Mass Difference Research Articles

Searching for Sulfotyrosines (sY) in a HA(pY)STACK.

Protein sulfation can be crucial in regulating protein-protein interactions but remains largely underexplored. Sulfation is nearly isobaric to phosphorylation, making it particularly challenging to investigate using mass spectrometry. The degree to which tyrosine sulfation (sY) is misidentified as phosphorylation (pY) is, thus, an unresolved concern. This study explores the extent of sY misidentification within the human phosphoproteome by distinguishing between sulfation and phosphorylation based on their mass difference. Using Gaussian mixture models (GMMs), we screened ∼45 M peptide-spectrum matches (PSMs) from the PeptideAtlas human phosphoproteome build for peptidoforms with mass error shifts indicative of sulfation. This analysis pinpointed 104 candidate sulfated peptidoforms, backed up by Gene Ontology (GO) terms and custom terms linked to sulfation. False positive filtering by manual annotation resulted in 31 convincing peptidoforms spanning 7 known and 7 novel sY sites. Y47 in calumenin was particularly intriguing since mass error shifts, acidic motif conservation, and MS2 neutral loss patterns characteristic of sulfation provided strong evidence that this site is sulfated rather than phosphorylated. Overall, although misidentification of sulfation in phosphoproteomics data sets derived from cell and tissue intracellular extracts can occur, it appears relatively rare and should not be considered a substantive confounding factor in high-quality phosphoproteomics data sets.

The interplay between individual capacities and pair performance according to the experience in Acrobatic Gymnastics

ABSTRACT The interplay between individual capacities and group performance provides insights for different tasks and contexts. So far, little is known about the individual capacities of base and top gymnasts and mechanical efficiency during pair tasks of Acrobatic Gymnastics. This work aims to investigate: (1) the effect of the pair experience in the mechanical efficiency during a pair task; (2) the effect of the individual training experience in the gymnasts’ individual capacities, and (3) the contribution of individual capacities and pair mechanical efficiency to the performance of a partner-assisted flight task. Twelve pairs from national first division and elite levels performed a pair task and individual tests and were divided into pair and individual experience levels. Results showed that experience improves the pair task efficiency and individual performances, with distinct implications for each role. Mechanical efficiency is crucial for partner-assisted flight, but the individual capacities of base and top gymnasts also have an important contribution, followed by mass differences, and the pair experience. Coaches should focus on understanding how different experienced gymnasts can combine their capacities to collaborate efficiently. Also, considering the predictable increase in top gymnast’s mass over time, to improve technical efficiency and individual physical condition.

Chemical Informatics Combined with Kendrick Mass Analysis to Enhance Annotation and Identify Pathways in Soybean Metabolomics

Background: Among abiotic stresses to agricultural crops, drought stress is the most prolific and has worldwide detrimental impacts. The soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important sources of nutrition to both livestock and humans. Different plant introductions (PI) of soybeans have been identified to have different drought tolerance levels. Objectives: Here, two soybean lines, Pana (drought sensitive) and PI 567731 (drought tolerant) were selected to identify chemical compounds and pathways which could be targets for metabolomic analysis induced by abiotic stress. Methods: Extracts from the two lines are analyzed by direct infusion electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The high mass resolution and accuracy of the method allows for identification of ions from hundreds of different compounds in each cultivar. The exact m/z of these species were filtered through SoyCyc and the Human Metabolome Database to identify possible molecular formulas of the ions. Next, the exact m/z values were converted into Kendrick masses and their Kendrick mass defects (KMD) computed, which were then sorted from high to low KMD. This latter process assists in identifying many additional molecular formulas, and is noted to be particularly useful in identifying formulas whose mass difference corresponds to two hydrogen atoms. Results: In this study, more than 460 ionic formulas were identified in Pana, and more than 340 ionic formulas were identified in PI 567731, with many of these formulas reported from soybean for the first time. Conclusions: Using the SoyCyc matches, the metabolic pathways from each cultivar were compared, providing lists of molecular targets available to profile effects of abiotic stress on these soybean cultivars. Key metabolites include chlorophylls, pheophytins, mono- and diacylglycerols, cycloeucalenone, squalene, and plastoquinones and involve pathways which include the anabolism and catabolism of chlorophyll, glycolipid desaturation, and biosynthesis of phytosterols, plant sterols, and carotenoids.

