Doctrinal Differences Research Articles

La Gerusalemme celeste in terra. Radici ed evoluzione del "welfare socialdemocratico"

The chapter aims to introduce some considerations with a historical approach related to the evolution of the cultural stances adopted by the leading forces of the worker and socialist movement - particularly those of reformist orientation - towards the policies of social protection. Moreover, it outlines a general scheme of a time period, which allows to view the evolution of social welfare systems into the welfare-state model. The first result of this research program is that the ongoing exchance of views that led to the Welfare State did not follow a straight line. Moreover, even the definition of socialism and social-democracy requires to be dealt with in a more pluralistic view, taking into account the variety and the differences in both doctrines and practices to be found in the European countries, even if inside a common political family. Examining the cultural ideas of the social-democracies which grow towards social protection policies it helps scholars to debunk several generalizations and see gaps and recurring features if a "path dependence" approach is followed. The idea that history of welfare state can be described as a sort of continuous and mechanical process of enlightened conceptions and reform projects which little by little become modern and advanced, is problematic. Since that it appears to be more as the result of a series, sometimes casual, of choices motivated by necessity and contingent situations.

Tea Ceremony as a Space for Interreligious Dialogue

Abstract This paper explores the potential of Japanese tea ceremony to be an aesthetic space for inter-religious dialogue. Through a study of historical encounters that took place between European Jesuit missionaries and Japanese tea masters in the late 16th century, this paper elucidates the missionaries’ experiences of tea ceremonies and discusses the validity and limitation of a tea house as a space for cross-cultural and interreligious dialogue. The fruit of tea ceremony in terms of interreligious dialogue includes a shared sense of aesthetic communion that is attained through communal enjoyment of the beauty of nature and drinking a cup of tea in an isolated tea house, where guests are invited to cast away worries of everyday business, as well as their social and religious differences; whereas its limitation pertains to marked indifference toward verbal communication that is characteristic to the way of tea, and thus the historical missionaries’ experience was limited to aesthetic paradigm and did not lead to logical understanding of doctrinal differences between Buddhists and Christians.

State management of religion in Pakistan and dilemmas of citizenship

This paper looks at the paradoxical creation of a Muslim minority by the Pakistani state to cast a light on the processes of secularism, citizenship and minoritization. The paper argues that contrary to the concerns articulated in academic debates about citizenship and minorities, it is in fact the majority that is managed most assiduously. Critically, these debates assume readymade groupings; this paper discusses how the creation of both a minority and a majority is an ongoing, fractured process. The creation of a minority group, the Ahmadiyya, from within the putative Muslim majority by the state in Pakistan, is thus a useful prism through which to understand the ways in which a specific kind of citizen has been created in Pakistan, one who is increasingly impatient with the idea of doctrinal difference even as she is confronted by a proliferation of different Islams in everyday life.

Tell Me the Story of How I Conquered You: Elsewheres and Ethnosuicide in the Colonial Mesoamerican World

