Difference In Iodine Content Research Articles

Iodine in plant-based dairy products is not sufficient in the UK: A market survey

BackgroundFollowing a well-balanced diet ensures that a person gets all the essential elements for health sustenance. However, in the United Kingdom an increasing proportion of people are transiting to become vegans who exclude animal-based products in their diets. Consequently, people may have a deficit of essential elements such as iodine which is not present in most plant-based meals, additionally iodide fortified table salt is not commonly used in the UK. Without iodine people consuming a vegan diet risk developing iodine deficiency and diseases like goiter. MethodsThe objective of this study is to determine the difference in iodine content and iodine speciation between plant-based and dairy products. More than 100 market samples of plant-based and dairy milk products were collected in Scotland, UK. ResultsIodine concentrations in dairy milk is ten times higher compared to plant-based milks. Similar differences were also apparent for butter, yogurt and cheese. A total of 20% of plant-based milk products were fortified with iodine, however these products had lower iodine concentrations compare to the equivalent dairy products. In this study we calculated that people with average diet have an iodine intake of 226 + /- 103 μg day−1 from dairy products which satisfies the WHO recommended intake of adults and 90% of the recommend intake for pregnant and breast-feeding women. A diet from substituted dairy products gives only 21.8 µg day−1 for the respective WHO guideline intake values, which accounts only 15% of the iodine intake for adults and 9% for pregnant and lactating women. Iodine fortified diet could increase the iodine intake to 55% or 33% of the WHO recommended daily intake respectively. ConclusionPlant-based dairy consumers are encouraged to use iodine fortified dairy products or use of iodized salt in the UK for home cooking, otherwise there are at risk to get iodine deficient.

Post-mortem distribution of Iodinated Contrast Media (ICM) (iodixanol versus iopromide) in the porcine kidney after multiple bolus injections in vivo into the supra-renal aorta1.

Iodinated contrast media (ICM) are widely used for diagnostic and interventional procedures in radiology and cardiology. Ideally, they should not interact with blood cells or vascular wall cells to avoid deteriorations of the blood circulation. However, it is well known that ICM can affect erythrocytes as well as endothelial cells which consequently might perturb especially the microcirculation. In former studies the influence of two ICM (iodixanol versus iopromide) on the vascular system, the development of blood stasis, on changes in renal resistive index (RRI) and vascular diameters, and on the post-mortem distribution of iodine as marker for ICM in the explanted kidneys was examined. The modus of ICM application into the supra-renal aorta followed the regime in interventional cardiology, so that 10 bolus injections were administered at steady intervals (iopromide 4,32 ml / iodixanol 5 ml) accompanied by infusion of 500 ml isotonic NaCl-solution.In the present study, the post-mortem X-ray analysis revealed that there were no differences in iodine content in the regions of the mid-cortex and the medullo-pelvic transition zone of the kidneys after application of both ICM. Remarkable differences, however, were found in the region of the capsule-near cortex, where the application of iopromide led to a significantly lower iodine content in the microcirculation. This is in good agreement with former studies, in which a maldistribution in this area, presumably due to a decrease in arteriolar inflow as a result of stasis/occlusion was shown.

Large Variability of Iodine Content in Retail Cow's Milk in the U.S.

Iodine intake is of contemporary public health interest. The recommended daily iodine intake is 150 µg for most adults, and milk is an important source of iodine in the U.S. diet. Iodine concentration in cow’s milk is affected by diet and iodine supplementation levels, milking sanitation practices, and other factors. Current analytical iodine data in U.S. retail milk are crucial for evaluating population-wide health outcomes related to diet. Samples of whole (3.25% fat), 2%, 1%, and skim (0–0.5% fat) milk were procured from 24 supermarkets across the U.S. using a census-based statistical plan. Iodine was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, including certified reference materials and control samples to validate results. No difference in iodine content was found between milkfat levels (F3,69 1.033, p = 0.4). Overall mean (SEM) was 85(5.5) µg/serving (240 mL). However, the 95% prediction interval of 39–185 µg/serving for individual samples indicated high variability among individual samples. Given the recommended 150 µg iodine per day for most adults along with the study mean, one milk serving can provide approximately 57% of daily intake. Researchers, health care professionals, and consumers should be aware of iodine variability in milk, while additional research is needed to investigate the impact of iodine variability factors.

