Doctrinal Differences Research Articles

Juristic Differences on Salat Within the Maliki School and Its Relevance to Nigerian Muslims

Salat, or Islamic prayers, is central to Muslim devotion globally. However, different schools of Islamic jurisprudence interpret and apply Salat uniquely. The Maliki school stands out for its distinct approach, influencing how Salat is performed. In Nigeria, where Maliki jurisprudence predominates among Muslims, these differences are especially relevant. Nigeria's diverse Muslim population offers an ideal setting to explore how Maliki jurisprudence impacts Salat practice and religious identity. This study examines the unique interpretations and rulings of the Maliki school regarding Salat, focusing on prayer methodology such as mode of Iqᾱmah, Adhᾱn, recitations, Al-Qunũt, Qabd and Sadl, and evaluates their relevance to Nigerian Muslims. The research employs textual analysis and comparative jurisprudence to uncover doctrinal differences and practical implications of Maliki rulings on Salat. Empirical data from Nigerian Muslim communities shed light on how these differences affect contemporary Salat practices and perceptions. Findings revealed that Maliki jurisprudence remains influential among Nigerian Muslims, providing a foundational framework for religious guidance. Despite divergence, the core principles of Shari’ah and its sources remain intact. Conclusively, the paper emphasisesthe importance of fostering dialogue and understanding among scholars, policymakers, and religious leaders to enhance spiritual experiences and communal cohesion in Nigerian Muslim society.

Qur’an Translations in African American (Post-)Muslim Movements

Due to their situatedness in a particular Western English-speaking environment, African American Muslims primarily received, engaged with, and employed the Qur'an through the vehicle of English translations. Contrary to what is often assumed, the Qur'an has played a key role in the formulation of the doctrines of the various African American Muslim movements, including among early representatives, such as the Nation of Islam. What is more, different interpretations and translations of the Qur'an have informed doctrinal differences, institutional formations, and internal disputes among African American Muslims. This article provides an overview of the usage and, arguably, the politics of English Qur'an translations in different African American Muslim movements from the early twentieth century until the present. In addition, it introduces and analyses the works of the first Qur'an translators from amongst the ranks of African American Muslim movements.

Culpability and Prediction in Medical Error

According to the World Health Organization (2023), 2.6 million people die annually due to preventable adverse events in hospitals. This data is still underestimated, as the study evaluated only 150 countries. Each year, out of the 19.4 million people treated in hospitals in Brazil, 1.3 million experience at least one side effect caused by negligence or recklessness during medical treatment. In 2021, the Federal Council of Medicine reported that 92% of colleges do not meet at least one of the three parameters deemed ideal for the proper operation of medical courses. Every hour, three medical error lawsuits (The National Justice Council states that 3 medical error lawsuits are filed every hour) are filed in Brazil, and medical culpability finds practical and doctrinal differences at civil and criminal levels. The implementation of evidence-based medicine can reduce the numbers indicated and to this end, supported by the medical literature, the practitioner has the opportunity to contain the error and, as a consequence, the accounting of deaths and unexpected events using the exact science for that. The research thus recommends strategies to reduce avoidable errors and calls for stricter penalties for gross error.

Ecumenical Challenge in the Third Millennium

Ecumenical movement is a Christian attempt to unite the fragmented Christian denominations, which has not materialized. From this failure, this paper aimed at finding out the ecumenical challenge in the third millennium. This study followed a qualitative approach that employs content analysis of historical data. It described theological and hermeneutical themes in five sections. The first section gives a brief working definition of three theological terms, millennium, third millennium and filioque controversy. The second section focuses on the description of the ecumenical movement in the third millennium. The third section gives a hermeneutical understanding of biblical teaching on unity. The fourth section presents the contrast between the biblical teaching on unity and the concept of unity in the ecumenical movement in the third millennium. The last section presents the challenges that face the ecumenical movement in the third millennium. Base on the findings, the study concludes that the challenge that faces the ecumenical movement is disregarding the biblical concept of unity and neglecting doctrinal differences among Christian denominations. Therefore, the study recommends that unity should be sought in accordance with biblical truth; moreover, the quest for unity should focus on solving the doctrinal differences among Christian denominations.

