Differences In Perceptions Of Parents Research Articles

가정 소근육운동 경험에 대한 부모인식이 유아의 소근육운동 빈도에 미치는 영향: 가정환경의 매개효과

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among parental perception of home-based fine motor experiences in early childhood, home environment, and frequency of fine motor activities, and to investigate a mediating role of home environment in the process of parental perception influencing early childhood's frequency of fine motor activities. The data from 214 five-year-old children and their parents from six early childhood education centers in Gyeonggi province were collected and analyzed. The data were processed using IBM SPSS Statistics 23 and analyzed with descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, and bootstrapping analysis. The major findings were as follows: First, gender differences in parental perception, home environment, and frequency of fine motor activities existed in that values across all three variables were higher for girls than for boys. Second, parental perception, home environment and frequency of fine motor activities were positively correlated. Third, partial mediating effects of home environment on the relation between parental perception and the frequency of fine motor activities were found. These findings show an existence of gender differences in early childhood’s fine motor activities. This research also affirms the significance of increasing the frequency of fine motor activities by enhancing parental perceptions for balanced motor development of boys and girls, and establishing a home environment conducive to fine motor activities at any time and in any location.

Parent-reported health-related quality of life in pediatric childhood cancer survivors and factors associated with poor health-related quality of life in aftercare

PurposeDespite advances in cancer treatment, there is a prevalence of pediatric childhood cancer survivors still at risk of developing adverse disease and treatment outcomes, even after the end of treatment. The present study aimed to (1) explore how mothers and fathers assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of their surviving child and (2) evaluate risk factors for poor parent-reported HRQoL in childhood cancer survivors about 2.5 years after diagnosis.MethodsWe assessed parent-reported HRQoL of 305 child and adolescent survivors < 18 years diagnosed with leukemia or tumors of central nervous system (CNS) with the KINDL-R questionnaire in a prospective observational study with a longitudinal mixed-methods design.ResultsIn agreement with our hypotheses, our results show that fathers rate their children’s HRQoL total score as well as the condition-specific domains family (p = .013, d = 0.3), friends (p = .027, d = 0.27), and disease (p = .035, d = 0.26) higher than mothers about 2.5 years after diagnosis. Taking variance of inter-individual differences due to family affiliation into account, the mixed model regression revealed significant associations between the diagnosis of CNS tumors (p = .018, 95% CI [− 7.78, − 0.75]), an older age at diagnosis, (p = .011, 95% CI [− 0.96, − 0.12]), and non-participation in rehabilitation (p = .013, 95% CI [− 10.85, − 1.28]) with poor HRQoL in children more than 2 years after being diagnosed with cancer.ConclusionBased on the results, it is necessary for health care professionals to consider the differences in parental perceptions regarding children’s aftercare after surviving childhood cancer. High risk patients for poor HRQoL should be detected early, and families should be offered support post-cancer diagnosis to protect survivors’ HRQoL during aftercare. Further research should focus on characteristics of pediatric childhood cancer survivors and families with low participation in rehabilitation programs.

아동주거빈곤가구의 주거환경특성과 가족관계: 보호자와 아동의 인식차이를 중심으로

This study was undertaken to understand the impact of residential environments and family relationships of low-income families with children living in poor housing. We further examined the differences in perceptions of parents and children. A survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire for 73 households having children aged 9 to 18 years and their parents. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 21.0 program. We found that the internal environments of low-income households with children were smaller in multi-person households. The perceptions of children regarding their internal environment were below average when considering their interactivity and expression ability. When considering the structural, performance, and environmental characteristics, both parents and children perceived the soundproofing of their house as the most negative characteristic. The characteristics of the external environment of low-income households showed similar results due to low satisfaction with respect to the accessibility, noise level, and crime prevention efforts in the leisure facilities for children and adults. Analysis of family relationships revealed that parents perceived family bonds to be somewhat high, while children perceived family interaction levels to be low. Furthermore, parents thought that they had open communication with their children, but children perceived they had problems communicating with their parents. We propose specific implications to improve the community environment and establish policies so that the basic human rights of children can be guaranteed.

