Differences In Self-awareness Research Articles

Self-awareness and its relationship to the cognitive style (risk - caution) among graduate students

The aim of the research is to identify the relationship between self-awareness and cognitive style (risk-caution) among a sample of graduate students at the University of Anbar, and to reveal the differences in self-awareness and cognitive style risk-caution according to the gender variable (male - female) and specialization (scientific - human). The study sample consisted of (420) male and female students, and the scale of self-awareness prepared by the researcher was applied to them according to the theory (Bas, 1976). . The researcher also adopted the cognitive style scale (risk - caution), which was prepared by (Abdul-Majid, 2008), and based on the theory of Kagan & Wallach (Kagan & Wallach, 1964), and the scale consisted in its final form on (23) items. After applying the appropriate statistical procedures, the results of the study showed that there is a direct correlation between self-awareness and cognitive style (risk - caution), as postgraduate students at the university use the cognitive method (risk) or graduate students with low self-awareness use the method. Cognitive (caution), and there are no differences in self-awareness among graduate students in the variable of gender and specialization, while it was found that male graduate students are distinguished by the cognitive style (risk) more than female students, and there are no differences in the cognitive style (risk - caution) Among the postgraduate students in the specialization (scientific - human), and in light of the results, the researcher made a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The Role of Self-Awareness and Problem-Solving Orientation for the Instrumentality of Goal-Related Means

Abstract. Successful goal striving hinges on the selection of instrumental means. The current research investigates individual differences in self-awareness as a predictor for means instrumentality. This effect should be mediated by the tendency of self-aware individuals to approach the process of goal pursuit in a way that is problem-solving-oriented. Four studies ( N1a = 123, N1b = 169, N2 = 353, N3 = 118) were conducted to explore the positive relation between self-awareness and means instrumentality via heightened levels of problem-solving orientation. Studies 1a and 1b found cross-sectional support for the relation between dispositional self-awareness and problem-solving orientation. Study 2 (preregistered) replicated this finding and provided experimental evidence for the hypothesized mediation model. Finally, Study 3 found longitudinal support that dispositional self-awareness and problem-solving orientation predict self-reported means instrumentality and, beyond this, participants’ objective exam grades. This research emphasizes the crucial role of individual differences in self-awareness for an important self-regulatory process, that is, the selection of instrumental means in personal goal pursuit.

الوعي بالذات وعلاقته بالمسؤولية الاجتماعية تجاه مواجهة فيروس کورونا لدى طلاب کلية التربية بجامعة جازان

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على مستوى الوعي بالذات ومستوى المسؤولية الاجتماعية تجاه مواجهة فيروس کورونا، کما هدفت إلى التعرف على العلاقة بين الوعي بالذات و المسؤولية الاجتماعية تجاه مواجهة فيروس کورونا في ظل بعض المتغيرات لدى عينة من طلاب کلية التربية بجامعة جازان.تکونت عينة الدراسة من (164) طالبا وطالبة. وقد استخدمت الباحثة لإستخلاص النتائج اختبار (ت) وحيد الطرف واختبار(ت) ثنائي الطرف ومعامل ارتباط بيرسون. أشارت النتائج إلى مستوى الوعي باذات جاء بدرجة عالية وأن مستوى المسؤولية الاجتماعية تجاه مواجهة فيروس کورونا جاء بدرجة عالية. کما أشارت النتائج إلى وجود علاقة طردية دالة إحصائيا بين الوعي بالذات و المسؤولية الاجتماعية تجاه مواجهة فيروس کورونا. ولم تظهر النتائج وجود فروق دالة إحصائيا في الوعي بالذات والمسؤولية الاجتماعية تجاه مواجهة فيروس کورونا تبعا لمتغير النوع، وأشارت النتائج إلى وجود فروق دالة إحصائيا في الوعي بالذات والمسؤولية الاجتماعية تجاه مواجهة فيروس کورونا تبعا لمتغير العمر لصاح الفئة العمرية(22-25 سنة)،وقد خرجت الدراسة ببعض التوصيات في ضوء النتائج والمناقشة. This study aimed to know the level of self-awareness and level of social responsibility towards confronting the corona-virus. Also this study aimed to know the relationship between self-awareness and social responsibility towards confronting the corona-virus under some variables, at Sample of student from the faculty of education at Jazan University. The study sample consisted (164) male and female students. To extract the result, the researcher used the one.tailed t.test, tow.tailed t.test and person correlation coefficient. The results indicated that the level of self-awareness was high, and level of social responsibility towards confronting the corona-virus was high. The results also indicated the existence of a statistically significant positive relationship between self-awareness and social responsibility towards confronting the corona-virus. The results did not show statistically significant differences in self-awareness and social responsibility towards confronting the corona-virus depending on the gender variable. The results also indicated that there are statistically significant differences in self-awareness and social responsibility towards confronting the corona-virus according to the age variable, for the age group from 22 to 25 years old. The study came out with some recommendations in light of the discussion results.

