Price Differences Research Articles

ANALISIS EFISIENSI PEMASARAN TAHU DI KELURAHAN KEKALIK JAYA KOTA MATARAM

The research carried out in Kekalik Jaya Village, Sekarbela District, Mataram City aims to determine the marketing channels and marketing efficiency of tofu in Kekalik Jaya Village, Sekarbela District, Mataram City. The sample was determined proportionally by Random Side as many as 30 craftsmen, while for retailers the sample was determined as 10 people by snowballing. To analyze marketing efficiency, marketing margin analysis and producer price share are used. Tofu marketing is said to be efficient if: marketing margin is low, producer price share is > 60%. From the research results it can be concluded as follows: 1). There are 2 (two) tofu marketing channels in Kekalik Jaya Village, Mataram City, namely: a). tofu crafters - final consumers, b). Tofu craftsmen – retailers- final consumers. 2). Judging from marketing efficiency, the two marketing channels are efficient because the marketing margin in channel 1 (producer – final consumer) is IDR 0 (0.%) and in channel II the margin is IDR. 150 (17.65%) and the two channels share the price received by producers > 60%.It is recommended to producers when there is little production to sell their production directly to consumers (channel I), because there is no price difference, and 100% of the price share is received by the producer, but when tofu craftsmen produce a lot they should use channel II, meaning other than Selling directly to end consumers also sells to retailers who are customers, because they must also look at the characteristics of tofu which are easily damaged.

The supply of fish/seafood in retail establishments in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

Every year, the large retail networks diversify the supply of fish and seafood. This is relevant for the 2,066,175 inhabitants of the city of Manaus, capital of the state of Amazonas, since per capita consumption of fish is one of the highest in Brazil. Data collection was carried out from May, 2021 to March, 2022 and establishments were grouped into: Emporiums (Group 1), Supermarkets (Group 2) and Hypermarkets (Group 3). A total of 25 establishments from 14 chains were visited. In all, 1,019 different products were recorded, 346 from groups of continental species (20 groups of species) and 673 from groups of marine species (29 groups of species), with greater diversity in Group 2. Products with greater commercial value are found in Group 1, those with lower value in Group 2. Whole fish are offered, in chunks, sliced, balls, in paste form (pate, sachets, surimi), sausages/tambaqui (Colossomo macropomum) sausage, dried and salted, canned, in mixes and paella kits, etc. In the comparative analysis of the prices between the groups, there was no significant difference in prices among the groups of establishments for 11 of the 17 products analyzed, in which we can highlight three marine species: tuna (Thunnus thynnus) with 62 products, cod (Gadus macrocephalus; Gadus morhua) with 41 products, sea sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis) with 31 products; and one freshwater species, tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) with 41 products; allowing the consumer a wide choice between the types of establishments and the products available in order to meet their needs, preferences and provide convenience.

The use of the Bennet indicators and their transitive versions for scanner data analysis

Although modern price index theory is based on comparisons of ratios of prices, quantities and expenditures, we may be more interested in the magnitude of differences in these characteristics in many business applications. The benefit of using these differences is that there is no problem associated with the occurrence of zero prices and quantities, a problem that arises when we work with ratios. In practice, we most often care about decomposing value difference into indicators of contributions from price and quantity differences. The best-known price and quantity indicators are the Bennet indicators, which are not transitive. Although there have been papers in the literature that propose a transitive version of the Bennet indicators, they deal with comparisons across firms in cross-section or panel contexts. This paper revises the price and quantity Bennet indicators and their multilateral versions for the analysis of scanner data. Specifically, i nstead o f c onsidering c omparisons across firms, c ountries or r egions, the t ransitive versions of t he Bennet i ndicators a re a dapted to work on scanner data sets observed over a fixed time w indow. Since the scanner data sets have a high turnover of products, which can make it difficult to interpret the difference in sales values over the compared time periods, the paper also considers a matched sample approach. One of the objectives of the study is to compare bilateral and multilateral Bennet indicator results across all available products or strictly matched products over time. It also examines the impact of data filters used and the level of data aggregation on the price and quantity Bennet indicators. According to the best author’s knowledge, this study is a pioneer in the field of implementing the multilateral Bennet indicators in scanner data analysis.