Intranasal Fentanyl to Reduce Pain and Improve Oral Intake in the Management of Children With Painful Infectious Mouth Lesions.

Painful infectious mouth conditions such as herpangina, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and herpetic gingivostomatitis can cause pain, dehydration, and hospitalization in young children. Treatment for these conditions is generally supportive and directed toward pain relief from ulcerative lesions, thus facilitating oral intake, and preventing dehydration. Attempts at oral therapy at home and in the emergency department are often refused and immediately spit back out. This study evaluated the efficacy of intranasal fentanyl (INF) compared with a commonly used oral (PO) acetaminophen/hydrocodone formulation for the treatment of children with painful infectious mouth conditions. This study was a prospective, nonblinded, randomized controlled noninferiority trial conducted in an academic tertiary care pediatric emergency department. The study enrolled children between the ages of 6 months and 18 years with painful infectious mouth lesions and poor oral intake. Patients were randomized to receive either INF (1.5 μg/kg, intervention) or PO acetaminophen/hydrocodone (0.15 mg/kg, control) based on the dose of hydrocodone. The primary outcome was volume of fluid intake per body weight (in milliliters per kilogram) 60 minutes after analgesic administration. Secondary outcomes included pain scores using a validated visual assessment scale (VAS; 1, no pain; 10, worst pain), hydration score (VAS; 1, well hydrated; 4, very dehydrated), admission rate and overall satisfaction score (VAS; 1, worst; 7, best). A priori power analysis indicated that 34 patients would achieve an 81% power with an α value of 0.05. Of the 34 patients enrolled, 17 were randomized to INF and 17 to PO. The demographics between both groups were similar in age, weight, sex, and race. There were no significant differences in parental perception of pain ( P = 0.69) or hydration status ( P = 0.78). Oral fluid intake at 60 minutes was 20 mL/kg for INF versus 18 mL/kg for PO ( P = 0.53). Pain scores at 15 and 30 minutes were 1.7 versus 2.9 ( P = 0.09) and 0.6 versus 1.6 ( P = 0.59). Parental perceptions of pain and hydration status at 60 minutes were 2.2 versus 2.4 ( P = 0.77) and 1.7 versus 1.5 ( P = 0.37). Overall parental satisfaction was 6.4 for INF versus 6.5 for PO ( P = 0.71), and admission rate was 0 vs 12% ( P = 0.49). There were no adverse events such as respiratory, cardiac, or central nervous system depression in either group. Intranasal fentanyl seems to be a safe and effective alternative to acetaminophen with hydrocodone in reducing pain and improving hydration status in children with painful infectious mouth lesions and poor oral intake.

Persepsi Orang Tua terhadap Pemberian Tugas berbasis Pembelajaran Daring bagi Anak Kelompok B di TK Kecamatan Srono Banyuwangi

The purpose of this study was to determine the parents' perception of the assignment based on online learning. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is felt by various fields, including the field of education. The implementation of online-based learning in giving assignments for early childhood has its own challenges and still requires online assistance and support from parents. This research is quantitative research. The sample in this study were group B children who were attending Khadijah 58 Kindergarten, amounting to 51 people. The results obtained in this study indicate that the parent's perception of the assignment based on online learning with a p-value &lt; 0.005. The conclusion of this study is that there are significant differences in parental perceptions of the assignment of online learning-based tasks.

DOES GEOGRAPHICAL REGION IMPACT PARENTS’ PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS YOUTH SPORT SPECIALIZATION?

