for persons with indirect migration background had p = 0.305 and p = 0.072, respectively. Causalities behind the association between direct migration background and HrQoL are to be determined.

A Comparison of Health-Related Quality of Life Among Transgender Adults in the United States

ABSTRACT Few studies exist that examine within-group differences of the transgender population. This paper aims to assess differences in sociodemographic characteristics and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among transgender men (TM), transgender women (TW), and transgender gender nonconforming (TGNC) individuals in the United States. Data were pooled from the 2014–2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Chi-square tests and weighted multivariable logistic regression models investigated differences in HRQoL by gender identity and separately identified predictors of HRQoL in these groups. Overall, TGNC individuals self-reported worse general health than TW or TM. TW and TGNC individuals who also identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) had higher odds of reporting frequent mental distress compared to their heterosexual counterparts. Race/ethnicity, education, and employment also emerged as predictors of HRQoL. Findings support the need to disaggregate these subpopulations of transgender individuals to address the unique needs of each subgroup.

Characteristics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Infection and Comparison With Influenza in Children Admitted to U.K. PICUs

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 affects adults disproportionately more than children. A small proportion of children with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 required admission to a PICU. We describe the nationwide U.K. PICU experience of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection during the first wave of the pandemic and compare this with the critical care course of the 2019 influenza cohort. Prospective nationwide cohort study of characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2-positive children. Data collection utilized routine Pediatric Intensive Care Audit Network and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2-specific data. All U.K. PICUs. Children less than 18 years old, admitted to U.K. PICUs between March 14, 2020, and June 13, 2020, and a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 polymerase chain reaction. Children admitted to U.K. PICUs in 2019 with influenza provided comparison. None. We identified 76 PICU admissions among 73 children with a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 polymerase chain reaction test. Prevalence of PICU admissions per million was 5.2 for children versus 260 for adults. Ten children (14%) were identified on routine screening. Seventeen children (23%) had pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. Seventeen (23%) had coinfections. Invasive ventilation was required in seven of 17 children (41%) with pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 versus 38 of 56 other severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 positive children (68%), with 77% requiring vasoactive support versus 43%, respectively. Seven children (10%) died. In comparison with influenza children, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 children were older (median [interquartile range]: 10 [1-13] vs 3 yr [1-8 yr]), more often Black or Asian (52% v 18%), higher weight z score (0.29 [-0.80 to 1.62] vs -0.41 [-1.37 to 0.63]), and higher deprivation index (3.3 [-1 to 6.3] vs 1.2 [-1.8 to 4.4]). Comorbidities, frequency of organ supports, and length of stay were similar. This nationwide study confirms that PICU admissions with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infections were infrequent. We have reported similarities and differences in sociodemographic characteristics, organ support interventions, and outcomes of children affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 compared with influenza.

Suicide by homeless patients in England and Wales: national clinical survey.

Homelessness in England and Wales is on the rise together with the mortality rate among homeless people. Many homeless people have a mental illness, which is a risk factor for suicide. This study used data from the National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health to examine demographic and clinical characteristics of homeless people who died by suicide and were in recent contact with mental health services. We have compared 514 patients (2% of the total sample) who died by suicide and who were reported as being homeless or having no fixed abode by their clinicians with patients in stable accommodation between 2000 and 2016 to identify differences in sociodemographic characteristics and clinical care. Our analysis suggests that homeless patients who died by suicide had more acute (alcohol: 47% v. 25%, P < 0.01, drug: 39% v. 15%, P < 0.01) and chronic (alcohol: 72% v. 44%, P > 0.01, drug: 64% v. 31%) substance misuse issues than patients in stable accommodation. Homeless patients were also more likely to die as in-patients (21% v. 10%, P < 0.01) or within 3 months of discharge (32% v. 19%, P < 0.01). Homeless patients who died by suicide more often had known risk factors for suicide than patients in stable accommodation. As a result of the higher percentages of post-discharge and in-patient suicides in homeless patients as well as the high prevalence of substance misuse, this study recommends closer integration of services as well as awareness of risks during in-patient admission and in the weeks immediately after discharge.