PENGARUH LAYANAN BIMBINGAN KELOMPOK DENGAN TEKNIK ROLE PLAYING TERHADAP SELF AWARNEES SISWA KELAS XI IPA 3 SMAN 9 KOTA BENGKULU

The research purpose to find out: 1. self awareness of students who are given services group guidance using role playing techniques. 2. self awareness of students who are given group guidance services without using role playing techniques. 3 differences in self awareness of students who are given group guidance services with role playing techniques and without using role playing techniques.
 The method used in this research is the experimental method. The population in the study were all students of class XI IPA 3 SMAN 9 bengkulu city. The sample is determined by random technique with the number of 20 students in class XI IPA 3. Technique data analysis that is used is descriptive percentage and t test that processing using program SPSS 20.
 After the data collected and analyzed obtained the following research results:
 
 The level of self awareness of students who are given group guidance services without the use of role playing techniques are generally at a moderate level.
 The level of self awareness of students in the experimental group who were given group counseling services using role playing techniques were generally at a high level.
 
 There is a significant difference between group counseling services with role playing techniques and without using role playing technique to self awareness of students of grade XI IPA 3 SMAN 9 bengkulu city. Then the treatment provided significant effect

Differences in self-awareness of functional deficits between amnestic single- and multidomain mild cognitive impairment

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Prior research examining self-awareness of deficits in those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has been inconsistent, suggesting that preservation of insight at this disease stage may be conditional on the domain(s) examined as well as individual characteristics. The current study is the first to examine differences in objective performance and self-awareness of difficulties between older adults with amnestic single- (MCI–ASD) and multidomain MCI (MCI–AMD) across six instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs).Method: Seventy-five individuals (Mage = 73.9 years, range = 55–88 years; 56% female) with MCI–ASD (n = 30) and MCI–AMD (n = 45) were recruited primarily from a hospital-based memory disorders clinic. Participants were administered self-report and objective measures assessing six functional domains: financial management, driving, telephone use, nutrition evaluation, grocery shopping, and medication management. Self-awareness discrepancy scores were calculated for each of these IADLs, and participants were classified as either “overestimating ability” or “accurately/underestimating ability.”Results: Individuals with MCI–AMD performed significantly worse on objective measures of financial management, driving, and nutrition evaluation than those with MCI–ASD. Across MCI subtypes, participants were most likely to lack awareness of their difficulties in nutrition evaluation (31%), financial management (25%), and driving (23%) domains. Individuals with MCI–AMD were significantly more likely than those with MCI–ASD to overestimate performance on driving and telephone use domains.Conclusion: Individuals with MCI–AMD are more likely than those with MCI–ASD to have impairment in their everyday function and to lack awareness into their IADL difficulties. When possible, clinicians should obtain objective measures in combination with detailed informant reports of functional abilities in order to evaluate capacity to independently engage in various daily activities. Finally, level of self-awareness varies across IADL domains, providing further evidence that insight is not a unitary construct.

Perceiving and expressing feelings through actions in relation to individual differences in empathic traits: the Action and Feelings Questionnaire (AFQ).

