Differences In Entrepreneurial Intentions Research Articles

Gender Variations and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Finalist Undergraduate Students at Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda

Background Recently, the dynamics of gender and entrepreneurship have received more attention; however, the subtleties of how gender affects entrepreneurial intentions remain a challenge, despite empowerment through skills and formal training. This study seeks to establish gender differences in entrepreneurial intentions in educational settings as well as the broader context of gender equity in achieving financial independence among finalist undergraduate students. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of gender-related factors that influence entrepreneurial intentions among undergraduate students. Methodology This was a cross-sectional and quantitative study. The study site was the town campus of Mbarara University of Science and Technology. The study population consisted of finalist businesses and students. The data were managed and analyzed using STATA version 17. T-tests of independent samples and means were used for data analysis. Results Of the 404 respondents, the majority were males (56.2%). Entrepreneurial Intentions were higher among females with a history of business ownership (M = 22.7, SD = 5.1) than among those without a history of business ownership (M = 19.5, SD = 6.9), at t = 2.25, p <0.05. Further, entrepreneurial intentions were lower among male students whose male caretakers or parents had business as an occupation (M = 19.5, SD = 6.9) than their counterparts whose male parents were not in business (M = 21.5, SD = 5.6) at t = 2.31, p <0.05. No other gender differences were found across other socio-demographic variables (p <0.05). Conclusion Entrepreneurial Intentions differed among females with a history of business ownership. We argue that the complex interplay of gender demographic gaps in shaping undergraduate students’ entrepreneurial aspirations cannot be significantly improved based on family background without conclusive equal opportunity training approaches. Designing a hands-on and role-modeling entrepreneurship curriculum can shape gender-mainstream intentions.

Unveiling the Power of Race and Education in Shaping Entrepreneurial Dreams: An Empirical Study in Florida

This study investigates the main effects and the interaction effects of race and education on entrepreneurial intentions in the pre-startup phase, using logistic regression analysis on a sample of 967 respondents from Florida. Blacks and Other Nonwhites are compared to Whites in the logistic regression analysis. As the largest empirical study of its kind at the state level in the U.S., it addresses a gap in the literature by focusing on a narrowly defined geographic area. The findings reveal significant differences in entrepreneurial intentions among racial groups, with education playing a crucial role. Policy implications include the need for tailored support programs and inclusive financial products to foster a more equitable entrepreneurial ecosystem. This study underscores the importance of entrepreneurial education and highlights the necessity for ongoing research to understand the unique challenges faced by Nonwhite entrepreneurs, ultimately contributing to a more inclusive and dynamic economy.

Entrepreneurial Intent of Filipino Undergraduate Health Sciences Stu-dents: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

This quantitative study, grounded in Ajzen’s (1991) Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), investigates the entrepreneurial inten-tions of Filipino undergraduate health sciences students using a descriptive cross-sectional research design. The study involved 820 respondents from various health sciences programs in North Luzon, Philippines, who completed an online survey. Demographic characteristics and entrepreneurial intent were assessed through a researcher-designed Demographic Profile Questionnaire (DPQ) and the Individual Entrepreneurial Intent Scale (IEIS) established by Thompson (2009). This study adopts a positivist view, empha-sizing objectivity, consistency, and replicability through statistical methods. The findings reveal that the undergraduate health sci-ences students demonstrate a “good” level of entrepreneurial in-tentions, with a notable significant variation observed between those who have taken business-related courses and those who have not, with the former exhibiting higher intent. Other factors, such as age, gender, and marital status, did not show significant differences in entrepreneurial intentions, suggesting that educa-tional experiences play a more critical role than personal charac-teristics. The study recommends educational strategies and poli-cies, such as curricular enhancement towards entrepreneurial ed-ucation in health sciences education, to foster innovation and en-courage healthcare entrepreneurship. Overall, this research con-tributes to the expanding literature on entrepreneurship; however, like other studies, it has limitations. Therefore, future research directions are offered.

Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Comparative Study of African and European University Economics Students

ABSTRACT Businesses started by well-educated people are considered a driving force for a country’s development. Many studies have examined the entrepreneurial intentions of university students in different countries. However, only a few studies have investigated the differences in such intentions between students in developed and developing countries, especially African countries. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine whether African university economics students are interested in becoming entrepreneurs compared to their counterparts from developed countries in the EU. We compared students’ intentions to become entrepreneurs using a large quantitative dataset obtained from university students from the 2018 GUESSS international survey. Testing four hypotheses, we found a statistically significant difference in entrepreneurial intentions between EU and African students. In general, we can say that African students have a more positive attitude toward their own entrepreneurship than their fellow EU students.