Background:Two billion U.S. healthcare dollars are spent on youth sports injuries each year. This staggering figure is projected to increase as athletes are sustaining more sport-related injuries and are specializing in a single sport at younger ages than ever before. Sport specialization is a modifiable injury risk factor unique to youth athlete populations. Parents are a group of key stakeholders whose knowledge and beliefs likely impact youth sport participation, however a paucity of research exists in this area.Purpose:To assess the differences in perceptions of parents on youth sport participation and specialization based on geographical region.Methods:Parents of children, ages 8-18 years, who participate in organized sports were surveyed for this study. Electronic surveys with a total of 40 questions were circulated via team/organization mailing lists and social media. Geographic regions were described as either South or North based on divisions from the U.S. Census Bureau. Sport specialization was defined as an athlete meeting >2 of the following 3 criteria: participates in one sport to the exclusion of other sports, participates in sport-specific lessons, participates on >2 teams in a single sport. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analyses were used to compare perceptions of parents with specialized and non-specialized athletes across different geographical regions.Results:Three-hundred and seventy-one responses were collected (South=204, North=167). Parents from the South reported a higher number of specialized athletes as compared to parents from the North (54% vs 38%; P=0.003). Regardless of geographical region, most parents did not think specialization had a positive impact on a youth athlete’s development (P=0.307) or their future in that sport (P=0.086) (Figures 1 & 2). Parents from the South did select ‘Potential to earn a college scholarship’ as a motivator for youth sport specialization more often when compared to parents from the North (30% vs 17%; P=0.002).Conclusion:Regional differences exist in the percentage of specialized youth athletes participating in organized sport. Parental knowledge of the risks and benefits of youth sport specialization does not appear to drive these observed differences. Earning a college scholarship was selected more frequently as a reason for specialization in the South, indicating that societal or socioeconomic factors may be present. Further research is needed to determine the underlying factors driving youth sport specialization in the U.S.Figures:Figure 1.Figure 2.

Parental evaluation of behavioral problems in children with developmental language disorder

Parental evaluation of behavioral problems in children with developmental language disorder Abstract. Objective: Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) often suffer from problems in everyday communication and react with social withdrawal or oppositional behavior. In light of the lack of studies in preschool children regarding this topic, the present study analyzes the occurrence of behavioral problems in children with DLD aged 4;0 to 5;11 years. Furthermore, we assessed differences in parental perception regarding their child's behavior. Methods: This monolingual, Caucasian study sample consisted of 30 children with DLD and 40 healthy controls. The groups were matched for nonverbal IQ and socioeconomic status. All children were examined for their language proficiency level. The Child Behavior Checklist was used to detect behavioral problems. Results: The study revealed significant differences between children with DLD and the control group on several syndrome scales including the total problem scale. Children with DLD always showed more severe symptoms and also reached T-scores in clinical range (≥64) significantly more often. The parental perception did not differ. Conclusions: The results indicate the presence of behavioral problems in children with DLD already in preschool age. In particular, we found social problems, attention problems, and internalizing disorders.

Differences in parental perceptions of walking and cycling to high school according to distance

BackgroundParental perceptions towards different modes of transport correlate with adolescents’ mode choice for school trips. Whether parental attitudes differ for walking versus cycling and/or home-to-school distance is unknown. We compared parental perceptions of walking versus cycling to school in adolescents in Dunedin, New Zealand and examined whether mode-specific barriers differ by distance to school. MethodsParents (n = 341; age: 47.5 ± 5.2 years; 77.1% females) completed a survey about their adolescent’s (age: 13–18 years; 48.1% boys) school travel and their own perceptions of walking/cycling to school. Participants were categorised into three groups according to distance to school as ‘walkable’ (≤2.25 km), ‘cyclable’ (>2.25–≤4.0 km) and ‘beyond cyclable’ (>4.0 km). ResultsCommon modes of transport to school differed significantly across the ‘walkable’/’cyclable’/’beyond cyclable’ categories (car passenger: 25.7%/40.5%/60.6%; public/school bus: 5.5%/15.4%/28.4%; walking: 66.2%/28.2%/1.2%; cycling: 0.0%/7.7%/0.5%; all p < 0.001). Compared to walking, parents perceived cycling to school to be less important (walking/cycling: 87.5%/62.5%), with less social support from parents (46.2%/17.1%), peers (20.6%/4.8%) and school (24.5%/12.4%), less interest from adolescents (48.5%/31.9%), fewer cycle paths (26.5%) versus footpaths (65.0%) and more safety concerns (35.0%/64.6%; all p < 0.001). As distance to school increased, parents’ social support decreased whereas personal, environmental and safety-related barriers increased for both modes, with less consistent findings for cycling. Overall, 68.2% of parents expected to participate in adolescents’ walking/cycling to school decision-making. ConclusionsParents favoured walking compared to cycling to school with parental attitudes for both modes changing with increasing distance to school. The findings illustrate the importance of addressing parental concerns, considering the specificity of walking and cycling and taking into account distance to school in active transport to school initiatives.

