Different Concentrations Of Salt Research Articles

Effect of Differences in Salt Concentration on the Quality of Rebon Shrimp Paste (Acetes Sp) in Tegal District

Rebon Shrimp Paste (RSP) in Indonesia uses different percentages of salt addition, ranging from 2 to 20% or not at all. This study aims to determine the influence of different salt concentration (5%, 10%, 15% and without salt) on the quality of RSP organoleptic, microbiological and chemical. This research was conducted in Munjung Agung, Tegal and Cirebon Fisheries Product Quality Testing and Application Laboratory. The results showed that the addition of different salt concentration (5%, 10%,15% and without salt) affected the quality of organoleptics, microbiology, and chemistry. Organoleptic quality with salt concentration of 5% and 10% favored panelists with an average value of 6.8 (not yet meeting Indonesian National Standards). The highest water content value is found in RSP that are not added salt (40,19%-43,22%) and lowest at 15% salt concentration (31,12%-34,82%) in accordance with the SNI. E.Coli and Salmonella growth was negative in all four samples and didn’t different materially, according to SNI standard 2716.1:2009. The best increase in salt concentration in the study was 5%, with an average organoleptic value of 6.8 in the coliform contamination sample A2 APM/g < 3, negative E.Coli and Salmonela with a water content value of 39.15.

Porous hollow fibers with controllable structures templated from high internal phase emulsions.

A technique to fabricate hollow fibers with porous walls via templating from high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) has been demonstrated. This technique provides an environmentally friendly process alternative to conventional methods for hollow-fiber productions that typically use organic solvents. HIPEs containing acrylate monomers were extruded into an aqueous curing bath. Osmotic pressure effects, manipulated through differences in salt concentration between the curing bath and the aqueous phase within the HIPE were used to control the hollow structures of polyHIPE fibers. The technique was used to produce porous fibers (with millimeter-scale diameters and micronscale pores) having a hollow core (with a diameter of 50%-75% of the fiber diameter). Two potential applications of the hollow fibers were demonstrated. In vitro drug release studies using these hollow fibers show a controlled release profile that is consistent with the microstructure of the porous fiber wall. In addition, the presence of pores in the walls of polyHIPE fibers also enable size-selective loading and separation of functional materials from an external suspension.

Flow effects on the surface properties of surfactant foam films.

The surface electrostatic properties of liquid foam, involving the electrokinetic (EK) phenomena in the liquid-gas interface, have significant effects on the stability of the foam. Here, we established a theoretical model for ion transport in liquid films by combining the liquid flow and surface reaction. We found that the surface electrostatic properties of liquid foams were influenced unexpectedly by the pressure-induced flow. The liquid flow will induce the potential and concentration differences in the flow direction. When the pressure drop increases to a certain high value, the induced potential and salt concentration difference increases, leading to the change of the surface electrostatic properties such as zeta potential and the surface charge density. This change shows that the surface electrostatic properties of foam films depend on the coupling of various factors including ion distribution and pressure drop, which deepens our understanding of the electrostatic properties of the foam films.

Transport Models of Ammonium Nitrogen in Wastewater from Rare Earth Smelteries by Reverse Osmosis Membranes

Wastewater from rare earth smelteries contains large amounts of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), which causes severe environmental problems. In this contribution, the desalination efficiency of reverse osmosis (RO) was investigated in the treatment of NH4Cl or NaCl solutions from 0.1 to 40 g/L under different operating pressures with a commercial RO membrane. Experimental results showed that when an operating pressure above 30 bar is applied to the 5 g/L NH4Cl solution, the permeate was found to meet the discharge standards of NH4+-N. Compared to NH4Cl, the permeate fluxes of NaCl solutions were higher due to the higher net driving force and lower propensity to membrane fouling. Theoretical models indicate a linear relationship between water flux and the net driving force for both NH4Cl and NaCl solutions. On the contrary, a power function between the salt flux and concentration difference correlated well with the experimental data for salt transport. The equations for water and salt transport obtained by this work would provide a facile and practical means for predicting the membrane performance in design and optimization of RO processes for the treatment of wastewater from the rare earth industry.