SYSTEMIC ENTREPRENEURSHIP INTENTION MODEL, FAMILY BACKGROUND, AND PRIOR ENTREPRENEURIAL EXPERIENCE ON STUDENTS’ ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION

Countless businesses had to close permanently, and workers had to be laid off during Covid-19 pandemic, thus the emergence of entrepreneurs is crucial for Indonesia's economic recovery. This study aims to analyze further the extended systemic entrepreneurship intention model and its impact on students in Surabaya. Purposive sampling was used toward 205 students. Results were analyzed using partial least square through SmartPLS. Reciprocal relationships among all the antecedent variables of entrepreneurial intention were found to be positive and significant. Regarding the impact of the antecedent variables of entrepreneurial intention such as perceived convenience, risk tolerance, perceived feasibility and attitude, only perceived feasibility was found to have no effect on entrepreneurial intention. There are no differences in entrepreneurial intention among students with or without entrepreneurial family backgrounds. There are no differences in entrepreneurial intention among students with or without prior entrepreneurial experience. This study provides implication towards students’ entrepreneurial intention during covid-19 pandemic and the robustness of systemic entrepreneurship intention model in predicting it.

The effects of an education program on social and sustainable entrepreneurship for primary school children

This paper provides new insights into entrepreneurship education (EE) for children, by combining three elements that expand the EE literature in a novel direction: (1) the content focus is on social and sustainable entrepreneurship; (2) the educational setting studied is primary education; and (3) the focus is on the effects as perceived by the participating children themselves.Explorative research was done on two programs delivered by EE provider Fawaka School of Entrepreneurship in the city of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. A one-group pre-test/post-test survey among the full population of 450 participating children was conducted in 2021. The results provide clues that a program focused on sustainable and social entrepreneurship can provide different results than more ‘general’ programs on entrepreneurship, in particular with regard to differences between girls and boys. After the program, differences in entrepreneurial intentions are significantly smaller, and a number of significant differences with regard to self-confidence disappear.

Factors affecting students’ entrepreneurial intentions and their differences based on gender, tribe, and parents’ occupation: a cross-sectional study

Background: This study examines the effect of entrepreneurial knowledge and self-efficacy in increasing entrepreneurial intentions and whether self-efficacy moderates entrepreneurial knowledge's effect on entrepreneurial intentions. Analysis of differences in entrepreneurial intentions based on gender, ethnicity, and parent's occupation. Methods: The data used in this study were collected from a survey conducted by distributing questionnaires electronically to students of the Economics education Study Program, Faculty of Economics, Medan State University semesters 3,5, and 7, totaling 307 and 260 willing to fill in. The analytical test used is the PLS-SEM test, as well as Mann-Whitney and Kruskal Wallis (non-parametric test. This study examines the effect of entrepreneurial knowledge and self-efficacy in increasing entrepreneurial intentions and whether self-efficacy moderates entrepreneurial knowledge's effect on entrepreneurial intentions. Analysis of differences in entrepreneurial intentions based on gender, ethnicity, and parent's occupation. Results: Entrepreneurial knowledge and self-efficacy positively and significantly increased entrepreneurial intentions. Self-efficacy was not proven to act as a moderating variable, and there was no difference in entrepreneurial intentions between genders, tribes and parents’ occupations. Conclusions: This research implies that it is necessary to organize entrepreneurship education with an innovative active approach to increase women's entrepreneurial intentions and reduce gender inequiality in entrepreneurial activities. Further research is needed on the role of culture-based families in preparing their sons and daughters to become entrepreneurs.

Assessing the entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions of current and future labor forces: the role of entrepreneurial orientation

PurposeThe study aims to examine whether there is a difference in entrepreneurial intentions (EI) and intrapreneurial intentions (II) between current labor force (CLF) and future labor force (FLF). Moreover, the role of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) as a common determinant has been presented.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional survey was used to collect the data from 472 members of the CLF and 310 members of the FLF in Bosnia and Herzegovina. To test the hypotheses, Welch's t-test and multiple regression were used.FindingsThe findings show that there is a difference in both EI and II between CLF and FLF and that individual EO, to a certain degree, is a determinant of them.Originality/valueThe study extends the literature by offering a comparative approach to two populations within the same country. Furthermore, the study deviates from a more traditional approach that EI and II are divergent constructs with different determinants.

Do enterprise education competitions have gendered outcomes amongst STEM early-career researchers?