Empathy is usually conceived of as independent of the non-verbal behaviors which mediate its experience, though embodied cognition theory predicts that individual differences in action representation will affect empathic traits. The “Actions and Feelings Questionnaire” (AFQ) was designed to capture individual differences in self-awareness of own and others’ actions, particularly those associated with feelings, which we predicted would correlate with levels of empathic traits. A pilot 30-item questionnaire included items on perceptual sensitivity to action, imitation, action imagery, and gestural and facial expression. It was completed by a sample of 278 adults (mean age 21.2 years; 189 females, 89 males) along with the 15-item Empathic Quotient (EQ) Questionnaire. Total scores on the final 18-item questionnaire showed strong internal coherence (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.81) and test-retest reliability (ICC=0.88), marked effect of sex and highly significant correlation with EQ. The questionnaire was administered to participants in an fMRI study investigating the neural correlates of facial imitation. Total AFQ score correlated with activity in somatosensory cortex, insula, anterior cingulate, and visual cortex. The AFQ shows promise as a brief and simple self-report measure sensitive to variability in the self-awareness of actions associated with feelings. It suggests that much of the variability of empathic traits in typical populations is accounted for by variance in this capacity. We suggest that being more empathic really is about being “touchy-feely,” and this questionnaire provides a novel measure of action-based empathy.

B-11 * Gender Effects on Self-Awareness of Executive Functioning Deficits in Adolescents with ADHD

Objective: Recent studies have demonstrated that children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often display an inflated view of their executive functioning (EF) abilities. This study examines whether there are gender differences in self-awareness of executive functioning. Method: Participants (free of comorbid psychological disorders) included 22 control (male: n = 9) and 35 (male: n = 26) ADHD subjects, aged 11–16. Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning Self and Parent (BRIEF-SR/PR) forms were collected for each subject from an archival database at a private Neuropsychology Clinic. Discrepancy scores were calculated for each domain by subtracting the adolescent's T-score from the parent's T-score. Positive discrepancy scores indicated the adolescent reported fewer difficulties than the parent. Results: Interaction between ADHD and gender was assessed using a MANOVA. Discrepancy scores in Metacognition Index (MI) were significantly more positive for children with ADHD compared to controls (p = .04). Discrepancy scores for Behavior Regulation Index (BRI) were significantly more positive for males than females in both the ADHD and control groups (p = .026). The ADHD and gender interaction effect showed no significance on reported discrepancy scores for MI, BRI, or GEC. Conclusion(s): Within the MI domain of EF, adolescents with ADHD tend to endorse fewer difficulties when compared to parent reports. Within the BRI domain EF, males tend to endorse fewer difficulties than parents. Lack of self-awareness in both genders may create barriers in treatment aimed at improving EF. This study suggests that males have less self-awareness of their behavioral regulation.

The contribution of judgment scale to the unskilled-and-unaware phenomenon: How evaluating others can exaggerate over- (and under-) confidence

The unskilled-and-unaware phenomenon occurs when low performers tend to overestimate their performance on a task, whereas high performers judge their performance more accurately (and sometimes underestimate it). In previous research, this phenomenon has been observed for a variety of cognitive tasks and judgment scales. However, the role of judgment scale in producing the unskilled-and-unaware phenomenon has not been systematically investigated. Thus, we present four studies in which all participants judged their performance on both a relative scale (percentile rank) and an absolute scale (number correct). The studies included a variety of performance tasks (general knowledge questions, math problems, introductory psychology questions, and logic questions) and test formats (multiple-choice, recall). Across all tasks and formats, the percentile-rank judgments were less accurate than the absolute judgments, particularly for low and high performers. Furthermore, in Studies 1-3, the absolute judgments were highly accurate, even when the percentile-rank judgments were not. Thus, differences in the accuracy of percentile-rank judgments across skill levels do not always represent differences in self-awareness, but rather they may arise from difficulties that performers have at evaluating how well others are performing. Most importantly, the unskilled-and-unaware phenomenon on a relative scale does not guarantee inaccurate self-evaluations of absolute performance.

