Different Levels Of Development Research Articles

Comparative life cycle analysis of PHA-based consumer items for daily use

USABLE Packaging project has developed an innovative value chain based on mixed microbial cultures using organic wastes as feedstock to produce prototypes of PHA-based items that were compared to their commercial counterparts, so the expected better environmental performance can be checked. To do so, a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment was carried out. The system was modeled integrating all available knowledge, from pilot-scale data to process simulators, and following upscaling frameworks. PHA-based items outperform their commercial counterparts since they show environmental benefits thanks to the avoided electricity obtained in the cogeneration heat and power unit within the PHA production; however, these environmental benefits are very sensitive to the substituted electricity environmental burdens. The different levels of development and market implementation are seen as critical and therefore attention should be paid on how upscaling affects the results and interpretation of the LCA while serving as a guide for process and product development.

The use of elements of digital agriculture to obtain climate-based crop yields in specialized crop rotations

Relevance. Precision agriculture has the potential to provide better and more sustainable food production. This term means the use of various technical and software tools for collecting, analyzing and applying information about the state of agrocenoses and implementing mechanisms for their correction directly on the field. Currently, there are many software products on the market that offer to «digitize» production processes in the agro-industrial complex. Most often, this includes the compilation of electronic maps of fields and (based on them) the differentiation of sowing and application of fertilizers and pesticides.Methods. A wide range of field, statistical and analytical methods were used.Results. The data on the possibility and effectiveness of using various elements of digital technologies in precision agriculture in countries with different levels of development of both agriculture and IT technologies are analyzed. The possibilities of using one of the digital agricultural platforms in the cultivation of crops in a specialized crop rotation have been studied. The data of conducting an experiment with flax and annual ryegrass on a digitized field and using modernized equipment are presented. The features of the algorithms of the modules of the information and analytical plant management system for specialized crop rotations with the participation of flax are revealed in real field conditions.

An improved approach for evaluating landscape ecological risks and exploring its coupling coordination with ecosystem services

The rapid urbanization has accelerated the destruction of regional ecosystems, triggering ecological risks and threatening sustainable development. Landscape ecological risk (LER) evaluation is an effective tool to mitigate such negative impacts. However, the existing evaluation systems exhibit certain subjectivity. Therefore, an improved LER evaluation method was proposed, which incorporates ecosystem services (ESs) to characterize landscape vulnerability. The method was validated using the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration (PRDUA) as the study area. The results showed that the optimal grain size and extent for landscape pattern analysis in the PRDUA were determined to be 150 m and 6km × 6 km, respectively. The comparison results with the traditional LER evaluation method demonstrated the improved method's superior rationality and reliability. The hotspot analysis based on the Getis-Ord Gi* method revealed that the hotspots of LER were mainly concentrated in the densely populated areas of the south-central region of the PRDUA. The coupling coordination degree (CCD) between LERs and ESs showed four different levels of development in both temporal and spatial dimensions, generally dominated by moderately balanced development and lagging ESs, reflecting the unbalanced ecological environment and socio-economic development of the PRDUA. It is recommended that the ecosystems in the PRDUA be managed and protected separately according to the delineated Ecological Protection Area (EPA), Urban Built-up Area (UBA), and Urban Ecological Boundary Area (UEBA). This study can provide an important reference for regional ecosystem conservation and management.