Video games, parental mediation and gender socialization

The study examines the parental perception of the use of video games by their preadolescent children, as well as parental beliefs, mediation practices and difficulties they encounter. In total, 186 parents have participated. The results, gathered in the quantitative and qualitative phase, reveal differences in parental perception according to the age and sex of their children; parents have more negative than positive beliefs about video games and use more strategies based on control than on support and communication. In parents’ opinion, the difficulties for mediation are related to the precocity to which they access the media and Internet, social pressure, uncontrollability and the digital divide. The paper concludes with implications for the educational intervention aimed to respond to parents’ concerns and needs for information and training.

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Guru Dari Kriminalisasi

This study focused on how legal protection for teachers from criminalization. This study aims to determine the problem of criminalization of teachers which is still a problem in society. This type of research is normative juridical research. The research was conducted qualitatively based on library research. The results of the study indicate that legal protection of teachers from criminalization in a positive legal perspective has been realized with the existence of several rules that can be a legal umbrella for the teaching profession in carrying out their duties and obligations as educators. Criminalization of teachers in Indonesia occurs because of differences in perceptions of parents and the school, especially teachers as educators. Penalties that provide deterrent effects such as pinching, tweaking and other disciplinary actions are considered human rights violations based on the child protection law according to the perceptions of parents. While the teacher still considers the sanctions to be included in the education category. Criminalization of teachers raises an attitude of lack of confidence in teachers in educating so that in carrying out their duties the teacher is only a teacher not as an educator.Keywords: teacher; criminalization; protection.

Flourishing in children with autism spectrum disorders.

Flourishing is an indicator of positive mental health and is important for children's development and well-being. We used variables from the National Survey of Children's Health 2016 as indicators of flourishing (difficulty making friends, is bullied, bullies others, shares ideas with family, argues, finishes tasks, does all homework, shows curiosity, stays calm, and cares about doing well in school) to compare differences in parent perceptions of their children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We anticipate that these findings will help identify intervention targets to support the well-being of individuals with ASD. Children between 6 and 17 years of age, without intellectual disability, brain injury, cerebral palsy, or Down syndrome were included. Total participants were 34,171 controls (male/female = 17,116/17,155) and 812 with ASD (male/female = 668/144). Factor analysis resulted in three-factor structures (social competence, behavioral control, and school motivation) with good model fit (root mean square error of approximation = 0.08, comparative fit index = 0.92, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.89). The multivariate regression model and propensity score with inverse probability of treatment weighting (PS-IPTW) method revealed that children with ASD had lower scores in the social competence and behavioral control factors compared to the control group (all P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were found in the school motivation factor between the two groups (P > 0.05) in both multivariate regression model and PS-IPTW method. Findings suggest that social competence and behavioral control are indicators of flourishing and are important intervention targets to increase flourishing among children with ASD. Autism Res 2019, 12: 952-966. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Flourishing is an indicator of positive mental health and is important for children's development and well-being. We used variables from The National Survey of Children's Health 2016 to examine differences in parent perceptions of the indicators of flourishing (difficulty making friends, is bullied, bullies others, shares ideas with family, argues, finishes tasks, does all homework, shows curiosity, stays calm, and cares about doing well in school) between children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We anticipate that this information will help to identify therapeutic targets to support the well-being of individuals with ASD. Children between 6 and 17 years old, without intellectual disability (ID), brain injury (BI), cerebral palsy (CP), or Down syndrome (DS) were included. From the total (N = 50,212), we excluded children under age 6 (n = 14,494), those who once, but do not currently have ASD (n = 81), and those with ID (n = 432), BI (n = 170), CP (n = 35), and DS (n = 17), resulting in 34,983 records used. Total participants, age 6-17 years, were 34,171 controls (male/female = 17,116/17,155) and 812 with ASD (male/female = 668/144). Factor analysis resulted in the identification of three flourishing categories among the indicator variables (social competence, behavioral control, and school motivation). Children with ASD had lower scores in the social competence and behavioral control factors compared to the control group. However, there were no significant differences in the school motivation factor between the two groups. Findings suggest that social competence and behavioral control are indicators of flourishing and are important intervention targets to increase flourishing among children with ASD.