Monitoring and impact evaluation of iodized salt intervention in Cameroon

This study was carried out to monitor current iodization and its impact on iodine excess. The results show medians values increasing gradually from 62 ug/L to 283 μg/L then dropping to 169 μg/L for acceptable significance to above toxicity significant values of 300 μg/L as from 2006, exaggerated in 2018 at 1145 μg/L. Salt iodine contents, compared to the 20 – 40 ppm range recommended by WHO, show coarse grain as lowest with average 26.9 ppm while fine grain for human consumption average was 57.3 ppm. The extra fine grain variety has the highest iodine content at 248.8 ppm. Imported cerebos salt from France contained iodine at an average of 45.5 ppm while the Senegal salt contained iodine at an average of 182.2 ppm. The F-ratio (62.9) indicates great variation in iodine content of the salt involved while the p-value (p = 0.0002) indicates significant differences in iodine content of the salt of different refineries. By implication, there are still lapses on iodization.

Iodine content in bulk tank milk samples in relation to dairy farm size

The aim of this study was to compare the iodine content in raw milk from organic and conventional dairy farms of different sizes. Milk samples were collected between 2012 and 2013, and the iodine content was determined by a Sandell-Kolthoff reaction after dry alkaline digestion of the milk samples. Comparing the iodine content in raw milk samples from small sized dairy farms (116.76 ± 46.29 μg/l) and large sized dairy farms (173.70 ± 35.42 μg/l), a significant difference in iodine content was observed (P ≤ 0.05). The lowest values were found in small and medium dairy farms, 45.30 μg/l and 40.46 μg/l, respectively. High variability (112.92 ± 94.74 μg/l) in the iodine content was detected in raw milk from medium sized dairy farms. When considering milk samples from organic dairy farms (119.29 μg /l ± 40.37) vs. conventional dairy farms (136.55 μg/l ± 42.91), no significant difference was detected. These results indicate higher iodine content in milk from large dairy farms regardless of conventional or organic farming methods.

Iodine uptake and distribution in horticultural and fruit tree species

Iodine is an essential microelement for humans and iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is one of the most widespread nutrient-deficiency diseases in the world. Iodine biofortification of plants provides an attractive opportunity to increase iodine intake in humans and to prevent and control IDD. This study was conducted to investigate the iodine uptake and accumulation in edible portion of two fruit trees: plum and nectarine, and two horticultural crops: tomato and potato. Two type of iodine treatments (soil and foliar spray application), and, for fresh market tomato, two production systems (open field and greenhouse hydroponic culture) were tested. The distribution of iodine in potato stem and leaves, and in plum tree fruits, leaves, and branches was investigated. Iodine content of potato tubers after postharvest storage and processing (cooking), and iodine content of nectarine fruits after postharvest storage and processing (peeling) were also determined. Differences in iodine accumulation were observed among the four crops, between applications, and between production systems. In open field, the maximum iodine content ranged from 9.5 and 14.3 μg 100 g−1 for plum and nectarine fruit, to 89.4 and 144.0 μg 100 g−1 for potato tuber and tomato fruit, respectively. These results showed that nectarine and plum tree accumulated significantly lower amounts of iodine in their edible tissues, in comparison with potato and tomato. The experiments also indicated hydroponic culture as the most efficient system for iodine uptake in tomato, since its fresh fruits accumulated up to 2423 μg 100 g−1 of iodine. Iodine was stored mainly in the leaves, in all species investigated. Only a small portion of iodine was moved to plum tree branches and fruits, and to potato stems and tubers. No differences in iodine content after fruit peeling was observed. A significant increase in iodine content of potato was observed after baking, whereas a significant decrease was observed after boiling. We concluded that iodine biofortified fresh market tomato salad, both from field and hydroponics cultivation, and baked potatoes can be considered as potential functional foods for IDD prevention.

Spectral CT imaging in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism using quantitative iodine-based material decomposition images