Anthropometric but not motor characteristics of young volleyball players were improved after a one-week-long intense training sports camp

This study aimed to examine potential changes in the anthropometric and motor characteristics of volleyball players aged 17.98 ± 0.51 years after participation in a week-long sports camp. Potential changes in anthropometric characteristics were determined by bioelectrical impedance, and the players’ motor characteristics were assessed in a reaction time test, grip strength test, 5 × 20 s interval test on a rowing ergometer, and vertical, approach and standing long jump tests. A decrease was observed in body fat mass (difference (Δ) of 1.0 kg, p = 0.015), percent body fat (Δ of 1.16%, p = 0.008), and the waist-to-hip ratio (Δ of 0.02, p = 0.001). An increase was noted in total body water (Δ of 1.0 L, p = 0.002), proteins (Δ of 0.33 kg, p = 0.001), minerals (Δ of 0.12 kg, p = 0.003), fat-free mass (Δ of 1.46 kg, p = 0.001), and skeletal muscle mass (Δ of 0.9 kg, p = 0.001). In the group of motor abilities, a significant increase was observed only in the grip strength of the left hand. In conclusion, week-long sport camps can significantly affect the body composition characteristics of young volleyball players, but they do not induce significant changes in motor abilities.

Unveiling molecular DOM reactomics and transformation coupled with multifunctional nanocomposites under anaerobic conditions: Tracking potential metabolomics and pathways.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) offers great potential for pollutant removal and bioenergy recovery. However, it faces challenges when using livestock manure (LSM) as a feedstock given its high content of refractory materials (e.g., lignocellulose, long-chain carbohydrates, lipids, and crude protein). This would significantly inhibit AD-microbial activities, reduce organic transformation efficiency and limit gas production. To overcome this, multifunctional metal-doped hydrochars (HCs) were introduced here as AD supplements/accelerators, given that LSM degradation under AD results in complex dissolved organic matter (DOM). To assess this, the current study investigates the molecular interactions/transformations within DOM during LSM-AD coupled with metal-doped HCs, via batch-mode experiments. Expansive data mining techniques were employed to analyze DOM using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Substantial increments in peptide-like along with decrements in highly unsaturated-like molecules were observed in HC@MnCl2 containing-system. This indicates an increased capability for substrate hydrolysis and potential utilization of soluble microbial products (SMPs) (i.e., highly unsaturated-like molecules), leading to enhanced methane recovery (223.23 mL/g-VSadded, 1.77 times more than the control). However, accumulation of DOM-highly unsaturated molecules (i.e., a lack of SMPs' degradation) accompanied with low methane production (39.68 mL/g-VSadded) was noticed for HC@NiFe2O4. DOM reactivity during LSM-AD was validated via paired mass difference molecular network, indicating predominance of CHO and N-containing groups' transformations for HC@MnCl2 and HC@NiFe2O4, respectively. Potential metabolites and abundant pathways were verified via KEGG database. This study improves our understanding of LSM-AD-DOM complex transformation matrix, the fate of bioavailable/recalcitrant compounds, and identification of potential DOM regulators from thousands of molecules.

Mass spectra of doubly charmed tetraquarks Tcc

Motivated by the first observation, to the best of our knowledge, of a doubly charmed tetraquark candidate Tcc(3875)+, we perform a systematic calculation of the masses of some constituent diquarks and the doubly charmed tetraquark states from 1S to 2P excitations in a nonrelativistic constituent quark potential model. First, the mass of the charmed spin-1 diquark is predicted with ∼3500 MeV, and the masses of the light “good” (spin-0 and isospin-0) and “bad” (spin-1 and isospin-1) antidiquark are predicted with ∼670 MeV and ∼840 MeV, respectively. The mass difference between a light good and a light bad diquark is ∼170 MeV, which is consistent with previous phenomenological analyses. The interaction between the charmed diquark and the light antidiquark is then modulated by the quark-antiquark potential in the model, and the mass spectra of doubly charmed tetraquarks from 1S to 2P excitations are calculated with the obtained masses of diquarks/antidiquarks and refitted parameters from Tcc(3875)+ and X(3872). The pattern of the mass spectra of doubly charmed tetraquarks is obtained explicitly. The 1S−1P and 1S−2S mass splittings of doubly charmed tetraquarks are about 410–430 MeV and 610–650 MeV, respectively, and this mass splittings pattern is similar to that for ordinary D mesons. The mass splittings of doubly charmed tetraquarks with a good diquark is about 10–25 MeV higher than the corresponding mass splittings of doubly charmed tetraquarks with a bad diquark from 1S to 2P excitations. When Tcc(3875)+ is assumed as a IJP=01+ ground doubly charmed tetraquark with a light good antidiquark, the next P-wave excited doubly charmed tetraquarks are predicted to have masses with an average 420–430 MeV higher. A IJP=10+ ground doubly charmed tetraquark Tcc(3834) located around 3834 MeV is also expected. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Implications of Pyrolytic Gas Dynamic Evolution on Dissolved Black Carbon Formed During Production of Biochar from Nitrogen-Rich Feedstock.