Problems and Prospects of Unification of the Concepts of “Tokens”, “Digital Assets” and “Digital Rights”

Introduction: the accelerated digital transformation of the economy leads to a lack of unity in understanding the essence of new digital objects and a lag in the legal regulation from the pace of digitalization. As a result, when characterizing new digital objects, there arise terminological inaccuracies, discussions regarding the expediency and correctness of legislative innovations, and the gaps in the legal regulation of digital objects of legal relations. As a result, the purpose of the current study is to define the essence and delineate the concepts of “token”, “digital assets” and “digital rights”. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are defined: to study the definitions of the above-mentioned concepts available in the legal doctrine, their role in the civil legislation, to develop a systematic understanding of the digital objects selected for research. Methods: the methodological framework for the study is a set of methods: the terminological analysis of individual digital objects – tokens, digital assets and digital rights; the generalization of the studied materials by induction to determine the subordination of the described digital objects; the generalization and comparison of doctrinal concepts on the relationship between the concepts of “digital assets” and “digital rights”. Based on the conducted research, the following results are achieved: the doctrinal differences are revealed in the understanding of the term “token”, in the correctness of the identification of “digital rights” as an object of civil rights, in the correlation of the concepts of “token”, “digital asset” and “digital rights”; the classification of digital assets is of scientific interest in the framework of further research. According to the results of the scientific research, the author has made a number of conclusions, in particular: 1) the lack of unity in the definitions of new digital terms generates discussions regarding the current norms of the Russian legislation and hinders the introduction of promising digital structures into civil circulation; 2) in order to unify digital terminology, the following changes to the Russian legislation are proposed: digital assets should be distinguished as a separate category of objects of civil rights; digital rights should be defined as a kind of digital asset expressed in monetary form; a token should be defined as a means of balance sheet accounting of a digital asset and the authentication of users of an information system.

Doctrinal purposes in the regenerative vision of Muhammad Iqbal

The intentional consideration has been more evident in our honourable scholars in the Shari’à and if the legitimate purposes is to preserve the dogmatic and legal rulings then doctrinal purposes are the guarantee to submit to dogma of faith and to preserve the mind and heart from being drawn into deceived by deviant philosophies and corrupt beliefs. According, it can be said that the doctrinal objectives, the creed is the core of all heavenly religions, and it is the origin on which the foundations of Shari’à based, and the books of Islamic heritage - especially theology- are replete with methods of argument and inference on validity of the Islamic belief, but it fell into fragmentation, faith issues are presented without their purposes and goals, so beliefs have fallen into lethargy and weakness. Within the framework of the renewal of Islamic thought, scholars who devoted their time have worked on monitoring the causes of stagnation in it, including the issue of belief. Thus, scholars have called for the importance of building a realistic, simple and easy belief that addresses instinct and reason so that doctrinal differences could be overcome. The aim of this research paper is to present the vision of the renovated thinker Muhammad Iqbal on the dimensions of faith through his book ‘The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam’ to reveal the proposal he presented, which has a social and political dimension to faith that could restore to Muslin the strength he lost when his faith weakened and lacked the purposeful glare. Keywords: Religion, doctrinal purposes, renovation, Muhammad Iqbal.

Secessionist Movement in Church History: A Critical Analysis of the Protestant Churches’ Separation from the Anglican Communion in Nigeria.