Objective To assess the diagnostic value of CT spectral imaging using quantitative iodine-based material decomposition images in the evaluation of pulmonary embolism. Methods Fifty-three patients underwent CT angiography with spectral imaging mode on a GE Discovery CT750HD scanner. Iodine distribution in the lung parenchyma using the iodine-based material decomposition images was quantitatively measured by post-processing. Monochromatic CT angiographic images were reconstructed from the same data sets and thee images were reviewed for the identification and localization of pulmonary embolism as well as the degree ( partial or complete) of the embolic occlusion. The number and location of perfusion defects were recorded. The iodine content of perfusion defects and normal lung parenchyma on the iodine maps were measured by one reader using an ROI analysis. Comparative analyses were obtained using the Chi-square test for categorical data. Two independent samples rank test and 2 related samples signed-rank test were used to compare iodine densities between different groups. Results CT angiography showed no pulmonary embolism in 33 patients, and iodine distribution was homogeneous. A total of 93 clots with lobar ( n = 26), segmental (n = 54) and sub-segmental (n=13) distribution were detected in 19 patients; Fifty-one clots were occlusive and 42 clots were non-occlusive. The iodine-based material decomposition images of all occlusive clots showed lobar, segmental or sub-segmental iodine distribution defects; whereas eleven of 42 non-occlusive clots had evidence of iodine distribution defects. There was significant difference ( x2 = 39. 94,P＜0. 01 ) in the perfusion defects between occlusive and non-occlusive clots. There was a significant difference in iodine content between normal lung parenchyma [ (1.92 ±0. 54) g/L] and perfusion defects [ (0. 30 ± 0. 20)g/L] (Z= -5.63, P ＜ 0. 01 ). There was a significant difference in the iodine content of peffusion defects before [ (0. 26 ± 0. 23 )g/L] and after anticoagulation [ (0. 94 ± 0. 50 )g/L ] ( Z = -3.93,P ＜ 0. 01 ). Conclusion With the ability of iodine mapping, CT spectral imaging is areliable method in the evaluation of pulmonary embolism both qualitatively and quantitatively, and may be a useful tool in providing information regarding the severity of PE and monitoring therapeutic efficacy. Key words: Tomography, X-ray computed; Pulmonary embolism

The Danish investigation on iodine intake and thyroid disease, DanThyr: status and perspectives

Denmark was an area of iodine deficiency, and mandatory iodine fortification of table salt and salt in bread (13 p.p.m. iodine) was initiated in 2000/2001. The Danish investigation on iodine intake and thyroid disease (DanThyr) is the monitoring of the iodine fortification program. DanThyr consists of three main parts: a study of population cohorts initialized before (n=4649) and after (n=3570) iodization of salt, a prospective identification of incident cases of overt hyper- and hypothyroidism in a population of around 550,000 people since 1997, and compilation of data from the national registers on the use of thyroid medication, thyroid surgery, and radioiodine therapy. Studies were carried-out in parallel in subcohorts living in areas with differences in iodine content of ground water. The study showed profound effects of even small differences in iodine intake level on the prevalence of goiter, nodules, and thyroid dysfunction. Mild and moderate iodine deficiency was associated with a decrease in serum TSH with age. Other environmental factors were also important for goiter development (increase in risk, smoking and pregnancy; decrease in risk, oral contraception and alcohol consumption), and the individual risk depended on the genetic background. Environmental factors had only a minor influence on the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies in the population. There were more cases of overt hypothyroidism in mild than in moderate iodine deficiency caused by a 53% higher incidence of spontaneous (presumably autoimmune) hypothyroidism. On the other hand, there were 49% more cases of overt hyperthyroidism in the area with moderate iodine deficiency. The cautious iodine fortification program, aiming at an average increase in iodine intake of 50 mug/day has been associated with a 50% increase in incidence of hyperthyroidism in the area with the most severe iodine deficiency. The incidence is expected to decrease in the future, but there may be more cases of Graves' hyperthyroidism in young people. A number of environmental factors influence the epidemiology of thyroid disorders, and even relatively small abnormalities and differences in the level of iodine intake of a population have profound effects on the occurrence of thyroid abnormalities. Monitoring and adjustment of iodine intake in the population is an important part of preventive medicine.

Iodine content in bulk feeds in western and southern bohemia

In 1997–2001 a total of 304 samples of bulk feeds were analysed. Iodine was determined spectrophotometrically by Sandell and Kolthoff’s method (Bednář et al., 1964). The highest content of iodine was determined in grass silage (213.3 ± 169.3 µg/kg DM). The lowest concentration was measured in maize silage (110.0 ± 97.2) and hay (112.1 ± 93.9). Pasture herbage contained on average 148.9 ± 105.1. Feeds originating from foothill areas of western Bohemia (geological bedrock built of crystalline schists and igneous intrusions of earlier granite) contained a higher amount of iodine than feeds from foothill areas of southern Bohemia (geological bedrock in which crystalline schists prevail). The largest difference in iodine content in relation to feed origin was found out in hay: western Bohemia 168.0, southern Bohemia 78.0 (P < 0.01). From May to July pasture herbage contained 101.3 ± 73.6 and from August to October 214.5 ± 107.3 µg/kg DM (P < 0.01).    