Do different factors influence whether girls versus boys meet ADHD diagnostic criteria? Sex differences among children with high ADHD symptoms

We investigate if different factors influence whether girls versus boys meet diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) among children with high ADHD symptoms. Participants were 283 children aged 7–12 from a population-based study. Girls and boys meeting diagnostic criteria for ADHD, based on an objective investigator-based interview, were compared to children who did not meet criteria despite high symptoms on a rating-scale measure of ADHD. We assessed factors that could differentially relate to diagnosis across girls and boys including ADHD symptoms, co-occurring behavioural/emotional problems and impairment, and sex-effects in rater perceptions of ADHD symptoms. While overall similar factors distinguished girls and boys who met diagnostic criteria from high-symptom peers, effect sizes were larger in girls. Emotional problems were particularly salient to distinguishing diagnosed versus high-symptom girls but not boys. Parents rated boys meeting diagnostic criteria as more impaired than high-symptom boys but did not do so for girls, and under-rated diagnosed girls’ hyperactive/impulsive symptoms compared to more objective interview assessment, with the opposite observed in boys. Results suggest girls’ ADHD may need to be made more prominent by additional behavioural/emotional problems for them to meet full diagnostic criteria and that sex differences in parental perceptions of ADHD behaviours and impairment exist.

The facilitators and barriers encountered by South African parents regarding sensory integration occupational therapy

Differences in parent perceptions regarding occupational therapy using a sensory integration approach to treatment have been noted. The various factors that may influence these perceptions, and how the perceptions may ultimately influence the outcome of the intervention for the child and family were questioned. A phenomenological study revealed a progression that all parents perceived and experienced as the "before", "input" and "after" phases of when their child received occupational therapy/sensory integration (OT/SI). This article focuses specifically on the "input" phase of OT/SI intervention. METHOD: Participants in this study were nine parents of children with difficulties processing and integrating sensory information, who live in the Western Cape, South Africa. Using a qualitative, phenomenological approach, data were collected during face-to-face interviews, participant observation and researcher's field notes FINDINGS: The main theme related to this phase of analysis was "Just suddenly everything made so much sense". For most participants, this phase brought to light a better understanding of sensory integration disorder (SID), also known as Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) and OT/SI. Data analysis identified two subthemes that catalysed expansion in most participants' understanding, which were the role of the occupational therapist, and the OT/SI intervention process. Within these subthemes, the facilitating factors and barriers of OT/ SI intervention emerged CONCLUSION: Insight gained from the participants' recommendations and interpretation of findings allowed recommendations to be made within the OT/SI intervention received, in an attempt to overcome the barriers and promote the facilitators that will make a difference to OT/SI in South Africa Key words: Sensory integration; sensory integration disorder (SID); sensory processing disorder (SPD); parent(s) perceptions; facilitators; barriers

The Impact of Ethnic and Cultural Differences on Parental Satisfaction in the PICU.