A Simulation Analysis of Nanofluidic Ion Current Rectification Using a Metal-Dielectric Janus Nanopore Driven by Induced-Charge Electrokinetic Phenomena.

We propose herein a unique mechanism of generating tunable surface charges in a metal-dielectric Janus nanopore for the development of nanofluidic ion diode, wherein an uncharged metallic nanochannel is in serial connection with a dielectric nanopore of fixed surface charge. In response to an external electric field supplied by two probes located on both sides of the asymmetric Janus nanopore, the metallic portion of the nanochannel is electrochemically polarized, so that a critical junction is formed between regions with an enriched concentration of positive and negative ions in the bulk electrolyte adjacent to the conducting wall. The combined action of the field-induced bipolar induced double layer and the native unipolar double layer full of cations within the negatively-charged dielectric nanopore leads to a voltage-controllable heterogenous volumetric charge distribution. The electrochemical transport of field-induced counterions along the nanopore length direction creates an internal zone of ion enrichment/depletion, and thereby enhancement/suppression of the resulting electric current inside the Janus nanopore for reverse working status of the nanofluidic ion diode. A mathematical model based upon continuum mechanics is established to study the feasibility of the Janus nanochannel in causing sufficient ion current rectification, and we find that only a good matching between pore diameter and Debye length is able to result in a reliable rectifying functionality for practical applications. This rectification effect is reminiscent of the typical bipolar membrane, but much more flexible on account of the nature of a voltage-based control due to induced-charge electrokinetic polarization of the conducting end, which may hold promise for osmotic energy conversion wherein an electric current appears due to a difference in salt concentration. Our theoretical demonstration of a composite metal-dielectric ion-selective medium provides useful guidelines for construction of flexible on-chip platforms utilizing induced-charge electrokinetic phenomena for a high degree of freedom ion current control.

Modification of Polymeric Membrane for Energy Generation through Salinity Gradient: A Short Review

Salinity gradient energy (SGE) refers to the energy created from the difference in salt concentration between two streams. There are three types of SGE namely, pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), reverse electrodialysis (RED), and capacitive mixing (CapMix). All these technologies require membrane for the system to be operational. In this short review, the membranes modifications for each principle and its strategies in improving the performance of their membranes are presented. The technological progress of SGE is currently constrained by its ability in generating low power density. Thus, further modifications on every aspect of the systems is needed to overcome this bottleneck. This review focuses on the modifications of polymer-based membranes for salinity gradient energy generation. Finally, some challenges and future perspective of SGE development are discussed.

On the Origin of the Membrane Potential Arising Across Densely Charged Ion Exchange Membranes: How Well Does the Teorell-Meyer-Sievers Theory Work?

A difference in salt concentration in two solutions separated by a membrane leads to an electrical potential difference across the membrane, also without applied current. A literature study is presented on proposed theories for the origin of this membrane potential (Φm). The most well-known theoretical description is Teorell-Meyer-Sievers (TMS) theory, which we analyze and extend. Experimental data for Φm were obtained using a cation exchange membrane (CMX, Neosepta) and NaCl solutions (salt concentration from 1 mM to 5 M). Deviations between theory and experiments are observed, especially at larger salt concentration differences across the membrane. At a certain salt concentration ratio, a maximum in Φm is found, not predicted by the TMS theory. Before the maximum, TMS theory can be used as a good estimate of ?m though it overestimates the actual value. To improve the theory, various corrections to TMS theory were considered: A) Using ion activities instead of ionic concentration in the external solutions leads to an improved prediction; B) Inhomogeneous distribution of the membrane fixed charge has no effect on Φm; C) Consideration of stagnant diffusion layers on each side of the membrane can have a large effect on Φm; D) Reducing the average value of the fixed membrane charge density can also largely affect ?m; E) Allowing for water transport in the theory has a small effect; F) Considering differences in ionic mobility between co-ions and counterions in the membrane affects Φm significantly. Modifications C) and F) may help to explain the observed maximum in Φm.

Multiphase Complex Coacervate Droplets.