The secessionist movement, particularly evident in the Protestant Churches’ separation from the Anglican Communion, was a critical period in the history and development of Christianity in Nigeria. The schism within the Anglican Church led to the proliferation of churches and the expansion of denominations in Nigeria. Thus, this paper critically delves into the historical, social, and theological factors that engendered the separation of ‘Protestant Churches’ from the Anglican Church in Nigeria, while assessing its theological and ecclesiastical implications, the objective being to provide a comprehensive account of the underlying motivations behind the breakaway, and its consequences on Nigeria’s multi-faceted religious landscape. With the aid of content analysis method of research, which relies essentially on the collection and analysis of secondary data, the study finds out that a complex interplay of colonialism, cultural dynamics, and doctrinal differences contributed to the emergence of distinct Protestant denominations in Nigeria during the colonial period. Furthermore, the paper contends that the role of the secessionist movement in shaping and reshaping religious identities, practices, interactions and discourses within the country cannot be over-emphasized, thus, deserving the critical attention of the intellectual community.

Empowered to Serve: Resilience and Impact in Changing Times

The text provides an overview of the challenges and opportunities associated with ecumenism and interfaith dialogue, particularly within the context of university/college chaplaincy. The detailed exploration provides a thorough understanding of the complex dynamics involved in ecumenism and interfaith dialogue within the university/college chaplaincy setting. It highlights the importance of promoting inclusivity, fostering understanding, and navigating challenges to create a more harmonious and accepting spiritual environment. There are two forms of dialogue: ad intra (Ecumenism) which focuses on unity and collaboration within Christianity. The other one is ad extrea (interfaith dialogue), which addresses interactions between different faith traditions. Religion is depicted as a potent force, capable of influencing individuals to extreme actions. Chaplaincies play a crucial role in navigating faith issues. Ecumenism and interfaith dialogue within chaplaincy present both opportunities and challenges. By addressing doctrinal differences, respecting religious freedom, and acknowledging diverse needs, chaplains can contribute to inclusive spiritual care and foster collaborative communities. The success of chaplaincy in a multi-faith context relies on effective training, ongoing education, and institutional support, ensuring that chaplains are equipped to navigate the complexities of diverse religious landscapes.

Outer space weaponisation: International security and Nigeria in the outer space

Outer Space could be seen extensively threatened by the inability of States to universalize commitments against conduct of destructive direct-ascent anti-satellite missile tests, and placement of dual-use nature of space-based capabilities which further aggravate outer Space weaponisation through the presence of over 170 million pieces of debris in orbit, causing collision, damages and outright loss of space assets to developing Space fairing nations like Nigeria. It was against this background that this study adopts Liberal Institutionalism to examine outer Space Weaponisation, and international Security on developing nations. The study deconstructed space weaponisation into implications on Nigeria space assets and adoptable strategies to improve Nigeria’s assets in the outer space. Findings from the study established the nexus between space weaponization and space insecurity, which ultimately trigger the failure of Nigeria’s NIGCOMSAT-1, increasing cost of launching, maintaining space assets and causing apprehension in the global community. This study also situates the possibility of stronger nations blocking developing State’s access to space know-how and making space access development by developing countries like Nigeria very expensive and out of reach. This study therefore recommends that due to the presence of ideological and doctrinal difference among the veto wielding permanent members on the use of outer space, Nigeria should join forces with other nations that oppose weaponization of space and accordingly spearhead the drive towards a stricter new space treaty banning the testing, deployment and use of all kinds of intentional, harmful, and dual use weapons in space. That Nigeria should devote an accountable proportion of her GDP between 2-4% to space-related programmes in order to generate and develop scientific and technological capacities as by-products that would enhance national development.

Sacred Time and Religious Violence: Evidence from Hindu-Muslim Riots in India

How and when can religious times become focal points for communal violence? In the context of Hindu-Muslim riots in India, I argue that incompatible ritual holidays where one religion’s rituals are at odds with another (e.g., sacrificing cows or engaging in processions with idolatry) help explain the positive effect of sacred time on religious rioting. Holidays with incompatible rituals provide doctrinal differences that make riots more likely. These types of holidays can be used by riot entrepreneurs to incite violence or can independently raise an individual’s willingness to engage in violence. I provide support for this argument by analyzing data on Hindu-Muslim riots across 100 years. I investigate the mechanisms through additional analysis and examining historical and present-day cases of riots that occurred on holidays. By focusing on the content of religion, this paper demonstrates how particular religious holidays can provide the underlying conditions that elites use to incite religious violence.