Dual fortification of salt with iodine and micronized ferric pyrophosphate: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial

In many developing countries, children are at high risk for both goiter and anemia. In areas of subsistence farming in rural Africa, salt is one of the few regularly purchased food items and could be a good fortification vehicle for iodine and iron, provided that a stable yet bioavailable iron fortificant is used. We tested the efficacy of salt dual-fortified with iodine and micronized ferric pyrophosphate for reducing the prevalence of iodine and iron deficiencies in children. In rural northern Morocco, we fortified local salt with 25 microg I (as potassium iodate)/g salt and 2 mg Fe (as micronized ferric pyrophosphate; mean particle size = 2.5 microm)/g salt. After storage and acceptability trials, we compared the efficacy of the dual-fortified salt (DFS) with that of iodized salt in a 10-mo, randomized, double-blind trial in iodine-deficient 6-15-y-old children (n = 158) with a high prevalence of anemia. After storage for 6 mo, there were no significant differences in iodine content or color lightness between the DFS and iodized salt. During the efficacy trial, the DFS provided approximately 18 mg Fe/d; iron absorption was estimated to be approximately 2%. After 10 mo of treatment in the DFS group, mean hemoglobin increased by 16 g/L (P < 0.01), iron status and body iron stores increased significantly (P < 0.01), and the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia decreased from 30% at baseline to 5% (P < 0.001). In both groups, urinary iodine (P < 0.001) and thyroid volume (P < 0.01) improved significantly from baseline. A DFS containing iodine and micronized ferric pyrophosphate can be an effective fortification strategy in rural Africa.

ChemInform Abstract: A New Simple Synthesis of Electroconducting Triphenodithiazine.

Abstract A direct sulfur insertion in N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine was carried out to prepare the model oligomeric compound triphenodithiazine (TPDT). During the investigation of the thionation reaction variables some addition compounds, with compositions (TPDT) x S y , were isolated. Iodine doping enhanced the conductivity of the pristine compounds by 8 orders of magnitude, up to 10 −3 S/cm. Differences in iodine content and conductivity were found between TPDT and its sulfur adducts. Finally, the infrared spectrum of doped TPDT was examined.

The structure of tissue on cell culture-extracted thyroglobulin is independent of its iodine content

The major protein synthesized in vitro by the ovine thyroid cell line OVNIS 6H is the prothyroid hormone thyroglobulin. Purified from serum-free cell culture media using sucrose gradient centrifugation, the thyroglobulin dimer was analysed for iodine content and observed by electron microscopy. In their usual medium, the OVNIS 6H cells produce a very poorly iodinated thyroglobulin containing 0.05 I atom per molecule. When cultured with methimazole or propylthiouracil, two inhibitors of iodide organification, less than 0.007 I atom/molecules was found. These molecules purified from cell cultures were compared to those purified from ovine thyroid tissue containing 26 I atoms/mol. Despite large differences in iodine content, the three preparations all consist of 19 S thyroglobulin dimers with the classical ovoidal shape. The variability in size measurements remains in a 2% range for all thyroglobulin types. Consequently, no real significant variation can be found between the highly iodinated thyroglobulin isolated from tissue, and the poorly or non-iodinated thyroglobulins isolated from cells cultured with or without methimazole or propylthiouracil.

A new simple synthesis of electroconducting triphenodithiazine

A direct sulfur insertion in N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine was carried out to prepare the model oligomeric compound triphenodithiazine (TPDT). During the investigation of the thionation reaction variables some addition compounds, with compositions (TPDT) xS y, were isolated. Iodine doping enhanced the conductivity of the pristine compounds by 8 orders of magnitude, up to 10 −3 S/cm. Differences in iodine content and conductivity were found between TPDT and its sulfur adducts. Finally, the infrared spectrum of doped TPDT was examined.

Characterization of microheterogencity of human thyroglobulin from different thyroid disorders

Human thyroglobulin (Tg) was isolated to apparent purity from various thyroid tissue samples obtained after surgery. Iodine and iodothyronine content of Tg was determined. Isoelectric focussing (IEF) was performed on thin layer agarose gels. Tg revealed a microheterogeneity of 6 bands in the range between pH 4.2 and 4.6. The intensity of the single bands depended on the iodothyronine content of Tg. With increasing degree of iodination, the bands with a lower pI (pI 4.35, 4.40) became more prominent, whereas the bands with higher pI (pI 4.55, 4.60) diminished. This typical change in microheterogeneity pattern could be confirmed by kinetic in vitro iodination and consecutive iodothyronine formation of low iodinated Tg (0.05% iodine). After in vitro desialylation, the bands shifted to a higher pH range (pH 4.60 to pH 4.90), but no reduction of the number of bands occurred. Even in desialylated Tg microheterogeneity is still dependent on iodine content. These results suggest, that the microheterogeneity of Tg is influenced, but not caused by different iodine and NANA content. Different polypeptide composition may be responsible for the microheterogeneity of Tg. In thyroid diseases without disturbance in Tg synthesis (endemic, diffuse and nodular goitre, Graves' disease) variations in relative intensity of single bands could be related to differences in iodine content. In thyroid cyst fluid and cold nodules in addition to low iodinated Tg, further bands were found with pI-values comparable to desialylated Tg.