The expansion efficiency of urban land in China's urban agglomerations and its impact on ecosystem services

Analyzing the impact of urban land expansion efficiency (ULEE) on ecosystem services (ESs) is crucial to constructing high-quality territorial spatial patterns within urban agglomerations (UAs). While numerous studies have investigated the coercion and disturbance of urban sprawl on the ecological environment, research examining the impact of urban sprawl from an efficiency perspective remains relatively rare. In this study, ten UAs of different levels of development in China are selected as the research objects, and prefecture-level cities are used as the primary research units. CO2 emissions are included as undesired outputs in the measurement and research framework of expansion efficiency to reflect the vision and requirements of emission reduction and carbon neutrality. At the same time, the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) is used to reveal the impact of ULEE on ESs in years 2005–2021. The main results are as follows: (1) The ULEE within the entire UAs areas exhibited a fluctuating trend across different periods. Efficiency variations were evident among UAs with different development levels. Spatially, the UAs in the central region showed relatively low ULEE, while the northwest and southeast UAs displayed relatively high ULEE. Besides, the expansion efficiency of core cities in each UA exceeded that of surrounding cities. (2) The ecosystem service value (ESV) within the ten UAs demonstrated a consistent downward trend. In terms of the rate of ESV decline among UAs with varying developmental levels, breeding UAs exhibited the most rapid decline, followed by growing UAs, while mature UAs experienced the slowest decline. (3) Over the study period, the ULEE in UA areas positively contributed to enhancing ESs, with varying effects observed across different time frames. Natural factors directly influenced ES changes, thereby affecting both ULEE and Es dynamics. In contrast, changes in social factors indirectly caused changes in ESs. This study underscores the importance of a comprehensive assessment of ULEE and ESs to provide a scientific reference for formulating high-quality social and economic development and territorial spatial planning.

Can adolescents' subjective wellbeing facilitate their pro-environmental consumption behaviors? Empirical study based on 15-year-old students.

To address the challenge of declining pro-environmental behaviors in adolescence, this paper uses the theoretical foundations for subjective wellbeing to verify the influence of three latent dimensions of subjective wellbeing (life satisfaction, positive emotions, and negative emotions) on adolescents' pro-environmental consumption behaviors (PECBs). Furthermore, we explore the moderating effects of nations and regions in the relationship between subjective wellbeing and PECBs in adolescents. Based on the international data from the Programme for International Student Assessment 2018 (PISA 2018), we construct a unique dataset that includes 57,182 samples related to the subjective wellbeing and PECBs of 15-year-old students from eight countries/economies. Specially, we employ an ordered probit model to test our hypotheses. Both adolescents' life satisfaction and positive emotions can significantly improve their PECBs, while there is a significant negative association between negative emotions and PECBs. At the nation's level, adolescents' life satisfaction and negative emotions in developed countries/economies significantly impact PECBs. In contrast, the positive emotions of adolescents in developing countries/economies have more substantial effects on PECBs. At the regional level, the impact of all three dimensions of adolescents' subjective wellbeing on PECBs is more significant in rural than urban areas. This paper provides a new perspective for understanding adolescents' PECBs from the insights of subjective wellbeing. Previous studies have examined the effects of life satisfaction or happiness on PECBs in adults. This paper examines the impact of subjective wellbeing on adolescents' PECBs from life satisfaction, positive emotions, and negative emotions, which suggests that promoting adolescents' subjective wellbeing can be an effective strategy for encouraging PECBs. From a comparative research perspective, we further analyze the differences between the nations at different levels of development, the rural and urban areas, providing a valuable reference for policymakers and practitioners in promoting pro-environmental behaviors among adolescents.

A modelling approach to inform regional cumulative effects assessment in northern Ontario