José Rabasa uses Codex Telleriano-Remensis folio 46r as a starting point for an exploration of the encounters that marked the early colonial period in New Spain and the debates these encounters sparked in Spain at the same time. He is interested in how indigenous intellectuals challenged the European ethnographic project into which they had been brought and compelled to participate. These ethnographies were carried out in highly charged political and religious contexts, but they were not one-sided. Both Europeans and Nahuas tried to understand each other, and in the process, Rabasa argues, both cultures were changed.Codex Telleriano-Remensis was commissioned by Dominican friars seeking to learn about Nahua culture. Its content is both religious and historical, with information recorded pictorially by a native tlacuilo, the Nahuatl term for a painter-scribe. Space was left for alphabetic annotations that provide readings and commentary on the imagery. One friar in particular, Pedro de los Ríos, has been identified as the major patron of the work, even adding his own annotations directly to the manuscript. Rabasa focuses on the interactions between Rios and the tlacuilo, whom he describes as female. He does so because the Telleriano-Remensis pictures a woman holding a brush and kneeling before the Aztec sign for book; a Spanish annotation identifies this woman as “la pintora.” Accordingly, by referring to the scribe as “she,” Rabasa calls attention to a tendency to generalize a masculine identity for native artists, even when confronted with evidence that women could also be painters. At the same time, Rabasa comments on the colonial encounter, using gender to further stress the contrast between colonized and colonizer, or native tlacuilo (female) and Spanish patron (male).As Rabasa explains, the relationship between the Dominican patron and the native tlacuilo was a charged one, forcing the tlacuilo to perform an act of “ethnosuicide.” That is, the native scribe was asked to describe and objectify her Nahua culture for missionaries seeking to destroy that culture. Nevertheless, Rabasa maintains that her ability to occupy two worlds enabled the tlacuilo to evade the ethnosuicide inherent in her project. He uses the term elsewheres to define the space from which the tlacuilo worked and also the position from which modern viewers must engage her work. The concept of elsewheres is a key idea throughout the book, and Rabasa always italicizes it, perhaps to stress its foreignness. For Rabasa, elsewheres are not just spatio-temporal locations, they are cultural constructions that shape what we can say or show about the world and how we can say or show it.The implications of the tlacuilo’s elsewheres come into focus when she is called upon to record the history of the colonial period. To do so, she had to create a new pictorial vocabulary, perhaps nowhere as meaningfully as on folio 46r. Here, the tlacuilo visually juxtaposed a Dominican friar with his Franciscan counterpart in such a way as to emphasize their major doctrinal differences. To Rabasa, the accuracy of her representation reveals a reversal of the colonial gaze. The observed became the observer and in so doing threatened her patron, who soon after removed her from the project. Nevertheless, her visual record remains and offers Rabasa an entry point into an analysis of the evangelization effort in New Spain, focusing on the doctrinal differences between the Dominicans and Franciscans, as so eloquently visualized by the tlacuilo. Rabasa traces these differences to medieval Christian theology and the contrasting philosophic traditions of the two orders. Also playing a role in these theological debates was the role of art itself, especially the nature of representation and perspective. Rabasa considers how all of these debates impacted the Christianization of the New World from the perspective of both Europeans and Nahuas.Throughout the book, Rabasa uses this interplay between tlacuilo and friar, colonized and colonizer, to explore a number of issues pertinent to the colonial project in New Spain and also to Western conceptions of history more globally. The chapters are cohesive but individual chapters also can be read as separate philosophical treatises on the colonial encounter and the privileging of Western categories of history and perception. Recent scholarship has created a more nuanced understanding of the colonial encounter by focusing on the pictorial and alphabetic records of life under colonial rule left by the Nahuas. Rabasa’s book builds upon this recent scholarship by considering its larger implications. Latin American specialists will appreciate that Rabasa does not just call for scholars to reconceptualize history through a decentering of Europe and modernity but also provides a useful model for doing so.

Doctrinal differences of the states-members European Union in the management of concentration through mergers and acquisitions of companies

Doctrinal differences of the states-members European Union in the management of concentration through mergers and acquisitions of companies

Why Comparative Politics Should Take Religion (More) Seriously

The study of religion holds great promise for the study of identity, institutional origins, the state, and the strategies of institutional actors in comparative politics. Doctrinal differences translate into distinct patterns of state institutions, economic performance, and policy preferences. Religious attachments affect voting and popular mobilization. Churches can become powerful institutional players that lobby, influence policy, and form effective coalitions with both secular and denominational partners. Finally, natural religious monopolies and (conversely) resolutely secular countries show how churches have played a central role in the struggle of nations and states. The relationship is thus mutual: religion influences political attitudes and institutions, and politics affects religious practice and political activity.