Liquid–liquid phase separation plays an important role in cellular organization. Many subcellular condensed bodies are hierarchically organized into multiple coexisting domains or layers. However, our molecular understanding of the assembly and internal organization of these multicomponent droplets is still incomplete, and rules for the coexistence of condensed phases are lacking. Here, we show that the formation of hierarchically organized multiphase droplets with up to three coexisting layers is a generic phenomenon in mixtures of complex coacervates, which serve as models of charge-driven liquid–liquid phase separated systems. We present simple theoretical guidelines to explain both the hierarchical arrangement and the demixing transition in multiphase droplets using the interfacial tensions and critical salt concentration as inputs. Multiple coacervates can coexist if they differ sufficiently in macromolecular density, and we show that the associated differences in critical salt concentration can be used to predict multiphase droplet formation. We also show that the coexisting coacervates present distinct chemical environments that can concentrate guest molecules to different extents. Our findings suggest that condensate immiscibility may be a very general feature in biological systems, which could be exploited to design self-organized synthetic compartments to control biomolecular processes.

Hydrodynamic aspects of river confluence with different water densities

The confluence of rivers is characterized by highly complex internal processes. The hydrodynamic aspects of river confluences have received a lot of attention in recent years. For modeling purposes, it is generally assumed that the water densities of the rivers under consideration are close, and the density effects associated with their difference are neglected. In this approximation, we have previously investigated the confluence of the Vishera and Kama rivers. However, in some cases, the temperatures or salinity of the waters of merging rivers can differ significantly, and thereby the hydrodynamic mechanisms of mixing change considerably. In this paper, we examine the specific features of river confluences with and without taking into account density effects and by comparing both real and simplified channel (river) geometries. Simulations show that, at the density Froude number ∼1 which is observed in the rivers under consideration at the difference in salt concentration ~0.3 g/L, the mixing characteristics of these flows significantly change when they merge. The denser waters of the Vishera river begin to move under the less mineralized waters of the Kama river. As the Froude number exceeds the critical value, a fundamental rearrangement of coherent transverse structures occurs. These effects are more pronounced for the simplified model channel configuration, since taking into account the bottom heterogeneity significantly enhances vertical mixing. Earlier, the phenomenon in which the denser flow moves under the less dense flow was discovered by the authors for the confluence of the Chusovaya and Sylva rivers located in the backwater from the Kama hydroelectric power station.

Theory of Ion and Water Transport in Electron-Conducting Membrane Pores with p H-Dependent Chemical Charge

In this work, we develop an extended uniform potential (UP) model for a membrane nanopore by including two different charging mechanisms of the pore walls, namely by electronic charge and by chemical charge. These two charging mechanisms will generally occur in polymeric membranes with conducting agents, or membranes made of conducting materials like carbon nanotubes with surface ionizable groups. The electronic charge redistributes along the pore in response to the gradient of electric potential in the pore, while the chemical charge depends on the local pH via a Langmuir-type isotherm. The extended UP model shows good agreement with experimental data for membrane potential measured at zero current condition. When both types of charge are present, the ratio of the electronic charge to the chemical charge can be characterized by the dimensionless number of surface groups and the dimensionless capacitance of the dielectric Stern layer. The performance of the membrane pore in converting osmotic energy from a salt concentration difference into electrical power can be improved by tuning the electronic charge.

Amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequencing indicates that microbial ecosystems present in cheese brines reflect environmental inoculation during the cheese production process

The taxonomic diversity of the microbial communities associated with stable 30-y old cheese brines from an artisan and large-scale cheese producer located in Flanders, Belgium, was investigated culture-independently. High-throughput amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequencing revealed species of Tetragenococcus, Chromohalobacter, and Halanaerobium as the most abundant ones in both brines. Debaryomyces was the only yeast genus detected. All these halophiles might originate from the salt used and might survive and even grow in the brines. The occurrence of different and/or additional species in the two brines could be due to differences in salt concentrations. A second group of microorganisms, possibly incapable of growth in the brines, could be mainly associated with the cheese production ingredients, such as the rennet (Lactobacillus rennini), starter culture (Lactococcus lactis) or raw milk used (Lc. lactis and Staphylococcus equorum). This specific brine microbiota might have an impact on the ultimate quality of the cheeses produced.