Gases and dissolved black carbon (DBC) formed during pyrolysis of nitrogen-rich feedstock would affect atmospheric and aquatic environments. Yet, the mechanisms driving biomass gas evolution and DBC formation are poorly understood. Using thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy, we correlated the temperature-dependent primary noncondensable gas release sequence (H2O → CO2 → HCN, NH3 → CH4 → CO) with specific defunctionalization stages in the order: dehydration, decarboxylation, denitrogenation, demethylation, and decarbonylation. Our results revealed that proteins in feedstock mainly contributed to gas releases, and low-volatile pyrolytic products contributed to DBC. Combining mass difference analysis with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, we showed that 44-60% of DBC molecular compositions were correlated with primary gas-releasing reactions. Dehydration (-H2O), with lower reaction energy barrier, contributed to DBC formation most at 350 and 450 °C, whereas decarboxylation (-CO2) and deamidization (-HCNO) prevailed in contributing to DBC formation at 550 °C. The aromaticity changes of DBC products formed via gas emissions were deduced. Compared to their precursors, dehydration increased DBC aromaticity, while deamidization reduced the aromaticity of DBC products. These insights on pyrolytic byproducts help predict and tune DBC properties via changing gas formed during biochar production, minimizing their negative environmental impacts.

Testing CPT symmetry via precision mass measurements of multi-strange baryons in ALICE

In these proceedings, the measurements of the Ξ−, Ξ¯+, Ω¯, Ω¯+ masses and the mass differences between particle and anti-particle have been measured in pp collisions collected by the ALICE Collaboration during LHC Run 2. The results significantly improve the precision from previous experiments, thus allowing direct tests of CPT symmetry to an unprecedented level of precision in the multi-strange baryon sector.

Ultrasonic Differentiation Between Two Species of Chinese Pygmy Dormice (Genus Typhlomys) With Support for the Size-Signal Allometry Hypothesis.

The genus Typhlomys comprises six species that all exhibit exceptional climbing agility in arboreal habitats, of which five have been established to use ultrasonic echolocation in the 80-120-kHz frequency range to navigate among tree branches. Here, we investigated the ultrasonic vocalizations of the remaining and recently recognized species, T. fengjiensis, and compared its ultrasonic and morphological traits with its sibling species T. daloushanensis. Both species produced frequency-modulated (FM) ultrasonic calls that lacked harmonic structure, consistent with echolocating calls established for other members of this genus Typhlomys. This FM echolocation call structure is well-adapted to navigating along branches in dense foliage conditions in the forest understory. Importantly, however, the specific call structures of T. fengjiensis and T. daloushanensis exhibited significantly different ultrasonic characteristics, with different numbers of pulse groups, in support of phonic speciation. T. fengjiensis was on average larger than T. daloushanensis and vocalized at a lower frequency and for a longer duration, in support of the signal-size allometry hypothesis. Furthermore, T. fengjiensis has the lowest ultrasonic call frequency among Typhlomys spp., corresponding with it being the largest member of this genus. Bergmann's law does not provide a compelling explanation of the body mass differences between T. fengjiensis and T. daloushanensis, due to the likely overlap in their elevational distribution. Further research is needed to establish if differences in habitat selection and diet, or differences in social and reproductive behavior, might best explain this local species divergence based on phonic traits.

Longitudinal in silico imaging study comparing digital mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis systems.