This article examines whether an enterprise education competition is gendered and so, may have unintended gendered outcomes for male and female Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) early-career researcher participants. Sex-based differences in entrepreneurial intentions (EI) and entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) are examined and, drawing on Social Cognitive Career Theory, we explore perceived gender-barriers to entrepreneurship and their influence upon ESE and EI. Employing pre- and post-survey data from 120 STEM early-career researchers participating in the competition, we undertook t-tests, difference-in-differences and hierarchical-regression analyses. We found no significant sex-based differences in EI and ESE. Participation in the competition had a significant impact upon perceived gender-barriers for both sexes; perceptions of stereotype threat and childcare-work conflict barriers were reduced for women post-participation, while their perceived lack of role models increased. Gender-barriers were found to have a significant negative influence on ESE and EI. We contribute to developing intention-based analysis beyond traditional gender-blind measures through incorporating gendered structural barriers which demonstrably influence EI.

Entrepreneurial Intentions on Accounting Education Students: The Implementation of Theory Planned Behavior

The purpose of this paper is to test the  entrepreneurial intentions of  accounting education students by making a comparative analysis among gender groups. A total of 218 Accounting education students throughout Indonesia,  completed  a list  of questions for entrepreneurial intentions. The questionnaire has four sections that extract information about  behavioral attitudes, subjective norms, perceived control  behaviors and entrepreneurial intentions. Responden was asked to dispute his choice with a statement on a five-point numerical type scale. The results identified that students who had undergone entrepreneurship education (accounting education study program) tended to have high entrepreneurial intentions. Attitudes towards perceived  control behaviors and behaviors  are the main predictors  of entrepreneurial intentions, while subjective norms, do not. This study did not find any significant differences in entrepreneurial intentions in terms of men and women.  The limitation of this study lies in the sample size and units of accounting education study program  that have attended entrepreneurship lectures  (universities) from which samples have been taken. Future research is recommended to predict students' entrepreneurial intentions by taking a larger sample by comparing them through business practice activities. This study strongly suggests the need to include educational entrepreneurship in the curriculum at universities in Indonesia. This research provides an assessment of  university entrepreneurship intentions that have a relationship with financial management, namely accounting and business through entrepreneurship practicum, therefore it further enriches the literature and helps toiversalkan the theory of intention.

Gender Difference in Entrepreneurial Intentions: A New Perspective from College Students to Facilitate Teacher Leadership in Entrepreneurial Education

To better specify the methods of teacher leaders in entrepreneurial education in Chinese higher education institutions, gender differences in entrepreneurial intentions were investigated to determine how these differences affect the allocation of limited resources and how these differences affect the institutions’ meeting of students’ needs. Based on the classic Theory of Personal Behavior, this work analyzed the extent and determinants of gender differentials in the entrepreneurial intentions of Chinese college students with Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method. The data came from a field survey of 620 Chinese college students. The result suggested that, instead of discrimination and stereotypes, the gender difference in entrepreneurial intentions was primarily due to different “endowment effects” (gender differences in the observed variables with respect to entrepreneurial attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control). Hence, as leaders who take a more hierarchical position of facilitator, decision-maker, or mediator in entrepreneurial education, teachers should tailor their educational approaches in accordance with the different aptitudes between female and male students. Different curricula that target those gender qualifications would be required to balance the gender difference in entrepreneurial intentions of college students.

Linkages between entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurship education: new evidence on the gender imbalance

PurposeEmbracing the theories of gender role and career socialization, this study focuses on young adults and explores gender differences in entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurship education.Design/methodology/approachBased on 203 young adults, this study employs a logistic regression model to test hypothesis 1 regarding differences in gender. In addition, it performs an analysis of variance using the two groups of young adults with and without academic entrepreneurship education to detect differences in entrepreneurial intentions between men (hypothesis 2) and women (hypothesis 3).FindingsThe empirical findings from a European country trailing in university-level entrepreneurship education confirm the dominant evidence that young women have lower entrepreneurial intentions than young men. In addition, women's proclivity toward entrepreneurship is lower with academic entrepreneurship education than without.Originality/valueThis study provides new evidence from Greece, which has few studies on entrepreneurship education at the tertiary level. Scholars are advised to keep track of the new pathway exploring linkages between gender, entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurship education. Policymakers in Europe are encouraged to establish an approach of tailoring university courses to their students. Currently, society will benefit from entrepreneurship education curricula targeting young women based on their particular needs and interests, while nurturing their entrepreneurial intentions.