Utilization Patterns of Milk and Milk Products among Various End Users in Karnataka, India: A Comparative Analysis

The utilization patterns of milk and milk products in Karnataka were investigated through a study of 100 farmers and 50 consumers. The focus was on how milk was retained, consumed and transformed into various products. It was found that significant variation existed in milk production and consumption across different herd sizes. Small, medium, and large farmers were reported to produce an average of 33.80, 45.18 and 66.26 liters of milk per day, respectively, with family consumption accounting for 19.23 per cent, 17.37 per cent and 15.84 per cent of their production. Larger herds were associated with increased milk production, which allowed for a greater surplus to be sold. Utilization patterns showed that small farmers retained 6.5 liters of milk daily, consuming 32.94 per cent as liquid milk and converting 64.23 per cent into curd, with minimal ghee production. In contrast, large farmers retained 10.5 liters daily, consuming 43.80 per cent as liquid milk and converting 53.12 per cent into curd. This indicated a trend towards higher liquid milk consumption and varying product transformation depending on herd size. Consumer data indicated that rural households spent an average of ₹141.18 on 2.41 kg of milk products daily, while urban households spent ₹142.10 on 2.25 kg. Despite higher costs, urban consumers spent more on liquid milk, whereas rural consumers allocated more to curd and ghee. These findings reflected regional price differences and consumption preferences. Overall, the study highlighted the complex dynamics of milk utilization, with varying consumption patterns and product transformations observed across different farmer categories and consumer demographics. This information was deemed crucial for optimizing milk production and distribution strategies in Karnataka.

Identification of millet origin using terahertz spectroscopy combined with ensemble learning

It’s crucial for both producers and consumers to accurately trace the origin of millet, given the significant differences in price and taste that exist between millets from various origins. The traditional method of identifying the origin of millet is time-consuming, laborious, complex, and destructive. In this study, a new method for fast and non-destructive differentiation of millet origins is developed by combining terahertz time domain spectroscopy with ensemble learning. Firstly, three machine learning algorithms, namely support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and kernel extreme learning machine (KELM), were used to build different discriminative models, and then the impact of six different preprocessing methods on the models’ classification performance was compared. It was observed that models employing Savitzky-Golay preprocessing exhibited pronounced superiority in accurately determining the millet’s geographical origins. Building upon these findings, the research introduces an innovative ensemble learning strategy, leveraging both topsis and stacking techniques, to harness the collective strengths of the three algorithms. The outcomes of this approach reveal its remarkable capacity to distinguish millets originating from five distinct locations without the necessity for any parameter fine-tuning. The accuracy, F1 score, and Kappa on the prediction set are all 100 %, which significantly outperforms the single model, traditional voting method, and stacking method. The culmination of this study suggests that the integration of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and TOPSIS-Stacking ensemble learning emerges as a promising method for the swift and non-intrusive discrimination of millet geographical origins with remarkable precision.

Heterogeneous products operation decisions of online dual-channel supply chain considering online reviews under different financing modes

This research examines the operation decisions of the online supply chain for heterogeneous products under different financing modes: e-commerce platform financing or bank financing, when manufacturers face funding constraints. Considering the manufacturer’s adoption of differentiated channel strategies when providing heterogeneous products is also considered, and combined with the impact of online reviews on consumer utility, an e-commerce platform online dual-channel financing model is constructed. The research findings are as follows: (i) when the effectiveness of online reviews differs within a certain range, the equilibrium solution exists. If the relative interest rates of the e-commerce platforms and bank change within a certain range, the same financing mode can bring mutual benefits to both the manufacturer and e-commerce platform, resulting in a “win–win” situation. (ii) If the interest rates under both financing modes are the same, the e-commerce platform financing mode has a higher wholesale price, but the difference in retail prices of distribution products depends on the costs difference between the two products, and at this point, the manufacturer will select e-commerce platform financing mode. (iii) At the optimal interest rate, when the cost of heterogeneous products is the same, the e-commerce platform consistently offers a more favorable interest rate compared to the bank’s optimal rate. when the e-commerce platform’s commission and the positive difference in product reviews is large, the manufacturer will choose e-commerce platform financing mode. Under the e-commerce platform financing mode, both the manufacturer and e-commerce platform are willing to provide lower retail prices to attract more consumers.