An experimental examination of the effect of the salt type on the chemo-osmotic, diffusive, and hydraulic parameters of Wakkanai mudstones

To better understand the groundwater flow and chemistry in argillaceous formations, the dependency of transport parameters such as permeability, diffusion coefficient, and chemical osmotic efficiency on each of the chemical species dominant in groundwater must also be understood. Despite its importance, however, little is known about the dependence of transport parameters on different types of groundwater. Thus, we investigated transport parameters of Wakkanai mudstones using three different types of electrolyte solutions. Here, we report the relationship among the solution salt type, solute concentration, transport parameters, and pore structure characteristics. Wide ranges in osmotic efficiency and intrinsic permeability, 0.0035–0.14 and 1.19 × 10–19 to 4.75 × 10–18 m2, respectively, reflect the difference in the solution composition based on the salt type, difference in solute concentration, and variation in the pore size distributions of Wakkanai mudstones. The effective diffusion coefficients with filtration effects, at 2.98 × 10–11 to 5.92 × 10–11 m2 s–1, vary depending on salt type, but remain invariant among samples, indicating no difference in fluid flow path associated with small values of osmotic efficiency. In contrast, the osmotic efficiencies are related to differences in salt concentrations. Our findings indicate that salt concentration and pore structure characteristics determine not only the semipermeability of the Wakkanai mudstones but also the diffusivity and permeability.

Crystal structures of human CK2α2 in new crystal forms arising from a subtle difference in salt concentration.

The catalytic subunits of protein kinase CK2 are classified into two subtypes: CK2α1 and CK2α2. CK2α1 is an attractive drug-discovery target for various diseases such as cancers and nephritis. CK2α2 is defined as an off-target of CK2α1 and is a potential target in the development of male contraceptive drugs. High-resolution crystal structures of both isozymes are likely to provide crucial clues for the design of selective inhibitors of CK2α1 and/or CK2α2. To date, several crystal structures of CK2α1 have been solved at high resolutions of beyond 1.5 Å. However, crystal structures of CK2α2 have barely achieved a low resolution of around 3 Å because of the formation of needle-shaped crystals. In this study, new crystal forms were exploited and one provided a crystal structure of CK2α2 at 1.89 Å resolution. This result, together with the structure of CK2α1, will assist in the development of highly selective inhibitors for both isozymes.

Cystic fibrosis respiratory tract salt concentration: An Exploratory Cohort Study.

In cystic fibrosis patients, electrolytic and osmolality imbalance secondary to cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mutations may impact on mucoid secretion accumulation and secondary colonization by opportunistic pathogens such as nontuberculous mycobacteria.We performed a noninvasive exploratory prospective controlled clinical study comparing sputum salinity and acid-base characteristics of cystic fibrosis and noncystic fibrosis control patients. A total of 57 patients and 62 controls were included.Sputum salt concentrations were 10.5 g/L (95% CI: 7.7–13.3) in patients and 7.4 g/L (95% CI: 5.9–8.9) in aged-matched controls, a difference that was found to be statistically significant (P < .05). No difference in pH was observed between patients and controls.These differences in respiratory secretions salt concentrations could influence host-pathogen interactions in the context of cystic fibrosis respiratory infections. We propose to include respiratory secretion salt measurement as a routine analysis on cystic fibrosis patients’ sputum submitted for bacterial culture.

Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Fracturing Water Effects on Shale Gas Permeability Alteration