Christopher P. Twomey, The Military Lens: Doctrinal Difference and Deterrence Failure in Sino-American Relations. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010. 252 pp. $35.00

April 01 2012 Christopher P. Twomey, The Military Lens: Doctrinal Difference and Deterrence Failure in Sino-American Relations. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010. 252 pp. $35.00 Jan H. Kalicki Jan H. Kalicki Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Author and Article Information Jan H. Kalicki Online ISSN: 1531-3298 Print ISSN: 1520-3972 © 2012 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology2012 Journal of Cold War Studies (2012) 14 (2): 160–162. https://doi.org/10.1162/JCWS_r_00228 Cite Icon Cite Permissions Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Search Site Citation Jan H. Kalicki; Christopher P. Twomey, The Military Lens: Doctrinal Difference and Deterrence Failure in Sino-American Relations. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010. 252 pp. $35.00. Journal of Cold War Studies 2012; 14 (2): 160–162. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/JCWS_r_00228 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsJournal of Cold War Studies Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 2012 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology2012 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Facilitators of War with China

The Military Lens: Doctrinal Difference and Deterrence Failure in Sino-American Relations. By Twomey Christopher. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010. 260 pp., $35.00 paperback (ISBN 978-0-8014-4914-7). In this important and engaging study, Twomey, a professor of national security affairs and a specialist in China–America relations at the Naval Postgraduate School, insightfully explores the proposition that clashes between governments with different understandings of how military victory is achieved are far more likely to escalate into war. His data lead to a careful and vivid analysis of failed deterrence in Korea in 1950 and of successful deterrence in Taiwan. The book is illuminating and riveting. This is excellent scholarship. Twomey's rich, documentary study is on communication and miscommunication, on why signals do or do not get through. Making use of broad and deep knowledge of military history and military doctrine, Twomey has many things to teach, although, as shown by his chapter on wars between Israel and Egypt in 1967 and 1973, his goal is to provide help to governments in general, advice that will make wars less likely, with an especial focus on Taiwan in China–America relations. This is an admirable book of policy analysis. Yet I am not persuaded by Twomey's hypothesis on failed deterrence. It overemphasizes the weight of military doctrine in decisions for war or peace and underestimates the importance of domestic political factors for the choices made by political leaders. The real keys are the political priorities of Mao Zedong and Harry S. Truman. Believing that America's march north of the 38th parallel forced China to militarily intervene in Korea, Twomey asks why US troops marched into the DPRK (North Korea) whose …

The Military Lens: Doctrinal Difference and Deterrence Failure in Sino– American Relations, by Christopher P. Twomey. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010. xii + 260 pp. US$35.00 (hardcover).

<i>The Military Lens: Doctrinal Difference and Deterrence Failure in Sino– American Relations</i>, by Christopher P. Twomey. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010. xii + 260 pp. US$35.00 (hardcover).

Real and Imaginary Dialogues in the Jesuit Mission of Sixteenth-century Japan

Abstract This article takes as a starting point for a contextual exploration of the dialogue as a form of cross-cultural interaction the accounts of disputations between Francis Xavier and his companions and various Buddhist monks during the first years of the mission in Japan (1549-51). The essay considers the differences among a lay popular version of these disputations offered by Fernão Mendes Pinto, the account publicized by Francis Xavier in his letters to Europe, and the internal working documents produced by his companions Cosme de Torres and Juan Fernández during these encounters. The latter reflected the complexity of the exchanges that took place in Yamaguchi in September 1551, offering many echoes of Buddhist arguments that stretched the Christian theological capacity. More interesting still is the process by which the Jesuits came to reject the possibilities for convergence through analogy and chose instead to emphasize doctrinal and moral differences, often employing arguments that echoed, unwittingly, the recent divisions within European Christendom.

The Word Made Exhibition: Protestant Reading Meets Catholic Worship in &lt;em&gt;Uncle Tom's Cabin&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;The Gates Ajar&lt;/em&gt;