Cumulatively, the effects of resource extraction and climate change have the potential to cause an unprecedented change to the ecosystems and livelihoods of Indigenous communities in Canada’s northern regions. Maintaining environmental and community values in the presence of such change will require a comprehensive understanding of potential long-term risks and opportunities to prevent or mitigate risks at the regional level. However, assessing the cumulative impact and benefits of the multiple disturbances at the regional level is complex due to the interaction of numerous drivers, values, actors, assessment scales, planning, and decision-making processes. We develop an integrated risk and cumulative effects (CE) management methodology to inform regional assessment by combining conceptual modelling through bowtie analysis and quantitative scenario analysis using ALCES Online (AO) simulation. We applied the framework using a case example in the Ring of Fire region of northern Ontario, Canada, to assess the CE of climate change, land use change, and wildlife harvest on the moose (Alces alces)-wolf (Canis lupus)-caribou (Rangifer tarandus) prey-predator system. The bowtie risk analysis provided a mechanism to define the management problem by identifying threats that contribute to risk, associated consequences, and specific management strategies that could be pursued under legislative frameworks and changes to maintain the sustainable dynamics of the moose-wolf-caribou system (MWC). The AO simulation of different levels of development and moose harvest, as well a baseline scenario that excluded climate change and development, allowed for a comprehensive examination of the complex processes driving the social-ecological system. The scenario analysis suggests that moose harvest can promote balance in the MWC system but only if applied in a sophisticated manner that limits moose harvest in areas with high road density, increases moose harvest in more remote regions susceptible to moose population expansion with climate change, and prioritizes Indigenous moose harvest to ensure a sustainable supply of moose for subsistence harvest. The case example shows how conceptual and quantitative modelling can provide the strategic perspective required for regional assessment.

Extra-Regional Influence on the Development of Economic Integration in the ASEAN Region

This study discusses the extra-regional influence and scenarios for the development of regional integration of the countries of the Association of States Southeast Asia (ASEAN), in particular, the role of the future free trade agreement between the EAEU and Indonesia in maintaining the effect of convergence in Southeast Asia (Southeast Asia) in the horizon of 2025.Aim. To Determine the main trends in the development of extra-regional influence and forecasts for regional economic convergence in ASEAN countries by 2025.Tasks. Determine the trends and perspective scenarios for the development of the integration of the countries of Southeast Asia.Methods. Both the descriptive method and the system analysis method are used. Also, this study uses the approaches of the Eurasian Development Bank to assess the disproportion in the level of development of the ASEAN countries (macroeconomic indicators; in the analysis of time series of GDP, GDP per capita for ASEAN countries, the Box-Jenkins methodology (ARIMA) is used. The key concept in this study is convergence. Convergence is seen as the process of approaching a certain level or decreasing the difference between two values over time [7]; real convergence contributes to the convergence of the economic level of countries within an integrated group (differences in the economic levels of development of countries hinder the process of integration). The effect of real economic convergence for ASEAN countries in the future 2025 can take on different meanings depending on the implementation of the initiatives proposed by non-regional actors (for example, Indo-Pacific Economic Structure and FTA between the EAEU and Indonesia).Results. The results of the study present four probability-ranked scenarios for the development of regional economic convergence in the ASEAN countries. It has been established that the most likely scenario is one in which the initiative of the EAEU and the Republic of Indonesia will take place, while the Indo-Pacific Economic Structure proposed by the United States will not be implemented by 2025. In this case, regional economic convergence in the ASEAN countries may take on the most favorable meaning.Conclusions. Along with the global trend, the expansion of economic integration through the creation of free trade zones with other integration associations, the development of economic integration in the region is influenced by the rivalry between the People’s Republic of China and the United States of America. Looking forward to the mid-second half of the 2020s. years as a result, the adoption of a free trade agreement between the EAEU countries and the Republic of Indonesia will have a positive impact on the increase in the pace of regional economic convergence in Southeast Asia.

Empirical Analysis of Export Tax Rebate on Inwards Foreign Direct Investment in China

Export tax rebate (ETR) and inwards foreign direct investment (IFDI) are important driving forces for the steady development of China’s export-oriented economy. Based on data from 2004 to 2019, this study puts forward relevant assumptions on constructing a model for empirically analyzing the impact of the ETR on China’s IFDI from the perspective of the national and the sub-national. The result demonstrates that there exists a complementary relationship between the ETR and IFDI; the weak lag effect of ETR on IFDI in the eastern, middle, and western regions of China; an explicit impact on the performance in the western region, which lags behind only one period; and no significant lag effect of ETR on IFDI in developed, moderately developed, and underdeveloped regions. On the basis of this evaluation, the conclusion could be achieved that that ETR has a significant effect on IFDI, though there may be differences in the direction and value of the impact. The highlight of this research is to detect the impact of ETR on IFDI by taking China as a case, and achieved that there exist sub-national differences, including the geographical and development-level differences.