Cannabidiol (CBD) and other drug use among young adults who use cannabis in Los Angeles

IntroductionCannabidiol (CBD) is purportedly a promising therapeutic agent to provide relief for a variety of medical conditions with mild or no psychoactive effects. However, little is known about young adults who use cannabis and CBD-dominant products, and associations between CBD use and other drug use. MethodsYoung adults (aged 24–32) who currently used cannabis (n = 239) were surveyed in Los Angeles in March 2019 through March 2020. The sample was divided into CBD-dominant (at least 1:1 CBD:THC ratio) and THC-dominant product users. We described CBD forms, reasons and conditions for CBD use and examined between-group differences in sociodemographic characteristics, cannabis practices, health and other drug use. ResultsCBD-dominant users were more likely to be female, use cannabis at lower frequency and amount (except for edible/drinkable/oral products), self-report medical motivation for cannabis use, use cannabis for pain and report more health problems. Oil, flower, topicals and sprays/drops/tinctures were the most prevalent CBD forms. Psychological problems and pain were commonly reported conditions and medical reasons for CBD use. CBD-dominant users were more likely to report illicit drug use, where psilocybin use was markedly different between the two groups. ConclusionsCBD use was associated with health histories and motivations linked to pain and psychological problems. Positive association between CBD use and illicit drug use may indicate self-medication for psychological conditions. Future studies should evaluate the effectiveness of various CBD forms and dose regimens for treatment of pain and psychological problems, and as a potential intervention for decreasing other drug use and associated harms.

What do pregnant women think about influenza disease and vaccination practices in selected countries

ABSTRACT Introduction: We evaluated knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to influenza and influenza vaccination among pregnant women in three selected countries. Methods: During 2017, pregnant women seeking antenatal care at hospitals at participating sites were enrolled. We described characteristics and responses to KAP questions. We also evaluated predictors associated with influenza vaccination during pregnancy at sites with substantial influenza vaccine uptake by multivariable logistic regression. Results: Overall, 4,648 pregnant women completed the survey. There were substantial differences among the three survey populations; only 8% of the women in Nagpur had heard of influenza, compared to 90% in Lima and 96% in Bangkok (p-value<0.01). Despite significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics in the three populations, most participants across sites who were aware of influenza prior to study enrollment believe they and their infants are at risk of influenza and related complications and believe influenza vaccination is safe and effective. Half of women in Lima had verified receipt of influenza vaccine compared to <5% in Bangkok and Nagpur (p < .05). For further analysis conducted among women in Lima only, household income above the poverty line (aOR: 1.38; 95%CI: 1.01, 1.88), having 8+ antenatal visits, compared to 0–4 (aOR: 2.41; 95%CI: 1.39, 2.87, respectively), having 0 children, compared to 2+ (aOR: 1.96; 95%CIs: 1.23, 3.12), and vaccination recommended by a health-care provider (aOR: 8.25; 95%CI: 6.11, 11.14) were strongly associated with receipt of influenza vaccine during pregnancy. Conclusions: Our findings identify opportunities for targeted interventions to improve influenza vaccine uptake among pregnant women in these settings.

Effects of Health-Related Quality of Life on Suicidal Ideation and Depression among Older Korean Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depression and suicidal ideation among older Korean adults and the predictors of suicidal ideation. Methods We analyzed data from 5,604 Koreans aged 65 or older collected by the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2012–2016, an annual national, cross-sectional, epidemiologic study of the Korean population. A chi-square test was used to assess differences in socio-demographic characteristics by suicidal ideation. Psychological variables, self-rated physical health, and the five dimensions of the Korean version of the EQ-5D (EuroQoL) were compared between four subgroups categorized according to the presence/absence of suicidal ideation and depression. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the predictive power of health-related quality of life variables, as well as physical and psychological factors regarding suicidal ideation. Results Overall, 11.5% of the sample reported suicidal ideation, and 20.0% of the suicidal ideation group were diagnosed with depression. Respondents with suicidal ideation had significantly lower levels of health-related quality of life than those without suicidal ideation. EQ-5D self-control (OR=1.42), anxiety/depression (OR=2.32), depression (OR=2.07), and self-rated physical health (OR=1.36) were found to significantly predict suicidal ideation. Conclusion Suicidal ideation without depression was prevalent among older Koreans. Self-control, anxiety/depression of EQ-5D, selfrated physical health, and depression predicted suicidal ideation. Interventions to screen older Koreans for early detection of suicide risk and prevention strategies should consider evaluating each EQ-5D dimension.