Take-away and sit-down service operations under inequity aversion

Profit contributed by take-away service has become an increasingly essential element of the restaurant operating revenue. Since take-away service usually relies on the third-party platform and there are many differences between the cost of take-away service and that of sit-down service. We focus on the restaurant which provides both sit-down service and take-away service, the service system is modeled as a two-stage tandem queueing system. We study the restaurant’s optimal capacity level for each stage. Besides, as there exist price/waiting time difference between the two services, inequity aversion is also investigated in our model. We study symmetrical and asymmetrical inequity aversion. We find that the optimal service capacity consists of two parts, base capacity and safety capacity. And the loss resulted from waiting time lag is equal to the waste of resources caused by fluctuations in arrival rate. Further, when customers really long for the restaurant, even if high price will lead to severe inequity aversion, restaurant can always earn more by raising the price in service channel with high revenue. While when customers are indifferent of the restaurant and the others, the price gap is meant to result in revenue decrease. In addition, reduction in customers’ susceptibility can help to enhance operation profit in general. Market environment plays a decisive role in choosing the optimal service level.

Encounter Barrier Factor Biogas as Renewable Energy

The existence of an anaerobic bioreactor that produces biogas can provide two benefits. First, it can produce sustainable energy. Second, it helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and waste. Based on these two advantages, obstacles to its implementation must be overcome to realize regional energy security. The research method used is descriptive-quantitative and enriched by descriptive-qualitative by FGD, through in-depth interviews, direct observation of the field, and interviews of related parties. This research is to find the source of the problem for the gap that occurs between the real condition of biogas potential that is utilized and wasted as emissions. Based on the results of this study, there are three main obstacles that need to be optimized. The first is the difficulty of raw materials because most of them are imported. The second challenge is the price difference because the power purchase agreement was calculated before the new law came out. And third, the lack of government support. Based on these three constraints, the optimization strategy carried out is: first, facilitate regulations in the ease of procurement of supporting materials. Second, the government regulates and straightens regulations related to price differences. Third, central and local governments should actively support development by increasing training, education, and capacity building for policymaking and analysis in the field of new and renewable energy.

국제 비교를 통한 교통법규 위반 범칙금 수준 분석

Punishment for violations of road traffic laws is mostly imposed in the form of financial sanctions such as fines. While Korea's per capita gross product has increased by 264% over the past 30 years, fines for violating traffic laws have not changed, and as a result, some point out that the unrealistic financial penalties level does not function properly as a deterrent to violations. Accordingly, this study attempted to compare the fines for traffic law violations in major countries and Korea and suggest an appropriate increase level. Since there are differences in income scale, prices, and currency values from country to country, to control this, economic indicators such as GDP per capita, minimum wage, comparative price level, and Big Mac index were used to compare financial penalties levels under the assumption that income and price levels were the same. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that, except for drunk driving, the financial penalties level in Korea is at least 2 to 3 times lower, and in particular, the financial penalties for speeding is about 5 to 7 times lower. In light of these results, it seems that the level of fines for violations of traffic laws in Korea needs to be reexamined. However, the low level of sanctions does not necessarily represent the need for strengthening regulations, so it is time for additional research and social discussion to establish appropriate measures to increase fines in the future.