Искусственный интеллект в анализе человеческого капитала как основы экономической безопасности регионов Российской Федерации

At the present stage, which is characterized by new threats and challenges to Russia’s economic security, human capital is of fundamental importance for the innovative development of the country’s economy. From the perspective of innovative development, the dynamics of changes in the number of developed advanced production technologies by type of economic activity (total) in the Russian Federation for the period 2017–2021 is presented. It is shown that there is an increase in the number of advanced production technologies developed, which was not adversely affected by the external conjuncture. In view of the importance of human capital from the point of view of public health, the share of extra-budgetary investment in the development of sports on the scale of the federal districts of the Russian Federation for 2021, as well as the dynamics of the population (3–79 years) engaged in physical culture and sports for the period 2017–2021 is given. According to the author’s approach to the study of human capital development, the regions of Russia were certified using 12 classification features taken from the websites of Rosstat and the Ministry of Sports. The research method was an effective and creative method of cluster analysis based on neural networks — an essential section of artificial intelligence with the use of information technology. The result of neural network modeling was the differentiation of the regions of the Russian Federation into 6 clusters. The architecture of cluster formations is presented, reflecting the detailed entry of Russian regions into clusters. The average values of the considered indicators of human capital development in clusters and their average values in Russia are given. The analysis of the development of human capital in the regions of the Russian Federation through the prism of cluster formations was carried out, which showed its different level of development according to the totality of the studied indicators. Taking into account the systematic approach aimed at balancing and improving the development of human capital in the regions of Russia, the research method using artificial intelligence and the results presented in the work have practical significance. They can be effectively used in strategic planning of the development of Russian regions for the coming periods. This will serve to increase the validity of managerial decision-making in the direction of increasing the quality of human capital as the primary source of improving the economic security of the Russia.

Classifying station areas in greater Manchester using the node-place-design model: A comparative analysis with system centrality and green space coverage

Transit-oriented development (TOD) is receiving increasing attention from planners and policymakers as an essential strategy for addressing urban travel inequalities and air pollution. As an analytical method based on the conceptual construct of TOD, the node-place-design (NPD) model is utilized by researchers to assess TOD in urban public transport systems. However, current research prioritizes local perspectives of station development and fails to identify the functions of stations at the system level. In addition, few TOD-related analyses have considered the ecological aspects of cities. In the present study, we used an NPD model to evaluate TOD development at rail stations in Greater Manchester. We incorporated extended indicators of systemic importance and green space coverage in our analysis to provide additional insight into the model. First, we found a low level of TOD integration around stations in Greater Manchester, and some differences in development levels around train stations and Metrolink stations. Second, a comparison with the extended system importance indicators revealed the potential for significant differences in the NPD index and the system importance indicators of stations. This identified some stations that have the potential to take on new routes and some areas that are worthy of transit-oriented development. Finally, we found a specific negative correlation between the NPD index and the green space indicator. This indicated that the TOD model sacrifices green space to a certain extent and demonstrated the importance of including ecological indicators in the TOD assessment. The present study provides additional insight into the NPD model by introducing extended systemic and ecological indicators.