Pauline Henotic Ecumenism (??????? - Ephesians 4: 3, 13) in Promoting Christian Unity and National Integration in Nigeria.

Lack of unity among the variegated ethnic groups in Nigeria has largely been responsible for ethno-religious, socio-political, economic and security challenges in Nigeria. This has inadvertently militated against national integration and achievement of the Sustainable development goals. The constitution and various government policies established for the unification of all Nigerians have failed to achieve the desired result, calling for transformation and genuine cohesion and love in promoting unity and development as advocated by Paul. Exegetical and hermenetical methods were used. Premised on OOOO theoretical framework. The word ??????? (henoteta) was used twice by Paul in Ephesians 4:3 and 13, these are the only two places where the feminine noun features in the New Testament. In these two passages, they both relate to the unity of the Spirit that produces a common faith and knowledge of the Son of God – ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ????. Such unity suggests that ecumenism amongst Christian denominations is not only a possibility; it is also a necessity as far as the Christians profess one Christ. This unity is however far from ecclesiological unionism, but organic unity. The church is vulnerable when its diverse lines of doctrines, dogmas, praxis, sacraments and ministerial structures and ethics are emphasised. This suggests that a cohesive antidote would be the emphasis on the philosophy of unity amidst her diversity and relationship with people of other faiths. This study reveals that Christianity is formed on divergent traditions that produced various strands of practices, which in turn produce different Christian sects and denominations. Therefore, a bonding in faith through the invisibility of henotic unity, which the pericope (Eph.4:3,13) suggests will enhance the cohesion of the church spititually, socially, economically, politically and structurally in the midst of doctrinal differences and ethnic dive

Book Review

Multicultural Theology is an alternative theology in the 21st century in dealing with the fact of ethnic and religious multiculturalism which is always colored by the phenomenon of conflict due to differences in doctrine. Through the book Multicultural Theology, conflicts due to doctrinal reasons are dismissed by Gunaryo Sudarmanto, because through his description which departs from the Theocentric and Christocentric dimensions, it appears that multiculturalism has room to exist because God Himself proposed it. This book is a contribution to the practice of Christians in establishing relationships with fellow believers in a multi-religious and ethnic society without compromising the uniqueness of the Christian faith.

Copyright Law in the European Union, the United States and China

This study juxtaposes copyright law in the European Union (EU), the United States (US) and the People’s Republic of China (China). After mapping major differences and similarities in copyright law between the three jurisdictions, possible reasons will be explored for the divergence and convergence detected. Findings indicate that many of the similarities as well as differences in copyright law can be attributed to international harmonization and, more specifically, to the Berne Convention. Convergence, both through congruence and pressure, and economic concerns explain why China’s copyright law has become strikingly similar in recent decades to copyright law in the EU and the US, despite vast historical and cultural differences. The differences are due, inter alia, to the underlying theoretical differences in copyright doctrine and different underlying aims of copyright protection, resulting in differing stances on the role and existence of moral rights. The divide between common law and civil law with regard to the role of statutory law and case law, respectively, is also relevant. Surprisingly, although China leans more towards the civil-law end of the continuum between civil law and common law, the underlying rationale for copyright and the role of precedent show some traits central to a common-law country, bringing China in those respects closer to the US than to the EU. However, like most EU Member States, but unlike the US, China recognizes the existence of moral rights, as required by the Berne Convention.