When Uncle Tom's Cabin was translated and published Italy 1852, it was read widely and enthusiastically, but some Catholic observers took exception to its theology, according to Joseph Rossi. One newspaper, La Civilta Cattolica, objected to Harriet Beecher Stowe's portrayal sentiments so noble and virtues so marvelous [being acquired] sole reading of sole Bible, which seems to be predominant fixation of author (qtd. Rossi 42223). This judgment is no mistake. The scene of Little Eva and Uncle Tom reading Bible next to Lake Pontchartrain, for instance, represents an ideal of reading for and feeling presence of God, and it consecrates advance their upcoming deaths. The Italian newspaper reminds its readers that Catholic Church has little faith this means of accessing God through printed page and warns them not to be impressed images of scriptural salvation Stowe's novel. But paper also faults for taking inspiration from the immense treasures of Catholic hagiography to feed fervid embodied in a sentimental (qtd. Rossi 423). My essay argues that religious hybrid identified review--Stowe's attempt to wed treasures of Catholicism with a Protestant faith reading--shapes her fiction. Along with Elizabeth Stuart Phelps's The Gates Ajar, another best-seller that puts outsize pressure on question of how to read and how to access sacred, Uncle Tom's Cabin shows how Christian doctrinal differences influenced imagination of reading sentimental novel and decisively shaped its style. It is balancing appeals of Catholic and Protestant faith that and Phelps develop a novelistic strategy I will call exhibitional style. Certainly both and Phelps are possessed of impeccable Protestant credentials. was daughter and sister, respectively, to prominent clergymen Lyman and Henry Ward Beecher; Phelps was raised a family of two generations of Andover seminarians. Stowe's Protestant influences have been persuasively and extensively tracked, as have Phelps's. (1) But developed a robust, if vexed, relationship with Catholicism. Jenny Franchot argues that writing Agnes of Sorrento ten years after Uncle Tom's Cabin, Catholicize[s] her narrative on rhetorical level by imitating liturgical practices celebrated plot (250). Anthony E. Szczesiul finds that her religious poetry Stowe openly expresses a desire for 'imagistic' tradition of Catholicism--the sights, smells, and sounds of Catholic ritual' and he argues that portrays Eva and Tom according to specifically Catholic conventions of sainthood (par. 13). Little Eva is an evangelist, certainly, but a Catholic one. Phelps's novel, characters openly voice appreciation for Catholicism. The hero of The Gates Ajar, Winifred Forceythe, worries, In our recoil from materialism of Romish Church, we have, it seems to me, nearly stranded ourselves on opposite shore (110). Winifred's daughter Faith kisses a portrait of her dead father nightly, as if it were an icon, an act of devotion that startles narrator Mary when she first sees it. Wanting to win their readers to abolitionist cause or to console them for losses of Civil War, and Phelps act as both novelists and practical theologians. They take it that reading can save soul, a foundational Protestant view that inspires their projects as authors. But reading they imagine goes against grain of Protestant injunctions to sit alone and pore over pages. Reading is instead a communal and emotional, a visual and almost tactile, experience. (2) this way, Uncle Tom's Cabin and The Gates Ajar attempt to find a middle ground between competing models of human contact with God: private reading that goes deep between lines, or a public sacrament that relies on sharable, visual, and material. …

Differential efficacy of standard inpatient treatment between Mormon and non-Mormon patients

Despite differences in doctrine and belief structure, much of current research and most therapeutic practice continue to treat the thirty six recognised denominations of Christianity identically. Analysis of 298 inpatients (37.6% Mormon) at a large state psychiatric hospital found differential efficacy based on denomination (Mormon versus Non-Mormon) on seven of the 24 items of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Differential efficacy of treatment was also found based on gender for four of the 24 items with those differences possibly stemming from gender differences in openness to therapy. Finally, two denominations by gender interactions were noted as well. Taken together, the results of the current study indicate that specific denomination membership may have a more significant impact on the outcome of therapy than current practice implies. Additionally, the current study documents some of the unique challenges and issues in treating Mormon patients.

‘Religion in Sort of a Global Sense’: The Relevance of Religious Practices for Political Community in Battlestar Galactica and Beyond

The TV show Battlestar Galactica (BSG) may be read as the melding of two polities infused with two different religious systems into one. Drawing on Theodore Schatzki, I argue that this process may best be analysed in terms of the religious practices which they come to perform together. BSG presents a story to the viewer of how a religious practice community that allows differences of creeds and rituals may be realised. With reference to the works of Carl Schmitt and Eric Voegelin, I argue that the key precondition for this to happen is the avoidance of what Voegelin calls political theology. Differences in creed, doctrine, and specific religious practices may exist side by side as long as certain practices associated with the sacred—in the case of BSG, primarily practices that have to do with burying and remembering the dead—are shared.