Law enforcement, social demands and reputation risks as drivers of compliance functions: a comparative analysis of the largest banks’ disclosures in the UK and Brazil

Given the recent recurring cases of financial crime worldwide, national and international regulators have enacted new regulatory instruments intended to prevent or inhibit unlawful acts by banks and their representatives. These stricter regulations regarding the operations of financial institutions have reinforced the importance of best practices and the role of compliance within banks. Nonetheless, regulations regarding compliance structures and functions are not yet mandatory and give great flexibility to banks to define how they will set their compliance programmes. This research aims to understand how compliance functions have been implemented in the two largest banks in the UK and Brazil as a governance mechanism to fight financial crimes such as bribery and corruption. Document analyses of websites and financial reports of these banks examine disclosures provided by these corporations and shed light on the main drivers influencing their transparency regarding compliance functions, roles and responsibilities and their connections to the bank’s operations and profitability goals. This research demonstrates that the implementation and enhancement of compliance functions in UK and Brazilian banks are driven by attempts to respond to regulatory requirements, social demands and as a reputational risk instrument, reflecting different levels of development in each institution. The maturity of these disclosures demonstrates that Brazilian banks present a more reactive attitude, justifying their investments in compliance according to minimum law requirements, while banks in the UK tend to have a more proactive perspective on their compliance initiatives, reinforcing their importance for the bank’s competitive advantage and long-term continuity beyond regulatory compliance.

A step towards ecological sustainability: How do productive capacity, green financial policy, and uncertainty matter? Focusing on different income level countries

Different from previous studies which examine the relationship between either separate parameters or drivers of economic development and ecological sustainability, this study employs the productive capacity index to provide a holistic understanding into the ecological impacts of improving the productive sources of a nation. It also considers the increasingly importance role of green financial policy in lessening the ecological degradation under an uncertain economic and political environment. We adopt advanced panel quantile regression to three samples of 34 high-, 17 upper middle-, and 17 lower middle-income countries from 2000 to 2018. The empirical results show the existence of N-shaped, inverted N-shaped, and U-shaped relationship between productive capacity and ecological footprint in high-, upper middle-, and lower middle-income country groups, respectively. Meanwhile, green financial policy is found to generate beneficial effect on the quality of the ecology in all panels. Uncertainty reduces ecological degradation in high- and upper middle-income countries but intensifies ecological ruin in lower middle-income countries. This complicated relationship between variables of interest warns policymakers to adopt suitable economic and political policies that can deal with both severe ecological degradation and raising uncertainty. Finding the presence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) at different levels of development and the presence of the turnaround points within the sample ranges also validates the EKC hypothesis to be a policy benchmarking tool for developing effective environmental policies at the global level. This study outcomes have been utilized to develop Sustainable Development Goals oriented policy framework.

Pendekatan Multiple Intelligences dalam Menumbuhkembangkan Kompetensi Psikososial Siswa (Studi Deskriptif pada SDIT Quantum Scholl Banda Aceh)

Multiple Intelligences besides perfecting and developing the definition of intelligence, it also enriches learning methods. As we realize that in every human being produces intellectual diversity and different levels of development. Education should be able to develop various potentials that exist in children, one of which is psychosocial competence. The problem that currently occurs is that the competencies possessed by students, especially psychosocial competencies, are experiencing a decline, with the Multiple Intelligences approach it will be easy to develop these aspects. The purpose of this study was to determine the initial psychosocial competencies of SDIT Quantum School Banda Aceh students, the Multiple Intelligences approach that was carried out in developing the Psychosocial competencies of SDIT Quantum School students in Banda Aceh, and the final competencies achieved by students after using the Multiple Intelligences approach at SDIT Quantum School Banda Aceh. This research is a field research using qualitative methods. Data was collected through document review, interviews and documentation, then the data was analyzed through descriptive-qualitative. The results of the study found that the initial competence of SDIT Quantum School Banda Aceh students in accordance with the qualifications obtained from teachers through a report card review was categorized as good and still needed improvement. After using several approaches such as Brain Evo (Dermatoglyphics Multiple Intelligence Analysis), Talent Focus, Market Day, Family Gathering, Q-RAC (Quantum Ramadhan Activity), D' Survival Camp, Environment Day, Smart Parenting, PHBI (Islamic Holiday Celebration) , Cherity Day (Social Visit), Habit Training and efforts made by SDIT Quantum School to improve the education of students' attitudes, knowledge and skills, the final psychosocial ability of SDIT Quantum School Banda Aceh students has increased from year to year seen from the study of psychosocial aspects of report cards. which is contained in the 8 values of SEMANGAT and aspects of social ability (KI-2) in the 2013 Curriculum, the increase that occurs due to the implementation of the best process, namely Multiple Intelligences which is applied in every program at SDIT Quantum School Banda Aceh.