The Model of Stock Pricing Banking Sector on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the Government of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Joko Widodo

Differences in macroeconomic conditions between the SBY and JKW government periods can significantly impact stock prices within the banking sector, especially when the economy experiences fluctuations, leading to increased stock price volatility. This research aims to assess the influence of various macroeconomic factors, including the Global index, macroeconomics, world oil prices, China index, Arab index, competitive resources, and inflation, on banking sector returns from October 2004 to October 2014. The analysis utilizes the arbitrage pricing theory, difference test, and mean absolute deviation. The study divides the analysis into high-return and low-return groups for each government period. Findings indicate that macroeconomic factors exert a simultaneous influence on return groups during both SBY and Jokowi's administrations. However, for JKW high returns, these factors do not significantly impact them. Specifically, the Global Index, China Index, Arab Index, Resource Competitiveness, and Inflation show a positive correlation with both high and low returns during SBY term. Conversely, during JKW tenure, only the Global Index and China Index exhibit positive effects on high and low returns. The difference test reveals disparities in the Arab index for high and low returns of SBY, while only the Global index displays differences for JKW. The variations in high returns between SBY and Jokowi stem from discrepancies in the Global and Arab indices, while no distinctions exist in low returns between the two administrations. Additionally, the mean absolute return values for high returns during JKW era demonstrate the smallest accuracy, indicating potential limitations in the predictive power of the model during this period.

Transaction cost effects on maize spatial price differences in Njombe market, Tanzania

Previous studies have demonstrated that tangible and intangible transaction costs influence spatial price differences. The difference between the prices at which producers sell their goods, and the prices at which consumers purchase them is exacerbated by transaction costs. This indicates that farmers receive a lower price from buyers, who then charge consumers a greater price at urban marketplaces. However, existing documentation provides limited information on the relationship between spatial price differences and their drivers. Most research focused primarily on the co-movement of prices and the co-integration test, with little attention paid to the effects of transaction costs on spatial price differences. Thus, the paucity of information in the literature motivated the undertaking of this specific study. Therefore, this study assessed the impact of transaction costs on spatial price differences of maize in the Njombe District of Tanzania. A semi-structured questionnaire was developed and employed to collect information from maize traders. Also, checklists were used to collect information from market leaders. Both descriptive and quantitative analyses were undertaken. In the descriptive analysis, means and percentages were generated. On the other hand, in the quantitative analyses, the Ravalion model which is based on the co-movement of prices, was modified to fit the study in question and estimated. The outputs generated from the modified model were used for inferences. The estimated model results showed that transaction costs (transportation costs, years of schooling, bribery, and the number of maize bags carried in one trip) have significant effects on spatial price differences. Moreover, market leaders revealed that because of the poor quality of the roads, individual farmers find it challenging to deliver their produce to the Njombe market. Consequently, they obtain a low price when they sell their produce at the farm level. The study recommends deliberate measures to reduce transaction costs, such as improving urban and rural infrastructure, simplifying bureaucratic procedures that provide room for corruption, and, finally, promoting large-scale production or collective actions to reduce transaction costs. Key words: Spatial price differences, transaction costs, markets, maize, farmers, traders

Exploring the sugar-sweetened beverage tax (SSBT) pass-through rate in the Irish hospitality sector

BackgroundThe World Health Organization (WHO) supports the use of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes (SSBTs) as a fiscal lever to help reduce sugar consumption and tackle obesity. Obesity is associated with a range of adverse health outcomes. In response to increasing levels of obesity in Ireland, an SSBT was introduced in 2018. Previous research in Ireland has noted that the pass-through rate of the SSBT in retail (off-site consumption) settings was poor. However, to date, no research has examined the SSBT pass-through rate in hospitality (on-site consumption) venues in Ireland.MethodsThis research examines the SSBT pass-through rate on Coca-Cola versus diet versions of Coca-Cola in a convenience sample of 100 hospitality venues in two provincial Irish cities.ResultsWilcoxon signed rank test analysis revealed that regular Coca-Cola was significantly more expensive compared to the price charged for diet versions of Coca-Cola. However, in 85.6% of cases the same price was charged for both full-sugar and sugar-free drinks. The mean pass-through rate of the SSBT was 33.8%.ConclusionThe effective functioning of the SSBT is premised on persistent price differences between soft drink prices based on sugar content. However, this is barely evident in the hospitality sector in Ireland. A number of recommendations are suggested, including both increasing the SSBT, and increasing it annually in line with inflation.