TRINITY OR MONOTHEISM A MYSTICAL-QUR'ANIC APPROACH

Muhammad Taqi Fa’ali PhD.*[1] The most significant doctrinal difference between Islam and Christianity is the issue of trinity versus monotheism. The doctrine of trinity has a variety of interpretations, the most important of which are Arianism, Sabellianism, Orthodox, Deity, epiphany and the mysterious affair. These interpretations date back to the Old and New Testaments, or rather to religions preceding those scriptures. In all its interpretations, the trinity is strongly refuted by the Qur’an and Islam. On the contrary, Islamic monotheism maintains its identical sense however it may be looked into in the light of different accounts[CZ1] . In what follows, the author has taken a comparative look at the issue of trinity versus monotheism. From one side, he has criticized trinity, and he has clarified the deductive bases of monotheism in the light of theology, mysticism, and the Qur’an, from another side. [1] - Assistant professor in Azad Islamic University, Science & Research Dept. [CZ1]I did my best to make sense of this sentence, but I still do not understand the intended meaning. Please clarify.

The military lens: doctrinal difference and deterrence failure in Sino-American relations

The military lens: doctrinal difference and deterrence failure in Sino-American relations

The Evolution of the Common Law and Efficiency

The efficiency of the common law hypothesis has generated a large bulk of literature in the last decades. The main argument is that there is an implicit economic logic to the common law; the doctrines in common law provide a coherent and consistent system of incentives which induce efficient behavior. We start by observing that if the common law is overall evolutionarily efficient, we are left with no explanation for the important doctrinal differences across common law jurisdictions. The observation is more striking if we keep in mind that presumably the de jure initial condition was the same, namely English law. This paper assesses the efficiency of the common law hypothesis to detect the possible explanations for those main differences. If local determinants shape the common law differently, the literature needs to address these particularities that have been largely ignored. The consequence is that there is probably no single efficient outcome, thus undermining the one-size-fits-all theory of the legal origins literature.

Sarkar on the Buddha's Four Noble Truths

This is a critical comparison of two important figures, one ancient and one contemporary, in the Indian religious landscape: Gotama Buddha and Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar. Such comparison of their key ideas and practices is warranted for two reasons. First, Sarkar, a neo-Hindu thinker and reformer, has both praised the Buddha's humanism and criticized the Buddhist doctrine of the Four Noble Truths, and it is of interest to examine exactly where Sarkar stands in relation to the Buddha and to Buddhism as a whole. It is particularly interesting to examine in what ways Sarkar's teachings are an attempt to find an alternative to Buddhism. Second, it is of academic interest to explore the accuracy of Sarkar's interpretations of the Buddha's teachings and the problem of their acceptability to Buddhists. This essay argues for the commensurability of the Sarkarian and Buddhist emancipatory ethic despite real doctrinal and practical differences, and suggests that Sarkarian and Buddhist approaches can each contribute to the alleviation of human suffering both individual and collective.

Pięcioksiąg w Biblii. Analiza struktury retorycznej kanonu

Biblical canons reflect the theology of communities that are responsible for their final shape. A majority of texts that were written during the biblical and early postbiblical period belong to a few communities and are collected in different canons. The present article considers two of them: the Hebrew Bible and the Catholic Old Testament, from the perspective of the Pentateuch, with the aim of grasping some of the doctrinal differences between early Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism. The canon of the Hebrew Bible is totally oriented towards the Pentateuch and accentuates messianic hope, but is completely closed towards any new text, contrary to the canon of the Old Testament. The Old Testament is open towards New Testament by the rearrangement of basic writings contained in the Hebrew Bible.