This study examined satisfaction of parents whose children were admitted to the PICU to identify priority areas for improvement. We hypothesized that differences exist in satisfaction of parents of different ethnicities. Prospective observational study. PICU in a tertiary care pediatric hospital. All English-literate parents whose child was admitted to our PICU between February 2014 and February 2015 were eligible after informed consent was obtained. Parents included in this study in previous admission(s) were excluded. Nil. We adapted Empowerment of Parent in the Intensive Care Questionnaire, a validated questionnaire survey specific for measuring parental satisfaction in PICUs. This adapted survey consisted of 31 questions (based on a scale of 1-6) examining five domains as follows: information giving, care and cure, parental participation, organization, and professional attitude. Reliability of Empowerment of Parent in the Intensive Care Questionnaire in our population was analyzed using Cronbach's alpha. We used ordinal logistic regression, controlling for socioeconomic status and educational level, to examine differences in parental perceptions of various ethnicities. We obtained a total of 206 responses (36.5%) from 543 admissions. There were 116 (56%) emergency and 90 (44%) elective admissions. The proportion of respondents were Chinese (126 [61%]), Malay (32 [16%]), Indian (23 [11%]), and "Others" (25 [12%]). Cronbach's alpha for domains of information giving (α = 0.80), care and cure (α = 0.93), parental participation (α = 0.84), organization (α = 0.79), and professional attitude (α = 0.88) were good. In all five domains, our median PICU scores were 6 (interquartile range, 5-6). Compared to other ethnic groups, Malay parents did perceive that domains of "care and cure," "parental participation," and "professional attitude" were less satisfactory. Significant differences were found in satisfaction ratings between parents of different ethnicities. Further studies are needed to explore and determine reasons for these differences.

Racial differences in parental perceptions of the neighborhood as predictors of children's physical activity and sedentary behavior

ObjectiveMost U.S. children engage in insufficient physical activity (PA) and spend too much time in sedentary behaviors (SBs), leading to increased risk of obesity and chronic disease. Evidence remains inconsistent on relationships between parental perceptions of the neighborhood and children's PA and SB. This study examines parental neighborhood perceptions, stratified by race, as predictors of children's PA and SB. MethodsRelationships were tested with regressions stratified by parental race. The sample included 196 parents, residing in St. Louis, Missouri with a child at home. Participants responded to a mailed survey in 2012. Parental neighborhood perceptions were examined by mean composite scores and individual items. ResultsFor parents of all races, perceived barriers negatively predicted the number of days in a week children engaged in ≥60min of PA. Examining parental neighborhood perceptions by individual item, the perception that drivers exceed neighborhood speed limits was a positive predictor of their children's SB only among white parents. Only among minority-race parents was perceived neighborhood crime rate a positive predictor of their children's SB. ConclusionsWhile predictors of children's PA did not differ widely, several distinct predictors of children's SB by parental race lend support toward further examination of this topic.

Novel Immunization Reminder/Recall Approaches: Rural and Urban Differences in Parent Perceptions

ObjectiveTo assess the following among parents of young children: 1) preferences about the source of immunization reminder/recall (R/R) messages, 2) the degree of acceptability of different R/R modalities, and 3) factors that influence preferences, including rural and urban characteristics. MethodsWe conducted a survey among parents of children 19 to 35 months old who needed ≥1 immunization according to the Colorado Immunization Information System (CIIS). Equal numbers of urban and rural respondents were randomly selected. Up to 4 surveys were mailed to each parent who had a valid address. ResultsAfter removing invalid addresses, the response rate was 55% (334 of 607). Half of parents (49.7%) had no preference about whether the public health department or their child's doctor sent reminders. Urban parents were more likely to prefer R/R come from their child's doctor (46.7%) compared to rural parents (33.7%), P = .003. Mail was the preferred R/R method (57.7%), then telephone (17.0%), e-mail (12.7%), and text message (10.7%). Although not preferred, 60.1% reported it would be acceptable to receive R/R by e-mail and 46.2% by text message. Factors associated with preferring to receive R/R from their child's doctor were urban residence and educational level of college graduate or greater. ConclusionsA large portion of parents are willing to be reminded about vaccinations by their health department rather than their child's provider and via novel modalities, such as e-mail or text messaging. Urbanicity and higher educational level were associated with preferring that R/R come from a provider.