Сравнительный анализ сформированности когнитивных процессов у младших подростков с высоким и низким уровнем развития невербального интеллекта

During childhood and adolescence, cognitive processes play a key role in children’s development. Their inten-sity and effectiveness are directly related to the cognitive characteristics of individuals, which are a set of ele-ments, including: memory, attention, speed of thought reactions, imagination, speech, the ability to reason logi-cally, perceive information with the senses. The aim of the present study is to identify the peculiarities of cogni-tive processes of younger adolescents with different levels of development of nonverbal intelligence. The in-terpretations of the relevant concepts in psychological research are given. The results of the study of memory and attention parameters in young adolescent children with different levels of development of nonverbal intel-ligence are analyzed. Significant differences in the volumes of visual mediated, short-term and long-term memory, auditory mediated memory, as well as in the processes of switching and distributing attention in the general sample of subjects of the selected category are determined. Statistically reliable differences were ob-tained according to the results of the study of the peculiarities of cognitive processes of younger adolescents with different levels of nonverbal intelligence development taking into account the respondents’ gender.

Social capital as a factor of innovative development

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of social capital on the ability of countries to produce innovations. The analysis of the achievements of economic science in the field of studying social capital and innovation revealed the ambiguity of views on the relationship between these categories, as well as wide discussions about the influence of the stock of social capital on the nature of economic growth. The authors associated the existing difficulties of the research process with insufficient attention of scientists to different levels and forms of manifestation of social capital, which have different potential in promoting innovation. On the basis of the methodological approach, in which individualistic and holistic ideas about economic activity are combined in the framework of institutional theory, the decomposition of public social capital into its individual and organizational levels and corresponding functional forms is carried out. On this basis, the nature of their interaction and role in the innovation process is shown. In order to quantify social capital in view of its ability to promote innovation, an integral indicator "Index of Innovative Social Capital" was constructed as a combination of three key components: close cooperation between the university and R&D, Information & communication technologies, and social capital itself. In a sample of 26 countries of different levels of development, a strong two-way direct relationship with an average degree of significance was found between the "Index of Innovative Social Capital" and GDP per capita. The presence of such dependence serves as another explanation for the unevenness of innovative development in the world, and therefore, opens up guidelines for poor countries to increase their innovative potential in view of social and institutional factors.

Barriers and facilitators for leading the development of inclusive school cultures in Chile

ABSTRACT A school with inclusive orientation should have a leadership team that works to develop a culture that promotes school inclusion. This is a difficult task, due to the administrative demands and excess of responsibilities that school principals and their educational teams have. This is why, this study aims to identify the barriers and facilitators faced by leadership teams to develop an inclusive culture within schools. Within the framework of a case study with an ethnographic focus, participant observations, document analysis, interviews and focus groups were carried out during 8 months in two Chilean schools that exhibit two different levels of development. The main results reveal that the barriers for leadership teams, regardless of the level of development of inclusive cultures, are related to the lack of promotion of student participation and a school leadership focus on the more bureaucratic aspects. However, the school with a higher development of inclusive culture presents less barriers and more facilitators, among which are the commitment of the leadership team to a pedagogical and inclusive focus, appreciation for diversity and promotion of teacher reflection.