In silico clinical trials are becoming more sophisticated and allow for realistic assessment and comparisons of medical image system models. These fully computational models enable fast and affordable trial designs that can closely capture trends seen on real clinical trials. To evaluate three breast imaging system models for digital mammography (DM) and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) in a fully-in-silico longitudinalstudy. We developed in silico models for three different breast imaging systems by modeling relevant characteristics such as detector technology, pixel size, number of projections, and angular span. We use a computational image reader to detect masses at different growing stages to compute the relative system performance. Similarly, we compare calcification cluster detectability across systems. The Detectability area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated for each combination of breast density, device model, lesion size and type, and search area. We compared the absolute and relative AUC values for DM and DBT. The trial consisted of 45000 simulated images corresponding to 750 virtual digital patientmodels. We observed proportional AUC values with increasing mass size. On the other hand, higher breast densities showed lower AUC values. For masses, we found significant performance differences between device models. The highest average AUC difference between DBT and DM was 0.109, benefiting DBT. For calcifications, DM showed higher performance than DBT, especially in highly dense breasts. The highest AUC difference on a model was -0.055, benefitingDM. In this fully-in-silico imaging trial, we compared three imaging systems with different detector technologies on the same cohort of virtual digital patient models. We found that breast device systems can lead to visibility differences in masses and calcifications. Our longitudinal, multi-device in silico study was possible because of the versatility and flexibility of in silico methods. This study shows the advantages of this in silico methodology in lowering the resources needed for device development, optimization, and regulatory evaluation.

Asteroseismic masses of red giants in the Galactic Globular Clusters M9 & M19

Abstract Asteroseismic masses of globular cluster (GC) stars are invaluable to investigate stellar evolution. Previously, only two GCs have been seismically studied. We present new detections of solar-like oscillations in the clusters M9 and M19, focusing on two key areas: stellar mass loss and GC multiple populations. Using K2 photometry, we detect solar-like oscillations in stars on the red giant branch and early asymptotic giant branch. We measure an integrated mass-loss for M9 of 0.16 ± 0.02(rand)$^{+0.03}_{-0.03}$(sys)M⊙ and M19 of 0.33 ± 0.03(rand)$^{+0.09}_{-0.07}$(sys)M⊙. Comparing these to the mass-loss estimates from previous seismically studied clusters, we derive a preliminary relationship between stellar mass-loss and metallicity for Type I GCs. We find that the mass-loss for M19 – a Type II GC– is significantly larger, suggesting Type II clusters follow a different mass-loss-metallicity trend. We also examine the mass distributions in each evolutionary phase for evidence of a bimodality that could indicate mass differences between sub-populations. While no clear bimodality is observed, there is tentative evidence suggesting the presence of two mass populations. Classification through spectroscopic abundances into the sub-populations is needed to verify these findings. This study reinforces that asteroseismology of GC stars provides an excellent testbed for studying stellar evolution. However, to advance the field we need high-quality photometry of more GCs, a goal that could be realised with the upcoming Roman Telescope.

Comparative Study of Gut Microbiome in Urban and Rural Eurasian Tree Sparrows.

Gut microbiota play a significant role in various physiological functions, including digestion, nutritional metabolism, and host immune function. The composition of these gut microbes is largely influenced by habitats. This study examines the gut microbiota of the Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus) inhabiting rural and urban environments to understand the effects of habitat variation on microbial composition. We captured 36 rural and 29 urban adult tree sparrows and observed minor differences in body mass but substantial differences in foraging microhabitats between the two groups. Fecal samples from adult males with similar body mass were selected for a gut microbiome analysis to mitigate potential confounding effects, resulting in 20 successfully sequenced samples. The analysis disclosed disparities in gut microbiota diversity and composition between rural and urban sparrows. The urban group demonstrated slightly higher alpha diversity and distinct dominant phyla and genera compared to the rural group. Additionally, differences in the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria were observed between the groups. Several potentially pathogenic bacteria (e.g., TM7, Staphylococcus, Helicobacter, and Shigella) were more abundant in the urban group, suggesting that tree sparrows may act as transmission vectors and develop stronger immune systems. This could potentially facilitate pathogen dissemination while also contributing to the natural cycling of nutrients and maintaining ecosystem health in urban environments. The beta diversity analysis confirmed structural differences in microbial communities, implicating habitat variation as a contributing factor. Furthermore, the LEfSe analysis emphasized significant differences in gut bacteria abundance (across two phyla, three classes, six orders, seven families, and eight genera) between urban and rural sparrows, with predicted functional differences in metabolic pathways. Notably, lipid metabolism was enriched in urban sparrows, indicating enhanced lipid synthesis and metabolism in urban habitats. In conclusion, this study underscores the profound influence of habitat on the gut microbiota composition and functional potential in tree sparrows. Our findings highlight that urbanization alters the gut microbes and, consequently, the physiological functions of bird species.