Determinants of interest in extended-released buprenorphine: A survey among 366 French patients treated with buprenorphine or methadone

AimTo explore the factors determining the interest in extended-release buprenorphine (XR-BUP) injections among patients receiving opioid agonist treatment (OAT) in France. Methods366 patients receiving OAT for opioid use disorder, recruited in 66 French centers, were interviewed from 12/2018 to 05/2019. A structured questionnaire assessed their interest in XR-BUP using a [1−10] Likert scale. ‘More’ vs. ‘less’ interested groups were defined using the median score of interest, and their characteristics were explored using adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95 % confidence interval (95 %CI). Independent variables were as follows: sociodemographic characteristics, OAT-related features (e.g., type of OAT and prescriber, dosing, or duration of treatment), OAT representations, and personal objectives of treatment. ResultsThe median interest in XR-BUP was 7 (interquartile range: 3–9) out of 10. The participants who were ‘more interested’ (i.e. those scoring ≥7) showed no substantial difference in sociodemographic characteristics, relative to the ‘less interested’ participants. However, they more frequently reported forgetting to take their OAT (OR = 1.81; CI95 % = 1.06–3.10) or reported experiencing situations where taking their OAT was impractical (aOR = 1.69; CI95 % = 1.05–2.73). Their treatment objective was more focused on stopping illicit drugs (aOR = 1.67; 95 %CI = 1.02–2.70), reducing health risks (aOR = 3.57; 95 %CI = 1.67–7.69) and craving (aOR = 2.38; 95 %CI = 1.39–4.02) or improving family (aOR = 1.81; 95 %CI = 1.03–3.13) or professional (aOR = 2.22; 95 %CI = 1.43–3.85) recovery. ConclusionsIn France, where the access to OAT is relatively unrestricted, the majority of participants were interested in XR-BUP formulations. Being interested was associated with treatment objectives focused on abstinence and recovery, and with experiencing constraints in taking a daily oral OAT.

Association between acid‐suppressive drug use and atopic dermatitis in patients with upper gastrointestinal diseases: A population‐based retrospective cohort study

Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine-2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) are two of the most widely used acid-suppressive drugs (ASDs). Some studies have reported that prenatal ASD exposure may increase the risk of asthma and other allergic diseases. This study investigated the effects of ASDs on the risk of atopic dermatitis in patients with upper gastrointestinal diseases. This population-based retrospective cohort study used data of 289,850 patients with at least two diagnoses of upper gastrointestinal diseases (UGIDs) between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2005, from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. The AD risks among ASD users and nonusers were compared. Differences in sociodemographic characteristics and potential covariates were examined. AD hazard ratios were estimated, and groups were compared using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis after adjustment for age, sex and other covariates. In total, 109,980 patients were included. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of AD risk in ASD users relative to that in nonusers was 1.52 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.40-1.64, p<0.001). For a dose-effect sub-analysis, patients were divided into four groups based on their defined daily dose. ASDs dose-dependently affected the AD risk (p for trend <0.01). Furthermore, the adjusted HR of the AD risk among ASD nonusers was 2.30 (95% CI: 2.06-2.57) relative to that in the comparison group (ASD nonusers without UGIDs). Among patients with UGIDs, ASD users had a higher AD risk than ASD nonusers. A subgroup analysis revealed only H2RA use was associated with an increased AD risk (adjusted HR 1.70, 95% CI: 1.53-1.89, p<0.001). These results indicate that the use of H2RAs was associated with an increased risk of AD among patients with UGIDs, and the increase in risk appeared to be dose-dependent. ASDs should be used only in situations where clear clinical benefits can be obtained.