Factors affecting students’ entrepreneurial intentions and their differences based on gender, tribe, and parents’ occupation: a cross-sectional study

Background: This study examines the impact of entrepreneurial knowledge and self-efficacy in increasing students' entrepreneurial intentions and their self-efficacy. Differences were analyzed in entrepreneurial intentions based on gender, tribe, and parents’ occupation. Methods: The data used in this research was collected from a survey, done by distributing questionnaires electronically to students of the Economics Education Study Program, Faculty of Economics, State University of Medan in the semesters 3, 5, and 7, (n = 307), with a response from 260 individuals. The analytical test used was the PLS-SEM and nonparametric Mann-Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests. Results: Entrepreneurial knowledge and self-efficacy positively and significantly increased entrepreneurial intentions. Self-efficacy was not proven to act as a moderating variable, and there was no difference in entrepreneurial intentions between genders, tribes and parents’ occupations. Conclusions: There is a need to enhance the role of the family, so that women's entrepreneurial intentions will not fall lower than men’s. It should be noted, however, the role of the family was not discussed in this study. This research implies that it is necessary to embrace innovative entrepreneurship education, so as to increase the entrepreneurial intentions of women and reduce gender inequality in entrepreneurial activities. Further research needs to be conducted on the role of culture-based families in preparing their sons and daughters to become entrepreneurs.

ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A COMPARATIVE BETWEEN G7 AND BRICS COUNTRIES

The objective of this study is to investigate a possible difference in entrepreneurial intention between developed and developing countries. For this purpose, we used the data of the year 2014 of the Adult Population Survey, made available by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). The intentional sample was defined based on two groups: developed countries belonging to the G7 and developing countries, belonging to BRICS. To test the hypotheses, we used non-parametric tests for categorical data. The results show that BRICS countries have greater entrepreneurial intention when compared to the G7 countries. In addition, the BRICS countries do not have the same perception and entrepreneurial intention; finally, we found that men have a greater entrepreneurial intention when compared to women. The study contributes to the literature of entrepreneurship, more particularly when it comes to entrepreneurial profile and intention, advancing with comparative studies between countries with different economic, cultural and social characteristics.

Psychological capital and entrepreneurship: gender differences

PurposeThis study aims to examine whether the psychological capital of male and female university students explains the intention to undertake entrepreneurism. Following Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour, the aim was to study whether perceived behavioural control and subjective norms influence entrepreneurial intention and if subjective norms moderate established relationships, in both genders.Design/methodology/approachStructural equation modelling and analysis of variance was applied to test the hypotheses amongst students at a Spanish university.FindingsThe results showed that gender differences in psychological capital, in perceived behavioural control and in subjective norms existed between the male and female population, which explain gender differences in entrepreneurial intention. Similarly, subjective norms acted as a moderator in the relationship between psychological capital, the perceived behavioural control and entrepreneurial intention, with the moderating impact being higher on the female population.Practical implicationsThe results obtained in this paper indicate that developing perceived behavioural control and the psychological capital of university students in training programmes of male and female students helps to promote their entrepreneurial intention. Similarly, the results suggest that building a support network, for instance of family and groups of friends is key to fostering entrepreneurial intention, particularly for women.Originality/valueEntrepreneurship is key to the successful employability of current and future generations in the labour market. This study examined key antecedents of student’s entrepreneurial intention and how these are gendered. For both men and women (investing in) psychological capital is important. Informal social support was shown to play a key role in women’s entrepreneurial intention.

Local Institutional Profile and the Antecedents of Entrepreneurial Intention

Abstract We investigate the effects of the local institutional profile on the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention. First, we advance a conceptual model based on the theory of planned behavior and on institutional theory. In our model, local government policies, regional shared social knowledge and local value systems affect cognition of individuals with regard to entrepreneurial intention. We then test our model using structural equation modeling (SEM) based on a survey of 2150 respondents in Brazil. The country is particularly interesting for the analysis since it presents a continental dimension, being formed by five regions with different geographic, economic, and social characteristics. Our regression models corroborate our hypotheses. Perceived behavior control is a function of both the local cognitive dimension and the local regulatory dimension. The personal attitude is determined by all the local institutional dimensions (cognitive, regulatory, and normative dimensions). Subjective norms, in turn, are a function of the local normative dimension. This effect is interesting because it points to regional variability in the way individuals appreciate entrepreneurial activity and how this translates into a statistically significant difference in entrepreneurial intention among the country’s regions.