Effect of isoscalar and isovector scalar fields on baryon semileptonic decays in nuclear matter

The precise determination of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix elements is very important because it could be a clue to new physics beyond Standard Model. This is particular true of Vud because it is the main contribution to the unitary condition of the CKM matrix elements. The level of accuracy for the test of the unitarity involving the element Vud is now of the order of 10−4. Because the precise data for Vud is usually extracted from superallowed nuclear β decay, it is quite significant to investigate the breaking of SU(3) flavor symmetry on the weak vector coupling constant in nuclear matter. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the isoscalar scalar (σ) and the isovector scalar (δ or a0) mean-fields affect the weak vector and axial-vector coupling constants for semileptonic baryon (neutron, Λ, or Ξ−) decay in asymmetric nuclear matter. To do so, we use the quark-meson coupling (QMC) model, where nuclear matter consists of nucleons including quark degrees of freedom bound by the self-consistent exchange of scalar and vector mesons. We pay careful attention to the center of mass correction to the quark currents in matter. We then find that, for neutron β decay in asymmetric nuclear matter, the defect of the vector coupling constant due to the δ field can be of the order of 10−4 at the nuclear saturation density, which is the same amount as the level of the current uncertainty in the measurements. It is also interesting that, in neutron-rich matter, there exists a certain low density at which isospin symmetry is restored, that is, the u−d quark mass difference vanishes. Furthermore, we qualitatively investigate the variation of axial-vector coupling constants in matter, to which the σ field mainly contributes. We conclude that the effect of the isoscalar scalar and the isovector scalar fields should be considered in baryon semileptonic decays in nuclei. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Increases in donor/recipient predicted heart mass ratios do not result in large donor right ventricles.

Pulmonary hypertension puts strain on the right ventricle (RV), leading to the widespread practice of oversizing donor hearts to mitigate complications. However, contemporary evidence for this practice is neutral. We studied the relationship between donor-recipient predicted heart mass (D/R PHM) ratios and increases in donor left ventricle (LV) and RVmass. We also studied the relationship between predicted D/R PHM ratios and predicted D/R LV mass difference and RV mass difference. We find that increases in D/R PHM ratios result in minimal change in donor RV mass as well as minimal change in predicted D/R RV mass difference. However, increases in D/R PHM ratios were associated with marked increases in predicted D/R LV mass difference. We conclude that the utilization of donors with high predicted D/R PHM ratios generally does not result in the delivery of larger RVs to transplant recipients, but predominantly the delivery of larger LVs.

Can High Temperatures Affect Body Size in Insects? The Case of Rubyspot Damselflies in the Colombian Western Andes

Basal metabolic rates (BMRs) increase with temperature and body mass. Environmental temperatures rapidly change in tropical mountains due to elevation (macro scale) and vegetation structure (micro scale). Thus, tropical mountains are good settings for testing the effects of temperature on BMRs. We measured the BMRs at four temperature ranges on six territorial and closely related species of Rubyspot damselflies (Hetaerina, Calopterygidae), which also share very similar behavior and morphology and are segregated by habitat and elevation across the Western Colombian Andes. We analyzed the effects of body mass, habitat, elevation, temperature, and sex on their BMRs, using a phylogenetic framework. We found that the main factors regulating their niche partition seemed to be environmental temperature, body size, and BMR. We found differences in their BMRs related to elevation when the temperatures were close to those experienced by the damselflies at their elevational range. As predicted, the larger species associated with colder habitats, forests, and highlands had higher BMRs. However, at high stressful temperatures, only the body mass was positively related to the BMR, showing that smaller individuals can keep their BMRs lower under high temperatures compared to bigger ones. Habitat use was not associated with changes in the BMR. Finally, phylogenetic reconstruction showed all species clustered in three clades. Each clade in the phylogenetic tree shares similar habitat preferences, pointing to a mixture of evolutionary history, thermal adaptations, and body mass differences as a possible explanation for the great diversity of these damselflies in a small area. Under the global warming scenario, we expect Rubyspots with smaller body sizes to be favored since they will tolerate higher temperatures, which would ultimately lead to populations with smaller body sizes overall, which could negatively affect their fitness.