Socio-demographic characteristics and workplace safety practices of panel beaters: A comparative study of roadside and organized sectors in Enugu State, Nigeria

Background: Human resources and their safety are central to occupational health practices. Understanding the sociodemographic characteristics and safety practices of workers helps in workplace interventions. This study aimed at comparing the sociodemographic characteristics and safety practices among roadside and organized panel beaters in Enugu metropolis, Enugu State, Nigeria. Methodology: This was a comparative cross-sectional study. Amultistage sampling method was used to select 428 panel beaters in Enugu metropolis. A semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data was entered and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 20. Comparative analysis was done using Chi‑square and the level of significance was set at 5%. Results: The mean ages (standard deviation) were 31.1 ± 10.3 years and 37.9 ± 12.1 years for roadside and organized panel beaters, respectively. The majority of respondents, (70.6%) and (56.5%), from the roadside and organized sectors, respectively, had secondary education. About 59.8% of the roadside panel beaters were single compared to about two-thirds (63.1%) of organized panel beaters who were married. More than two-thirds (72.9%) of roadside workers earn more than N 35,000 monthly, while half of the organized workers earn more than N 35,000. The differences in sociodemographic characteristics and monthly income were statistically significant. Environmental sanitation was the most common safety and hygiene practices engaged by respondents. Very few respondents, more among the organized sector, noted that their workplaces were monitored or checked. The use of personal protective equipment was found to be generally deficient, in addition to poor health and safety training. Conclusion: There was a statistically significant difference in the sociodemographic characteristics between the roadside and organized sectors panel beaters with poor safety practices. Routine and improved health education and safety training on basic preventive measures would be necessary to prevent occupational hazards in the workplace. Keywords: Panel beaters, sociodemographic characteristics, workplace safety measures

Gender differences in sociodemographic characteristics, psychological symptoms and nicotine dependence among smokers who desired to quit smoking

The Anatolian Journal of Family Medicine is an international periodical on family medicine and primary health care, published three times a year on independent, unbiased, double-blinded and peer-review principles.

Understanding racial differences of COPD patients with an ecological model: two large cohort studies in the US and Korea.

Background:There are limited data about the racial difference in the characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients who are treated at clinics. We aimed to compare sociodemographic and clinical characteristics between US and Korean COPD patients using large-scale nationwide COPD cohorts.Methods:We used the baseline demographic and clinical data of COPD patients aged 45 years or older with at least a 10 pack-per year smoking history from the Korean COPD Subtype Study (KOCOSS, n = 1686) cohort (2012–2018) and phase I (2008–2011) of the US Genetic Epidemiology of COPD (COPDGene) study (n = 4477, 3461 were non-Hispanic whites [NHW], and 1016 were African Americans [AA]).Results:Compared to NHW, AA had a significantly lower adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) of cough >3 months (aPR: 0.67; 95% CI [confidence interval]: 0.60–0.75) and phlegm >3 months (aPR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.70–0.86), but higher aPR of dyspnea (modified Medical Round Council scale ⩾2) (aPR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.15–1.29), short six-minute walk distance (<350 m) (aPR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.81–2.14), and poor quality of life (aPR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.05–1.15). Compared to NHW, Koreans had a significantly lower aPR of cough >3 months (aPR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.47–0.59), phlegm >3 months (aPR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.67–0.82), dyspnea (aPR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.66–0.79), and moderate-to-severe acute exacerbation in the previous year (aPR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.65–0.82). NHW had the highest burden related to chronic bronchitis symptoms and cardiovascular diseases related to comorbidities.Conclusion:There are substantial differences in sociodemographic characteristics, clinical presentation, and comorbidities between COPD patients from the KOCOSS and COPDGene, which might be caused by interactions between various intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental factors of the ecological model. Thus, a broader and more comprehensive approach would be necessary to understand the racial differences of COPD patients.

Home Radon Testing in Rural Appalachia.