Entrepreneurial Intention Model of Learning and Self-Efficacy Aspects

The purpose of this study is to unearth the effect of entrepreneurship learning on entrepreneurial intentions mediated by self-efficacy, and to find out the differences in entrepreneurial intentions viewed from the gender aspect. The research method employed in this study was an explanatory survey method. With respect to the research population, 560 accounting education students from all over Indonesia took part in this study by using the sample size technique of Isaac Michael so that the sample size was 233 respondents. The research samples taken from the population of accounting education students in Indonesia consisted of the students from Unimed, UPI, UNY, UNM, UM Malang and Unesa Surabaya. The data were collected using questionnaires in a google form and the validity and reliability of the collected data had also been tested. In this study, descriptive analysis and path analysis were employed as the data processing technique. The results showed that entrepreneurship learning and self-efficacy had a significant positive effect on entrepreneurial intentions. In particular, self-efficacy had the greatest effect on entrepreneurial intentions. There is no difference in entrepreneurial intentions based on the gender aspect. It is recommended to increase entrepreneurship learning through facilities and infrastructure indicators, self-efficacy through generally indicators, and entrepreneurial intentions through the indicators of spirit to try entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurial intention among online and face-to-face university students: The influence of structural and cognitive social capital dimensions

This research attempts to understand how the influence of specific dimensions of social capital may or may not have different effects on student entrepreneurial intentions in Spanish university environments (online and face-to-face). Based on Ajzen’s (1991) Theory of Planned Behavior, we attempt to integrate three elements of social capital (network ties as structural social capital, shared languages, and shared visions as cognitive social capital) to explain the significant or non-significant differences in entrepreneurial intentions between these two samples (online and face-to-face), given the role played by social capital in university environments and in the entrepreneurship process. Partial least squares-structural equation modelling has been employed to assess the research model and to perform multi-group analysis. Two non-parametric techniques have been used: Henseler’s MGA and the permutation test. Before performing the multi-group analysis, measurement invariance was evaluated using measurement invariance of composite models, which is a new approach to partial least squares-structural equation modelling. The data is obtained from a sample of 302 online and 204 face-to-face university students (undergraduate and master students). Findings suggest that although social capital has significant influence on entrepreneurial intentions in both environments, it is greater in the online students group than in the face-to-face group. This is due to the influence of cognitive social capital (shared languages and shared visions) on entrepreneurial intentions through the catalyst role played by structural social capital (network ties) and the principal components of the Theory of Planned Behavior (attitude towards behavior, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms). This study makes a significant theoretical contribution by analyzing the different impacts of structural (network ties) and cognitive (shared languages and shared visions) social capital on the antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions in online and face-to-face university students.

The effects of need for cognition, gender, risk preferences and marketing education on entrepreneurial intentions

Purpose Entrepreneurial aspirations are essential to the creation and survival of many businesses and to the economic development of nations. Understanding the drivers of entrepreneurial intentions is therefore of central importance from both academic and public policy perspectives. This study aims to explore how entrepreneurial intentions are affected by an individual’s need for cognition (NFC), gender, risk preferences and educational profile. Design/methodology/approach Using survey data from 668 individuals, the effects of the above factors are empirically established and the mediating role of decision confidence is also examined. Findings The results indicate that NFC, gender and risk preferences affect entrepreneurial intentions. Furthermore cross-disciplinary differences in entrepreneurial intentions are found within the different sub-disciplines of business. Research limitations/implications This paper expands the current body of literature by exploring the combined NFC with risk preferences and gender, on individuals’ entrepreneurial intentions. Furthermore, the entrepreneurial intentions of marketing majors are also contrasted with those of other majors. Practical implications The findings of the study identify drivers of entrepreneurial intentions and their varying effects. The results can assist in the development and customization of training programs for entrepreneurs. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study to examine the combined effects of NFC, gender, risk preferences and educational profile on entrepreneurial intentions.

Short-Term and Long-Term Entrepreneurial Intention Comparison between Pakistan and Vietnam

This study’s purpose is to measure entrepreneurial intention in near and distant time scales using temporal construal theory and the theory of planned behavior. It examines new patterns to measure individual intentions to become an entrepreneur, which are classified into short-term entrepreneurial intention and long-term entrepreneurial intention, using a two-country study. A cross-sectional study of 447 university students in business and non-business disciplines from Pakistan and Vietnam was conducted. Structural equation modeling and the partial least squares model were used to present path modeling and multigroup analysis. The proposed model for entrepreneurial temporal intention was tested using the theory of planned behavior dimensions with the potential temporal spectrum of short-term and long-term intentions. The results indicated differences in individual entrepreneurial temporal intentions across the two lower middle-income countries. The findings depict that short-term entrepreneurial intention significantly mediates the effect between the theory of planned behavior dimensions and long-term entrepreneurial intention, and more specifically, that long-term entrepreneurial intention is higher than short-term entrepreneurial intention in both countries. In comparison, the theory of planned behavior dimensions indicated more power in Pakistan’s student sample. This paper presents a new perspective to compare differences in entrepreneurial intention with time fluctuation and thus provides support in identifying potential nascent entrepreneurs based on their psychological distance in thinking and primitive action.