Regional price differences of medical services: evidence from China

BackgroundPrice levels of medical services may vary across regions with different income levels, which would raise concerns about the equal access to medical services. This study aimed to estimate the spatial price index of medical services to measure price levels across 31 provincial regions in China.MethodsPrice data were collected from medical service price schedule in each region. Two methods based on the Purchasing Power Parities were used to estimate the spatial price index and measure price differences across regions. The two-way fixed effects models were used to examine the association between medical service price levels and income levels, and further investigate the impacts of price differences on utilization of medical services and medical expenditure.ResultsThe consistent estimation results were given by two methods. Medical service price level in the highest-price region was found to be 74% higher than the lowest. There was a significant negative correlation between price levels and income levels, as well as price levels and the utilization of outpatient services. Moreover, we also found a 1% increase in medical service price level was significantly associated with a 0.34% and 0.24% increase in the medical service expense per outpatient visit and per inpatient respectively.ConclusionsRegions in China had significant gaps in medical service price levels. Policymakers should pay more attention to regional price differences and take great measures such as enhancing financial protection to ensure the equal access to medical services and better achieve the universal health coverage.

Cross-country price dispersion: Retail network or national border?

Why do prices differ among regions without significant trade frictions, such as the euro area? This study examines the impact of a national border on grocery prices in the economically and culturally integrated German–Austrian border region. Based on retail transactions from a large household panel, we analyse price differences of identical products sold within a narrow band along the border. We show that even retailers operating in both countries charge different prices for identical products on each side of the border. Over all products, prices are on average more than 14% higher on the Austrian side. The underlying absolute price differences average to around 20%, but vary over products and time, suggesting limits to arbitrage in cross-border shopping. This study demonstrates that even in highly integrated areas, national borders continue to matter for retail pricing.

Pengaruh Harga Dan Diferensiasi Produk Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Pada Rumah Makan Sagala Sunda

The aim of this research is to determine the partial and simultaneous influence of price and product differences on purchasing choices at the Sagala Sunda Restaurant. This research method uses quantitative, which is based on certain groups or samples based on the principles of positivism. The research population consisted of customers who ate at the Sagala Sunda Restaurant, resulting in a sample size of 150 people. Data examination includes instrument analysis to assess validity and reliability, classical assumption tests such as normality tests, heteroscedasticity tests, and multicollinearity tests, hypothesis tests such as t tests and F tests, multiple linear regression analysis, and calculating the coefficient of determination. The findings from this research show that price and product differentiation have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions at the Sagala Sunda Restaurant. In addition, it is shown that these two variables together contribute 78.5% of the impact on purchasing decisions.

The power of mineral: Shock of the global supply chain from resource nationalism

State intervention has long affected the stability of the global mineral and raw material markets. Global energy transition has continued to boost demand for copper, lithium, cobalt, and nickel. It has exacerbated the global prevalence of resource nationalism. Research on resource nationalism has focused on the interaction of economic, political, cultural, and social elements within countries. The lack of understanding of the global economic effects of resource nationalism limits our flexibility in responding to upheavals in the global resource order. We combine time series counterfactual analysis and input–output modeling to advance our understanding of the worldwide supply chain effects of resource nationalism. We analyze the impacts of resource political behavior on global supply chains based on several representative episodes of resource nationalism. While major industrialized countries suffer more absolute welfare losses, formerly developed countries in the Global South face higher price effects. Moreover, nationalist resource shocks are not the only cause of welfare losses in the metals supply chain sector. Still, they are also harming various industries and groups, from food and energy to services. Such differences in price and welfare effects depend on the type of mineral and the resource power of the event-initiating country, on the one hand, and are influenced by the global industrial division of labor, on the other. More losses in developing countries come from the agricultural sector and primary manufacturing than from the severity of the losses suffered by the manufacturing and service sectors in industrial and rich countries. This is a reminder to pay more attention to the unequal distribution of economic pressures across countries and sectors in the global energy transition.