This study compared differences in sociodemographic characteristics, personal risk perception of lung cancer, lung cancer worry, and synergistic risk perception among rural Appalachia residents who completed home radon testing with those who did not, after receiving a free long-term test kit at a rural primary care clinic. The study also examined the association between the Teachable Moment Model constructs and home radon testing. The study was an exploratory correlational design with a convenience sample of (N = 58) adult participants recruited from 2 rural primary care clinics in Appalachia Kentucky. Participants completed a brief survey and were given a free long-term home radon test kit. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine characteristics associated with home radon testing. Twenty-eight participants (48%) completed home radon testing. There were no differences in personal risk perception of lung cancer, lung cancer worry, or synergistic risk perception between those who completed home radon testing and those who did not. Age was the only significant factor associated with completion of radon testing (B = 0.077, P = .005). For every 5-year increase in age, participants were 47% more likely to test their home for radon. Providing free home radon test kits in the primary care setting shows promise in prompting radon testing in rural Appalachia. As radon-induced lung cancer risk increases with exposure over time, health care providers in rural Appalachia need to encourage patients of all ages to test their home for radon, especially those who smoke or report smoking in the home.

Characterizing the Types of Multidimensional Coparenting: Differences in Sociodemographic Characteristics and Emotion Regulation Ability of School-Age Children

Characterizing the Types of Multidimensional Coparenting: Differences in Sociodemographic Characteristics and Emotion Regulation Ability of School-Age Children

Semantic regulation of anxiety expectations during the COVID-19 pandemic: conspiracy trends

Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with the spread of conspiracy theories, which are heterogeneous in terms of the structure of their views. The hypothesis is that the substrate for the spread of conspiracy trend is an increased level of anxiety, reduced due to the paralogical (conspiracy) interpretation of events. The purpose of this research was to study the prevalence of conspiracy trends during the preparation for the COVID-19 pandemic in Moscow (before the introduction of strict restrictive measures). Methods: 320 people, randomly selected from the general population, were asked if they agree or disagree with 9 statements regarding the conspiracy interpretation of events, compared with the level of anxiety/depression (using the HADS scale). There are 3 trends (COVID-conspiracy, COVID-skepticism, COVID-obscurantism). Results: 45.7% of respondents were ready to agree with one or the other conspiracy idea. I The level of anxiety in all adherents of conspiracy theory was found to be higher than in the rest of the sample. Differences in sociodemographic characteristics of adherents of different conspiracy tendencies are revealed. Among COVID skeptics, there are significantly fewer students and pensioners, and among COVID conspiracy theorists, the level of education received is lower, with unstable labor and family status. Discussion. Conspiracy trends were universal for all social groups in the background of increased anxiety among the population of Moscow in preparation for the COVID-19 pandemic. It is suggested that the mechanism for the development of conspiracy tendencies may be the process of rationalization of an increased level of anxiety as a protective response during a crisis.

Gender Differences in Sociademographic Characteristics and Risk Factors Among Condyloma Acuminata Patients in DR. Moewardi General Hospital Surakarta

Condyloma acuminata (CA) known as anogenital wart is the most frequent sexually transmitted infection worldwide. This highly infectious disease is caused by the human papilloma virus, whose its high reccurence rates contribute to direct medical costs, productivity loss and increased psychosocial impact. Thus, the prevention of this viral disease is more important than focusing on its treatment. This cross sectional retrospective study assesed the gender differences in sociodemographic characteristics and sexual risk factors of CA patients. There were 94 newly diagnosed CA patients, 47 males (50%) and 47 females (50%) during the period of January 2013- December 2017. The demographic data were taken from medical record and the additional data about the risk factors were from the questionnaires. Chi-square test was performed to compare between genders and p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. There was significant difference between genders on all sociodemographic characteristics (age, occupation, education, marrital status) and risk factors (HIV/AIDS infection, condom using, age at the first sexual intercourse, number of lifetime sexual partner, type of intercourse) among CA patients. Our study revealed that male CA patients were mostly single, employed and multipartner, while CA female patients were mostly married, housewives and singlepartners.

Prevalence, risk factors and metabolic profile of the non-obese and obese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a rural community of South Asia

IntroductionSince there is a paucity of data on the epidemiology of the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), particularly in rural areas in Asia, we undertook such a study among the...