Rethinking Inter-Faith Relations in Nigeria: A Study of Christian-Muslims Relations in Bayelsa State,b 1997-2015

Religious crises in Nigeria are no longer news today. Previously the Boko Haram insurgency sacked many communities, destroying lives and properties, especially in northern parts of Nigeria. These religious motivated crises have, so far, dented the image of Islam in the North (especially among other faiths) and other parts of the country. However, the narrative in Bayelsa State posits a different view. This paper examines the nature of inter-faith relations in Bayelsa, 1997-2015. It is an area that enjoys peaceful inter-faith relations, despite the presence of both Christians and Muslims. Unlike Northern Nigeria where there was incessant religiously motivated violence, Muslims in Bayelsa enjoy moderate harmonious relations with their Christians counterparts. The paper found that while there was never a time both Christians and Muslims got entangled in a religious motivated physical conflict in Bayelsa, the age-long struggle for dominance between the two faiths was inevitable in the area. The paper discovered growing but salient challenges in the interfaith relations among Christians and Muslims in Bayelsa. The study relies on interviews and sourced information from secondary sources. The paper finally argues that, though doctrinal difference was inevitable among the two faiths, there was no recorded religious motivated mayhem in Bayelsa. The study further suggested that other states in the country should emulate this for a better and prosperous Nigeria.

Patent law in comparative context: Differences and similarities of patent law in the European Union, the United States and China

This study presents the main features of patent law in the European Union, the United States and China, with a special focus on patentability. Each patent regime is reviewed in its historical context, exploring the stages leading to the given jurisdiction's contemporary patent law. After mapping the differences and similarities of patent law in the EU, the US and China, possible reasons for the detected divergence and convergence will be explored. This study reveals that the differences in codified patent law between the EU, the US, and China are for the most part a matter of nuance and much of the convergence stems from international harmonization efforts and common historical roots as well as external pressure to convergence in patent law for mainly economic reasons. Whereas patent laws in the EU and US are more established, China's patent law has been moulded into its contemporary form only recently. Differences across the chosen jurisdictions are explained not only by cultural factors but also by underlying theoretical differences in patent doctrine and differing aims of patent protection, as well as the divide concerning the role of statutory law and case law between the common law and Romano-Germanic law.

A Vivifying Spirit: Quaker Practice and Reform in Antebellum America by Janet Moore Lindman (review)

Reviewed by: A Vivifying Spirit: Quaker Practice and Reform in Antebellum America by Janet Moore Lindman Stephanie J. Richmond (bio) Keywords Quakerism, Society of Friends, Schisms, Faith, Reform A Vivifying Spirit: Quaker Practice and Reform in Antebellum America. By Janet Moore Lindman. (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2022. Pp. 284. Cloth, $119.95.) Janet Moore Lindman's A Vivifying Spirit examines the increasingly complex world of doctrinal conflict among mid-Atlantic Quakers in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The book, based on deep archival research, dives into the spiritual practices of American Quakers through a variety of lenses. Lindman argues that Quakers' responses to mainstream evangelical Protestantism shaped their engagement with social reform and their own history. The context Lindman provides for Quakers' debates over reform develops a historiographical thread in both American religious history and the history of antebellum reform examining the connections between reform and religious movements in early America. Despite the details that Lindman adds to the debate over the connections between religion and reform, the book at times struggles to find its footing and audience. The first part of the book examines the spiritual lifecycle of Quakers. After framing the general outlines of American Quaker beliefs in the opening chapter, Lindman takes us into the classrooms and catechism books of Quaker childhood. Quaker educational theory was particularly attentive to both the popular theorists of their time and the need to instill central Quaker values of piety, pacifism, and equality in children from a very young age. The last chapter in the section examines the spiritual practices of Quakers nearing the end of their lives and those of their loved ones. Embracing or easing suffering and grieving together after friends [End Page 355] and family passed—death was central to understanding Quaker faith. As Lindman remarks, "mindfulness dictated recurrent engagement with death to learn how to do it well" (64). These early chapters give a fascinating insight into the mental and religious lives of Quaker families across the spectrum of life stages. The second part of the book examines the impact of the various schisms and divisions within American Quaker meetings. The section opens with a chapter detailing the doctrinal differences between the Orthodox and Hicksite Quakers, who split apart over whether scripture or the inner light should drive one's faith. Orthodox Quakers, who cleaved to scripture, were accused of being influenced by evangelical Christianity and the need to fit into the vigorous Christianity of the Second Great Awakening. Hicksites read both scripture and the writings of early Quakers to assert the primacy of the inner light to Quaker devotion. The division between the two groups intensified, and new fractures appeared in the 1840s and 1850s when Joseph Burney began preaching around the United States, splitting the Orthodox Quakers into Burneyites and Wilburites. Burney, a British Quaker, questioned early Quaker teachings and brought Quakerism closer to the practices of evangelical Christian churches. John Wilbur asserted the importance of quietism and other Quaker practices and challenged Burneyite rejection of the inner light. The final chapter focuses on the disputes between reforming Quakers and those who thought that the right path was keeping separate from the larger political and cultural debates in the United States. This section, like the first, does an excellent job in explaining the impact of these schisms on the rank-and-file of mid-Atlantic Quakers. Through the words of Quaker pedestrians, we learn how they navigated the debates and chose their positions within them, even when friends and family may have taken the other side. The third section engages with how American Quakers applied their spiritual and religious teachings to their interaction with the secular world. This last section, along with the rather awkwardly positioned last chapter in the second part, is perhaps the least interesting for scholars of nineteenth-century America as it retreads familiar ground for scholars of abolitionism and other reform movements. The first chapter in the section examines Quaker print culture and Quakers' engagement in the broader reform print culture in early America. Here we hear more often from well-known historical figures including Lucretia Mott and her fellow abolitionists. [End Page 356] The final chapter...