Hydraulic fracturing has been recognized as the necessary well completion technique to achieve economic production from shale gas formation. However, following the fracturing, fluid–wall interactions can form a damaged zone nearby the fracture characterized by strong capillarity and osmosis effects. Here, we present a new reservoir multi-phase flow model which includes these mechanisms to predict formation damage in the aftermath of the fracturing during shut-in and production periods. In the model, the shale matrix is treated as a multi-scale porosity medium including interconnected organic, inorganic slit-shaped, and clay porosity fields. Prior to the fracturing, the matrix holds gas in the organic and the inorganic slit-shaped pores, water with dissolved salt in the inorganic slit-shaped pores and the clay pores. During and after fracturing, imbibition causes water invasion into the matrix, and then, the injected water–clay interaction may lead to clay-swelling pressure development due to osmosis. The swelling pressure gives additional stress to slit-shaped pores and cause permeability reduction in the inorganic matrix. We develop a simulator describing a system of three pores, two phases (aqueous and gaseous phases), and three components ( $$\hbox {H}_{2}\hbox {O}, \hbox {CH}_{4}$$ , and salt), including osmosis and clay-swelling effect on the permeability. The simulation of aqueous-phase transport through clay shows that high swelling pressure can occur in clays as function of salt type, salt concentration difference, and clay-membrane efficiency. The new model is used to demonstrate the damage zone characteristics. The simulation of two-phase flow through the shale formation shows that, although fracturing is a rapid process, fluid–wall interactions continue to occur after the fracturing due to imbibition mechanism, which allows water to penetrate into the inorganic pore network and displace the gas in-place near the fracture. This water invasion leads to osmosis effect in the formation, which cause clay swelling and the subsequent permeability reduction. Continuing shale–water interactions during the production period can expand the damage zone further.

Comparing Dog and Human Intestinal Fluids: Implications on Solubility and Biopharmaceutical Risk Assessment

Despite many documented differences in gut physiology compared to humans, the beagle dog has been successfully used as a preclinical model for assessing the relative bioavailability of dosage forms during formulation development. However, differences in pH and bile salt concentration and micellar structure between dog and human intestinal fluids may influence the solubility and dissolution behavior of especially BCS II/IV compounds. Recently, a canine fasted simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIFc) mimicking the composition in the lumen of the beagle dog under the fasted state has been proposed. In this manuscript, we present the utilization of FaSSIFc to compare solubility of several preclinical candidates against human FaSSIF. While solubility of free bases and neutral compounds was easily predicted by the relative amounts of sodium taurocholate in the fluids, free acids were shown to be much more soluble in FaSSIFc owing to both the solubility at higher pH as well as the increased bile salt concentration. For one of the model compounds, we demonstrate that the high solubility necessitates the need for a formulation comparison at a relatively higher dose in the dog to mimic the outcome of a human relative bioavailability study. Finally, we show how using the solubility value in FaSSIFc for the same compound results in better predictability of the plasma concentration profiles in dogs from a physiologically based absorption model. The collective data indicate that caution and more detailed measurements are required if the dog is used as the preclinical model for the development of formulations of weak acids.

Influence of Nanopore Size on the Performance of Salinity Gradient Power

Retrieving energy based on a salt concentration difference between two liquid phases, such as sea water and fresh water, has emerged as one of the promising next-generation renewable energy techniques. Recent advances in nanotechnology and nanofabrication also make relevant applications attractive. According to the mechanisms involved, relevant results can be classified roughly into two technologies: pressure retarded osmosis and reverse electrodialysis (RED). The latter can be achieved by separating two liquids having different salt concentrations, for example, a fresh water and a sea water, by an ion-exchange membrane. Since the membrane attracts counterions and repels coions simultaneously, making the concentration of counterions inside the membrane higher than that of coions. Because it is easier for counterions to pass through the membrane, a net ionic flow is present so that Gibbs free energy is converted to electric energy. Considering the great potential of harvesting energy by RED, a detailed understanding of its performance under various conditions is highly desirable and necessary for design purposes. Among factors capable of influencing that performance, the size of a pore and its charged conditions are of particular significance. This is because the possible mechanisms involved, such as double layer overlapping, ion concentration polarization, and diffusioosmotic flow, are all related closely to those factors. In this study, we conduct a theoretical analysis on the influences of the size of a nanopore and its charged conditions on the performance of a RED system. Taking an aqueous KCl solution as an example, the results of numerical simulation reveal that for a positively charged nanopore, both the maximum power, P max, and the ion selectivity, η, have a local maximum as its radius, R, and its length, L, varies. A negatively charged nanopore, however, shows different behaviors. Regression analyses are performed to provide the dependences of both P max andη on R and L.