Children with disability and complex health needs: the impact on family life

To identify consistency and differences in parental perceptions of impact, need for support and 'sense making' in children with a disability, children with a life-threatening or life-limiting illness and children who are technology dependent. A series of in-depth semi-structured interviews were undertaken with parents from 33 families that included one or more child with disabilities. The data arising from these interviews were subjected to a systematic comparative analysis based on three discrete subgroups of children: those with a disability, those with a life-limiting or life-threatening illness, and those with a technology dependence. There were major areas of consistency in parental experience of impact as related in three categories that emerged from the data: time, multiple roles and the disabled family. There are many effects of childhood disability on the family. In large part, the effects cannot simply be defined or described in the context of a particular 'medical' diagnosis or prognosis. Many elements of impact do not appear to be related to whether or not a child has a life-threatening or life-limiting illness or by whether or not a child is dependent on specific medical devices or ongoing nursing care.

Ethnic differences in parental attitudes and beliefs about being overweight in childhood

Objective: This study examined the relationship between ethnic background and parental views of healthy body size, concerns surrounding overweight and attitudes to perceived causes of overweight in childhood. Method: A self-report questionnaire was designed to explore parental attitudes towards childhood weight. Sampling deliberately over-represented the views of parents from minority ethnic groups. Eight-hundred-and-eight parents of school-aged children completed the questionnaire. Parental data from Asian British, Black African, Black Somali, Chinese, South Asian, White British and Yemeni groups were included in the analysis. Results: Data showed that ethnic background was significantly associated with parental beliefs that overweight children will grow out of being overweight (X2[12, n = 773] = 59.25, p &lt; 0.001) and that overweight children can still be healthy (X2[12, n = 780] = 25.17, p &lt; 0.05). In both cases, agreement with the statements was highest among Black Somali parents. While the majority of parents believed that both dietary behaviours and physical activity played a role in the development of overweight in childhood, Yemeni parents were more likely to attribute overweight in childhood to dietary but not physical activity causes. Conclusion: Ethnic differences in parental perceptions of weight in childhood must be considered in the design of, and recruitment to, childhood obesity interventions aimed at minority ethnic groups.

Differences in perceptions of early childhood oral health‐related quality of life between fathers and mothers in Saudi Arabia

The aim of this study was to use an Arabic version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) in a pilot study, to evaluate differences in parental perception of the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of their children below 71 months of age and assess their suitability as proxy assessors. A translated version of the ECOHIS was administered to the parents (both fathers and mothers) of 97 children aged between 2 and 6 years. The overall ECOHIS scores and the mean number of 'don't know' responses between parents were compared using a paired t-test. The correlation of the ECOHIS scores to the dft was compared using a linear regression model. The reliability of the parents' responses was compared using the Cronbach's alpha and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale responses and their relation to the dft of the child seem to suggest that fathers have significantly less accurate knowledge of the OHRQoL of their children than mothers. The concern showed by Saudi fathers does not correlate to the oral status of their child. Saudi fathers may not be apt as proxies to assess the OHRQoL of their children.

Ethnic Differences in Parental Perceptions and Management of Childhood Fever

In this cross-sectional study, the authors surveyed a convenience sample of 487 parents with children enrolled in two urban hospital-based clinics in Baltimore, MD regarding their perceptions and management of fever. The authors were specifically interested in parents' definition of fever, level of concern, and management of fever. Only 44% of parents identified fever temperature as 38–41.67°C (100.4–107°F); 67% of parents treated fevers < 38°C (100.4°F). Eighty-five percent of parents would awaken a child to treat a fever, and 68% of parents were very worried about fevers.