What climate litigation reveals about judicial competence

AbstractIn recent years, the US and the Netherlands have been on opposing sides of the spectrum regarding climate litigation. Dutch courts, in several revolutionary climate cases, have been an arena of societal change, whilst climate claims in the US have been largely unsuccessful. In a way this difference seems strange, because the US judiciary has the power of constitutional review, whilst the Dutch judiciary does not. Against that background, this paper extensively compares the doctrines of judicial competence regarding political questions in both jurisdictions. As a comparative framework, this paper uses three judicial phases, namely: the institutional phase, the substantial phase, and the remedial phase. Climate litigation reveals that the Dutch doctrine of judicial competence is focused on the substantial and remedial phases, which has allowed it more freedom in reviewing climate litigation. On the other hand, climate litigation reveals that the US doctrine of judicial competence is focused on a strict institutional phase, dominated by the Political Question Doctrine (PQD). The main contribution of this paper to the constitutional debate is that climate litigation reveals fundamental differences in doctrines of judicial competence. This is not only an important takeaway for future climate litigation, but also, in terms of the Radbruch formula, for other potential gaps between the executive and justice.

Evangelical or Mainline? Doctrinal Similarity and Difference in Asian American Christianity: Sketching a Social-Practical Theory of Christian Doctrine

This article takes Asian American Christianity to be an analytically productive religion for advancing a theory of Christian doctrine. This is in large part due to the trans-Pacific character of Asian American Christians who, by virtue of their racialization, make explicit the different social circumstances—from Anglo-European Christians—as well as shared ends in which Christian doctrinal commitments operate. Asian American Christians problematize the conventional wisdom assumed in the academic and public discourses concerning Christianity in the US. One of the primary set of categories in the discourses about Christianity in the US is the theological difference between evangelical and mainline Protestants. Moreover, these theological and doctrinal categories are taken to describe and define these two social groups of Christians. By centering empirical studies of Asian American Christian faith and practice, this article claims that doctrinal similarity and doctrinal difference, such as that between evangelical and mainline Protestants, do not simply explain social group similarity or difference as assumed by conventional wisdom. Instead, these Asian American case studies point to the need for a new theory of Christian doctrine that can explain the normative significance of doctrinal similarity and difference in terms of the uses of doctrine.