Hominin brain size increase has emerged from within-species encephalization

The fact that rapid brain size increase was clearly a key aspect of human evolution has prompted many studies focusing on this phenomenon, and many suggestions as to the underlying evolutionary patterns and processes. No study to date has however separated out the contributions of change through time within vs. between hominin species while simultaneously incorporating effects of body size. Using a phylogenetic approach never applied before to paleoanthropological data, we show that relative brain size increase across ~7 My of hominin evolution arose from increases within individual species which account for an observed overall increase in relative brain size. Variation among species in brain size after accounting for this effect is associated with body mass differences but not time. In addition, our analysis also reveals that the within-species trend escalated in more recent lineages, implying an overall pattern of accelerating relative brain size increase through time.

Probing CPT Invariance with Top Quarks at the LHC.

The first model-independent sensitivity to CPT violation in the top-quark sector is extracted from ATLAS and CMS measurements of the top and antitop kinematical mass difference. We find that the temporal component of a CPT-violating background field interacting with the top-quark vector current is restricted within the interval [-0.13,0.29] GeV at 95% confidence level.

Search for nearly degenerate higgsinos via photon fusion with the semileptonic channel at the LHC

Electroweak scale higgsinos with a nearly degenerate spectrum in supersymmetric models are well-motivated, but generally less constrained at collider experiments as the decay products are often too soft to detect. Initial photon fusions alongside the collision of protons at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have drawn attention recently as a way to search for new physics with such kind of spectra. In this paper, we demonstrate a search strategy for chargino pair production from photon fusion pp→p(γγ→χ˜1+χ˜1−)p at the 13TeV LHC via the semileptonic decay channel, as a probe for the compressed spectra of higgsinos. Forward detectors make it possible to detect the outgoing protons after emitting the initial photons in these processes. We here provide simple event selections on missing energy and transverse momentum of leptons, which are effective enough to reach significant sensitivity. The chargino mass can be excluded at 95% C.L. up to about 295GeV with the mass difference Δm(χ˜1±,χ˜10) being only a few GeV with the integrated luminosity of 3ab−1. With a relatively small luminosity of 100fb−1, the 2σ exclusion bounds can as well exceed current experimental limits in the range of Δm=1∼2GeV, reaching over 190GeV for chargino mass.

Explicit construction of Penrose diagrams for black hole to white hole transition with spacelike thin shells

In this article, we explicitly construct the coordinates associated with the Penrose diagram in spacetimes connected via a spacelike thin shell in the following two examples: the generalized black-to-white hole bounce with mass difference and the Schwarzschild-to-de Sitter transition. We point out the issue of the first junction condition in the Penrose diagram constructed by cutting and pasting analytically known metrics with spherical symmetry by a static spacelike thin shell. With the goal of a global conformal coordinate chart associated with the corresponding Penrose diagram without discontinuity at the thin shell, we give a procedure consisting of three conformal transformations that serve different purposes. The first two of them are used to generate a continuous coordinate patch covering the entire thin shell, and therefore, the Penrose diagram can be constructed properly by patches with overlapping. The third transformation removes any coordinate singularity reintroduced by the first two transformations at the event horizons.

Warm Surprises from Cold Duets: N-Body Simulations with Two-Component Dark Matter

Abstract We explore extensive N-body simulations with two-component cold dark matter candidates. We delve into the temperature evolution, power spectrum, density perturbation, and maximum circular velocity functions. We find that the substantial mass difference between the two candidates and the annihilation of the heavier components to the lighter ones effectively endow the latter with warm dark matter-like behavior, taking advantage of all distinct features that warm dark matter candidates offer, without observational bounds on the warm dark matter mass. Moreover, we demonstrate that the two-component dark matter model aligns well with observational data, providing valuable insights into where and how to search for the elusive dark matter candidates in terrestrial experiments.