Horizontal and Vertical Theologies: “Sacraments” in the Works of Paschasius Radbertus and Ratramnus of Corbie

In the middle decades of the ninth century, Charles the Bald, the West Frankish Carolingian ruler, received two treatises on the subject of the Eucharist. Paschasius Radbertus (ca. 790–ca. 865) and Ratramnus (d. after 868), both monks from the royal monastery at Corbie in Neustria, composed treatises entitled De corpore et sanguine domini.1 That these were the very first Latin Christian treatises devoted solely to the Eucharist and, further, that they came to different conclusions, has attracted well-earned scholarly scrutiny from almost immediately after their appearance. I would like to return to the question of the difference between their views. Specifically, I will show that the doctrinal differences between the two treatises have their roots in different approaches to, or—perhaps better—interests in, sacraments in general. The two authors do not take opposed positions on the topic of the sacraments, or even mutually contradicting positions on the Eucharist, rather they choose to emphasize different aspects of the sacrament, different guiding themes which suggest to each different lines of analysis. Paschasius sees sacraments primarily as instruments of unity, while Ratramnus views sacraments principally as salvific tools. This recognition yields two insights. It recalibrates analysis of the eucharistic tracts, foregrounding the contemporary concerns of the authors, while deliberately deemphasizing the subsequent theological controversies and scholarly debates into which the treatises were drawn. For both Paschasius and Ratramnus, distinctive approaches to sacraments color not only their analyses of the Eucharist, but also their approaches to larger political and social questions. This recognition also emphasizes the vibrance and creativity characteristic of the Carolingian theological milieu, too often dismissed as a supposedly derivative and unoriginal era in Christian theology. To these ends, the paper will proceed in four stages. First, I situate my question in the long historiography of the Corbie eucharistic treatises. Second, I briefly set the authors and their treatises in historical context. Third, I compare their ‘sacramental’ theologies of the Eucharist, underscoring both Paschasius's emphasis on its horizontal or communal significance and Ratramnus's stress on its vertical or salvific importance. Fourth, I trace how each author's particular sacramental interests remain consistent across their other projects with ramifications for their theological and social opinions.

Concurrence of Ownership and Limited Property Rights

Abstract: In Comparative and European Property law, there is a clear need for studies into the fundamental basis of the legal systems in Europe. One part of this fundamental basis is the creation and extinction of property rights. One of the most interesting elements of this subject and the reason for this article is the idea of concurrence of the right of ownership and a limited property right burdening that same right of ownership held by the same person. This possibility is not recognized in every legal system. In the discussion on the development of a European property law, this fundamental question and the differing treatments it receives in various European legal systems are very vital. Very interestingly, the argumentation used in German, French, Dutch and English law is very similar but reaches different results. The possibility of holding a property right and ownership over the same object is recognized in German law, but generally not in Dutch, French and English law. Only when the position of third parties is taken into account some convergence between the various approaches to this problem can be reached. The European Commission, when working on property law proposals such as a possible right of Euro-Mortgage, other property security rights, but also in the area of EU consumer law, should therefore take these doctrinal differences and similarities between these four Member States into account. Résumé: Il existe en droit comparé et en droit européen de la propriété un besoin évident d’approfondir les bases fondamentales des systèmes de droit en Europe. Une partie de cette base fondamentale concerne l’acquisition et l’extinction des droits réels. L’un des éléments les plus intéressants sur ce sujet, objet de cet article, est l’idée de concours entre le droit de propriété (right of ownership) et un droit réel limité (limited property right) grevant ce même droit de propriété, détenus par la même personne. Cette possibilité n’est pas reconnue dans tous les systèmes de droit. Dans la discussion sur le développement d’un droit européen de la propriété, cette question fondamentale, ainsi que les différents traitements reçus dans les divers systèmes de droit sont d’une extrême importance. Il est très intéressant de constater que l’argumentation utilisée en droit allemand, français, néerlandais et anglais est très similaire, mais aboutit à des résultats différents. La possibilité de détenir un droit réel (holding a property right) et un droit de propriété (ownership) sur le même objet est reconnue en droit allemand, mais généralement pas en droit néerlandais, français et anglais. C’est seulement lors de la prise en compte de la position des tiers que certaines convergences apparaissent entre les différentes approches de ce problème. La Commission européenne, lorsqu’elle travaille sur des propositions concernant le droit de la propriété tel qu’une éventuelle euro-hypothèque, d’autres droits de sûretés, mais aussi le droit européen de la consommation, devrait donc prendre en considération les différences et similitudes doctrinales entre ces quatre États Membres.