Perception of Profile among Laypeople, Dental Students and Orthodontic Patients

To determine whether there are differences in self-awareness and perception of an individual's own profile among various groups. Laypeople, orthodontic patients, and first (D1) and third-year dental (D3) students were surveyed (n = 75 each). The participants answered a questionnaire regarding how they felt about their own profile and teeth. They also chose from among various silhouettes the one that most resembled their own profile. Profile photos of participants were analyzed by two orthodontists who matched the individual to the depicted silhouettes. Agreement between participants and experts was evaluated using the Kappa statistic. Differences among groups in identifying their own profiles and differences among profile types in satisfaction with their appearance were compared using chi2. Overall agreement between the individuals' perceptions of their own profiles and evaluation by orthodontists was 53% (kappa = .15). The four groups were different in their ability to recognize their own profile (P < .05). D3s were most accurate (64%, kappa = .28), followed by D1s (57%, kappa = .10), orthodontic patients (48%, kappa = .19), and laypeople (43%, kappa = .04). Individuals who considered themselves as having a Class II or III profile were less satisfied with the appearance of their profiles (P < .05). Those who considered themselves as having a Class III profile were also less happy with the appearance of their teeth (P < .05). This study suggests that about half the population cannot characterize their own profile. However, subjects who perceived their own profiles as being different from average were more likely to be unhappy with their facial appearance.

Neuropsychology of self-awareness in young adults

Disorders of self-awareness are common following cortical damage, particularly to the frontal lobes, but there have been few studies of individual differences in self-awareness in the normal population. In the current study, we explored patterns of metacognitive awareness among healthy young adults, based on discrepancies of self- and other-ratings on the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe; Grace and Malloy, 2002). Those who showed poor metacognitive awareness showed more frequent lapses of attention, and higher levels of everyday absentmindedness, than those who accurately appraised their own behavior or those who overestimated their own FrSBe scores. Furthermore, among those with poor metacognitive awareness, online emergent awareness correlated positively with prospective memory performance, and negatively with anxiety scores. Our results suggest that accurate self-awareness in non-neurological participants relies on efficient sustained attention functioning, supporting the role of frontal control systems in neuroanatomical models of self-awareness.

Sex Differences in Self-awareness of Smiling During a Mock Job Interview

The present study examined sex differences in awareness of smiling behavior during a job interview, along with intended outcomes of false smiling. Male and female participants were assigned to the interviewee role of a mock job interview and were videotaped. Results indicate that women were more self-aware of false, but not genuine, smiling. In addition, women reported using false smiles to mask negative emotion and to appear enthusiastic more than did men. Naive judges rated women who smiled in an attempt to mask negative emotion more harshly than men who smiled for this reason. Implications of these findings for the understanding of sex differences in smiling are discussed.

Self awareness and personality change in dementia

Background: Loss of insight is a core diagnostic criterion for frontotemporal dementia (FTD), whereas failure to recognise cognitive deficits and unawareness of disease (anosognosia) are well established findings in Alzheimer’s...

Children's Understanding of the Relation between Delayed Video Representation and Current Reality: A Test for Self-Awareness?

This study investigated whether children's ability to recognize themselves in delayed video feedback indicates changes in self-awareness (Povinelli, Landau, & Perilloux, 1996,Child Development,67, 1540–1554). Children were presented with 3-min-old videos of themselves to test whether they would investigate the current state of affairs upon seeing a surprising element in the video. In one condition, a sticker had been covertly placed into the child's hair, and in another an object had been hidden in a box. Both conditions proved equally difficult and performance correlated. Four-year-olds performed better than 3-year-olds, and children who failed the tasks retrieved the “surprise” item when presented with a mirror. There was no evidence to suggest that children's difficulties were due to immature metarepresentational thinking, lack of experience, problems with the questions, or problems appreciating the correspondence between image and referent. Yet, the parallel results in both conditions and the likelihood of false positives and false negatives indicate that the video test in its present form may not be a valid measure of differences in self-awareness.