How can osmosis and solute diffusion be coupled for the simultaneous measurement of the solvent and solute permeabilities of membranes?

A novel experimental method and its associated model are proposed for the simultaneous determination of membrane solute and solvent permeabilities, which are essential transport parameters of reverse osmosis models used for process simulation. The method utilizes a single bench-scale batch apparatus consisting of two stirred half-cells containing solutions of different concentrations separated by a membrane across which coupled non-steady-state solute diffusion and solvent osmosis take place countercurrently in the absence of transmembrane pressure difference. Results are presented from days-long determinations of the water and sodium chloride permeabilities of Filmtec BW30 and NF270 membrane samples for initial transmembrane salt concentration differences ranging from 1gL−1 to 35gL−1. When used as input parameters for the simulation of pilot reverse osmosis desalination tests, the osmotic-diffusive salt permeabilities approximated the experimental rejection rates.

In Vitro Screening of Different Potato Genotypes for Salinity Tolerance

In vitro screening of several potato genotypes (29 cultivars and lines) to salinity stress was conducted. Singlenode explants were evaluated on the basis of their growth, microtuberization and biochemical analysis under differentconcentrations of salt (NaCl) stress. In most cases, increasing NaCl in the tissue culture medium resulted in reduction inplantlet growth, rooting and microtuberization potential in varying degrees, depending on the cultivar. Some genotypessuch as Oceania, 97f-267 and Picasso produced higher number of microtuber under 150 mM NaCl than control.Generally, 97f-267, Oceania and Universa genotypes were ranked among salt tolerant, while Nicola, Safran, Diamantwere ranked as moderate and Elodi, Triomph, Marabel, Bolista and 99-981 were ranked as salt sensitive based onmorphological characters. Photosynthetic pigments decreased under salt stress, however, Universa and Safranmaintained higher chlorophyll content under salt conditions (100 mM NaCl) comparing with control (0.0 mM NaCl)plantlets. Also, Universa and Safran accumulated more proline and free amino acids under stress treatment comparingwith control, than other tested genotypes. The activities of antioxidant enzymes were different among potato genotypes.In this respect, Universa and Safran had higher catalase (CAT) activity under salt stress (100 mM NaCl) than controltreatment (0.0 mM NaCl), however, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was not good indicator for salinity tolerancein the tested potato genotypes.

TANGGAPAN ANATOMIS DARI BEBERAPA SUMBER BENIH Acacia manigum Willd. TERHADAP KONDISI CEKAMAN GARAM

Along with the increase of forest plantation development to supply raw material for industry, the utilization of marginal land with high salinity is likely to be an alternative for the plantation of A. mangium. In an effort to increase the improvement of A. mangium to be extensively planted on the widely alternative land, breeding programs were conducted to get trees of A. mangium which are tolerant to environmental stress, such as salt stress. The purpose of this study was to observe the anatomical response of A. mangium collected from several seed sources to salinity stress as a basis for salt tolerance breeding program. The trial consisted of four seed sources arranged in Completely Randomized Design with four level salt stresses(0; 22; 26 and 30 g/l) and 3 replications. The four tested seed sources are two seedling seed orchard (SSO) originated from Papua New Guinea provenance (namely group A and B), one SSO originated from Far North Queensland provenance (group C) and one SSO originated from a combining both provenances (group E). The treatment is given by watering the seedlings from each provenance with saline solution in accordance with a predetermined concentration of 200 ml per day for 4 months. The observed parameters were stomatal index, length dan width of stomata, number and diameter of trachea, and chlorophyll content. The results showed that in general the differences in salt co ncentration provided a significant effect on anatomical response of A. mangium. Except for the length of stomata, seed source variations were significantly different for all parameters. Meanwhile, seed sources x salt level interaction did not significantly affect the length and width of stomata. The higher the salt concentration, the lower the stomatal index and chlorophyll content. Conversely, the higher the salt concentration, the higher the amount of the tracheid. However the differences in salt concentration did not give a significant effect on diameter of tracheid. Overall, among the four tested seed sources, group B which is originated from Papua New Guinea provenancewas found to be the most tolerant seed sources to salt stress.