Is there a gender gap in audit fees in Spain? Explaining the variables involved in audit fees

Purpose The main objective of this study is to analyse the impact of auditor gender on audit fees, with a view to establishing whether there are any differences in audit price depending on the gender of the auditor. Motivation The existence of a gender gap in audit fees is a problem. In order to try to reduce this gap, it is necessary to understand the determinants of audit fees according to gender. Design/Methodology/Approach The sample under analysis is made up of 3217 unlisted Spanish companies. In order to fulfil our aim, an audit fee model is put forward, applying a multiple linear regression analysis differentiated by auditor gender. Main findings The results point to an absence of any statistically significant association between audit fees and auditor gender. In contrast to other countries within the same context, Spanish female audit partners do not generate higher audit fees than their male counterparts; there is no female audit fee premium as there seems to be in other countries such as Belgium, France, Finland, China or the USA. Practical implications Differences were found among the factors which determine audit fees; there tend to be fewer factors considered in audits signed by female auditors, with indicators related to the economic and financial situation of the company under audit excluded from the fees model. These results could be justified by differences between male and female auditors with respect to audit planning and efficiency. Novelty/Contribution This paper is a contribution to the literature on gender in auditing, and offers up evidence on the impact of auditor gender on audit fees within a specific context that has not been studied in any depth, namely the Spanish auditing market for unlisted companies.

Studi Probabilitas Pemilihan Moda Transportasi Kereta Api Eksekutif Gajayana dan Kereta Api Eksekutif Jayabaya dengan Rute Jakarta-Malang

The train is a means of land transportation that continues to experience improvements in its services. Services and regulations change with the times, thus making PT. The Railways are making efforts to improve quality in terms of service, comfort and safety where all trains use AC facilities and eliminate all hawkers who sell on trains and at train stations in order to provide comfort to passengers. From these changes, each mode of transportation, especially the Gajayana Executive Train and the Jayabaya Executive Train, has different characteristics in terms of travel time and travel fare. Therefore, the aim of this research is to determine the probability of train selection based on the factors reviewed by distributing questionnaires and using the Stated Preference method to obtain primary data. The data obtained was then analyzed using Binomial Logit regression with Microsoft Excel software. From this research, significant results were obtained regarding the probability value of choosing a mode of transportation based on the difference in ticket prices of IDR. 40,000,- then the PKAG probability value is 0.226 and the PKAJ probability value is 0.774. So it can be concluded that respondents have more interest in the Jayabaya Executive Train because ticket prices are cheaper than the Gajayana Executive Train. Meanwhile, the probability value for choosing a mode of transportation is based on the travel time difference of -62 minutes, so the PKAG probability value is 0.904 and the PKAJ probability value is 0.096. So it can be concluded that respondents have more interest in the Gajayana Executive Train because the travel time is faster.

Premium pricing and capacity rationing for advance selling with consumers regret

Retailers of iconic products commonly implement premium advance selling, which typically triggers regret in consumers. A premium advance selling strategy is centered around differences in pricing and capacity rationing between two selling periods. We develop a decision-theoretic model to capture the key dynamics of a retailer and a unit mass of consumers. We analyze the retailer's decisions on premium pricing and capacity rationing both separately and jointly. We characterize the retailer's strategy equilibrium under certain market conditions and investigate the effect of consumers anticipated regret on the outcomes. Our findings highlight the importance of the relative strength of regret and the difference between premium and spot pricing when a retailer adopts premium advance selling. Our analysis further identifies the forces driving a retailer's use of disparate selling strategies. We contribute to the field by offering tangible insights into whether and how premium advance selling should be adopted to help retailers more proactively leverage or mitigate consumers' regret.

Multi-stage planning method for independent energy storage based on dynamic updating of key transmission sections

A multi-stage planning method for independent energy storage (IES) based on dynamically updating key transmission sections (KTS) is proposed to address issues such as uneven power flow distribution and transmission congestion resulting from the high penetration of renewable energy sources and load growth. First, an IES planning model considering KTS constraints is established by searching and updating the KTS and associated constraints. This model takes into account IES investment and operation costs, maintenance costs, revenue from spot price differences, and penalties for system congestion. Then, a multi-stage planning method for energy storage is proposed based on the dynamic updating of KTS and the annual planning results. To verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method, a case study simulation is conducted using the improved IEEE 39-bus New England standard system. The results demonstrate the ability of the method to achieve multi-stage rolling optimization of IES, providing a reference for future efforts toward multi-stage planning of IES.