Vedantic Hinduism in Colonial Bengal. Reformed Hinduism and Western Protestantism. By Victor A. van Bijlert

Two books that successively appeared in 2021 and have greatly held my interest are Ankur Barua’s The Brahma Samaj and its Vaishnava Milieus (Brill) and the work under review. They both represent intensive studies of the intellectual, cultural, and religious terrain of colonial Bengal through a creative fusion of the disciplines of history and religious studies. In this work, Bijlert’s thesis rests on two major arguments: First, that Vedanta constitutes the moral and intellectual backbone of reform Hinduism and second, that reform Hinduism also purposively reflects Christian Protestant forms of work and organisation. Prima facie, these are reasonable and convincing conclusions to offer. Rightly or wrongly, from Rammohun down to Radhakrishnan (with Tagore and Gandhi placed in between), Vedanta has come to be seen as the quintessential thought of India. But here also lies the catch. In effect, ‘Vedanta’ turns out to be only a somewhat convenient shorthand for a particular sub-school within Vedanta, that is, Advaita or non-dualist Vedanta, whereas in principle, it represents all sub-schools within Uttaramimamsa—which, between them, reveal significant doctrinal differences. Quite possibly, this obfuscating practice goes back to pre-modern India, but Rammohun arguably strengthened it in some ways. The Raja appears to have little knowledge of Vedantic thinkers other than Acharya Sankara and the dualist Madhva he unjustly denigrated by comparing him with Carvaka! To compound matters, Rammohun invariably refers to Upanishadic texts as ‘Vedas’. Herein lies a double confusion: First, the religious and philosophical conclusions of the Upanishads varied considerably from those of the Samhitas, Brahmanas and Aranyakas but more importantly, as would emerge from a perusal of Rammohun’s writings, he had simply no idea of these other textual components. Whereas his paramaguru, Sankara, had commented on as many as ten Upanishads, Rammohun chose to comment on only five, which, I suspect, was aimed at pushing specific theological or philosophical agendas, namely the rejection of image worship, polytheism, and sectarianism. Rammohun used religion rather instrumentally, investing it with certain uncharacteristic features like social utility. How else is one to explain his oft-quoted letter stating that religion ought to promote ‘political advantage and social comfort’.

The DOCTRINAL DIFFRENCE BETWEEN The MALIKIS And Al-DHAHERIYA In The BOOK Of SUPERVISING The JOKES Of DISPUTE ISSUES For ABDUL WAHAB Al-MALI;I (t422h) The DOOR Of FASTING As A MODEL COMPARATIVE JURISPRUDENCE


 
 
 
 Thank of Allah, thank of Allah, And peace and prayers for the Prophet Muhammad And on his god and friends who are worthy of praise and glory but afte This is a research presented to the Faculty of Islamic Sciences at Tikrit University entitled The doctrinal difference between The Malikis and al-Dhaheriya in the book of supervising the jokes of dispute issues for Abdul Wahab al-Maliki t422h the door of fasting as a model Comparative jurisprudence.
 The idea of the topic; To identify the issues in which the Malikis disagreed with al-Dhahiriya and study them on the four doctrines with al-Dhahiriya.
 Research Methodology: Inductive Approach.
 The aim of the study; is to highlight the importance of knowing the reasons for the differences of jurists and identifying their shortcomings
 I have examined this through three demands:
 The first requirement: the introduction of the title terms and a profile of Judge Abdul Wahab al-Maliki.
 The second requirement is to differ in matters relating to the provisions of fasting and fasting of the traveller.
 Third requirement: differences in matters related to succession in the judiciary.
 The research was followed by a conclusion in which it mentioned its most important findings, including;
 1-The reasons for the difference between the fuqaha'a, but in general, do not differ from the understanding of a text or taking into account the custom or a linguistic interpretation and a meaning or a protest with evidence or knowledge of a modern.
 
 
 
 
 2-There is no difference in the real sense between the jurists in the origins of the issues but they differed in their branches.