The structure and properties of 27S and larger iodoproteins in the thyroid gland

Iodoproteins larger than 19S were isolated from hog and calf thyroid glands using gel filtration on Sepharose 6B and one or two centrifugations in glycerol density gradients. Purified protein fractions were analysed in the analytical ultracentrifuge and characterized by the combined use of electrophoresis in continuous polyacrylamide gel gradients and electron microscopy. Three bands migrating more slowly than 19S could be identified in the polyacrylamide gels. Electron microscopy of the fastest of these species, having a sedimentation constant of 27S, showed pairs of 19S thyroglobulin molecules which had the same size and the same ovoid shape as normal, well-iodinated thyroglobulin molecules. The ovoids were randomly attached side to side, end to end and side to end. The more slowly migrating proteins were shown to consist of similar aggregates of three, four or more randomly attached molecules. Iodine and sialic acid determinations in 27S and 19S separated from the same pool of well iodinated protein showed no difference in iodine content but a larger amount of sialic acid in 27S than in 19S.

Toxicity studies on tetrasul II. Short-term comparative studies in 6 animal species

Tetrasul (2,4,5,4′-tetrachlorodiphenylsulphide) was tested for 90 days in mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, mini-pigs and chicken, in 6 separate experiments but using the same experimental design. Tetrasul was added to the diet at 0, 50, 200, 1000 and 3000 ppm. Growth, food intake, mortality, haematology, blood and liver chemistry, organ weights and histopathology were used as criteria. The liver was the target organ in all species examined. Although effects on thyroid weight and histopathology were found, these could not be evaluated properly, due to differences in iodine content of the diet. If only the most sensitive criteria, namely histopathological changes in the liver and the induction of microsomal liver enzyme activity are taken into account, then mini-pigs and rats appeared to be the most sensitive species for tetrasul. Guinea pigs, rabbits and chicken followed very closely, whereas mice were the least sensitive. The 50-ppm dosage level produced some effects on the liver cell structure in all species except in chicken.

Relation entre teneur en iode et propriétés de thyroglobulines obtenues par la méthode d'equilibrage isotopique

Thyroid glands from rats equilibrated for 50 days with four doses of 127I (2, 5, 10 and 75 μg per animal per day) labeled with 125I were used to prepare soluble and particulate thyroglobulin. Analysis of these preparations have permitted the following conclusions: 1. 1. Soluble and particulate iodoproteins are mainly the 19-S and 27-S species. When the animals receive 75 μg iodine per day a particulate iodinated 9-S compound is observed, which is almost absent for the lower doses. The average iodine content of the soluble 19-S species varies from 18.4 to 43.7 atoms per mole when the dose given to the rats varies from 2 to 75 μg iodine per day. The average iodine content of the particulate 19-S species varies in the same conditions from 9.7 to 18.4 atoms per mole. Soluble 19-S and 27-S species have the same iodine content. 2. 2. By sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation of both soluble and particulate 19-S species it is possible to obtain a separation of fractions having a difference of only few iodine atoms per mole. For the dose of 2 μg, for example, the difference in iodine content between the slow and fast sedimenting fractions is only 7 atoms. The difference in sedimentation cannot be explained by the increase (0.2%) in molecular weight but rather by changes in shape or density. 3. 3. We confirm that dissociability by sodium dodecyl sulfate parallels iodine content: whatever the average iodine content is, the dissociated fraction contains always less iodine atoms per mole than the resistant fraction. However the resistant fraction from thyroglobulin prepared from thyroids of rats receiving 2 μg iodine per day contains less iodine than the dissociated fraction obtained from the 19-S, prepared from animals receiving 75 μg iodine per day.

The iodine content of pastures

AbstractMarked species and seasonal differences in iodine content of grasses have been found and preliminary results indicate varietal variation in perennial ryegrass and white clover. Nitrogen fertilisers lowered the iodine content of grasses.The general level of iodine was low in the herbages studied and seldom attained the level recommended as the nutrient requirement for pregnant or lactating stock.