Comprehensive Evaluation of the High-Quality Development of the Ecological and Economic Belt along the Yellow River in Ningxia

The measurement of high-quality economic development and regional research plays a crucial role in achieving ecologically led high-quality development. This paper aims to establish a comprehensive evaluation index system for the high-quality level of development in Ningxia’s Yellow River ecological and economic zone, focusing on five dimensions: innovation, coordination, green, openness, and shared. By employing a factor analysis, this study estimates the level of high-quality development along the Yellow River Ecological Economic Belt in Ningxia for the year 2020. A multi-index panel data factor analysis and entropy weight TOPSIS method are employed to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of high-quality development across 10 counties from 2014 to 2020. The empirical findings reveal that, in 2020, the overall level of high-quality development in the region remained relatively low. Among the contributing factors, shared and coordinated development demonstrated the highest impact on high-quality development, while open, green, and innovative development showed limited influence. Only Xingqing District, Litong District, and Helan County in the 10 counties have a composite factor score of greater than 0 on the level of economic development, while the other 7 counties have a composite score of less than 0. The study also identified a significant spatial heterogeneity in the quality of high-quality development along Ningxia’s Yellow River Ecological Economic Belt. Through a cluster analysis, the regions along the Yellow River Ecological Economic Belt in Ningxia are classified into categories of high, medium, and low levels of quality development. Over the period from 2014 to 2020, each county exhibited a steady increase in high-quality development, while the differences in development levels among the 10 counties gradually diminished. Based on these findings, practical suggestions are provided to guide Ningxia in leading the path of high-quality development through ecological civilization construction along the Yellow River ecological economy.

Predictors of Turkish individuals' online shopping adoption: An empirical study on regional difference.

E-commerce is a result of the most recent technological advancements which has liberated trade on a global scale and further facilitated the communication of information. The purpose of this study is to research the differences in the usage of e-commerce among individuals living in regions of different levels of development in Türkiye and to determine the relationship between demographic, economic and personal characteristics and the e-commerce usage of individuals. In this study, the micro data set obtained from the Household Information Technologies Use Survey was used. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors related to the e-commerce usage of individuals. As a result of the study, it was detected that the variables; education level, level of income, age, gender, occupation, social media use, engagement in information search about products and services online, engagement in selling products or services online, use of online banking, and e-government use are related to e-commerce usage. The study found that the variables affecting e-commerce usage differ by region. It is necessary to expand the internet by improving the information and communication technology infrastructure in low development regions to facilitate the development the use of e-commerce in these regions. Therefore, when looking for information on e-commerce, relevant regional initiatives should be considered. In developing countries, expanding e-commerce to low development areas requires more than just facilitating access to the internet.

Technological profiles, upgrading and the dynamics of growth: Country-level patterns and trajectories across distinct stages of development

We investigate the dynamic and qualitative nature of technological change in 96 countries between 1980 and 2021 from a structuralist technology upgrading perspective. First, drawing from patent data, we map the dynamics of technological knowledge by exploring the growth rates and significance of technology clusters. Second, we explore whether there is a relationship between specific technology clusters and economic growth. Third, we examine whether countries at different levels of development share similar or heterogeneous technology upgrading profiles and how patterns of technology upgrading have changed over time. We use a long-term, technology-level, cross-country patent dataset, and to address the issues identified we apply two complementary analytical methods: Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) panel data analysis and Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fs/QCA). We find a significant association between growth dynamics and country-level specific technology clusters that is driven by the ongoing ICT-based technological revolution and enabling nanotechnology, biotechnology and automation tools. Heterogenous trajectories in technological profiles allowed us to distinguish between more productive and less productive technology upgrading profiles at different income levels. Our results suggest that innovation policy should go beyond mission oriented policies focused solely on newly emerging technologies. Instead, it should develop policy mixes conceived as portfolios of missions focused on technology clusters with disparate objectives, requirements and institutional setups.

Analysis of under-five mortality by diseases in countries with different levels of development: a comparative analysis

Objectives: The right to health is critical for children because they are sensitive beings who are more susceptible to disease and health problems. It would be beneficial to compare child mortality rates in countries with different levels of development and to conduct studies to address them by taking into account their causes. This study aims to analyze the situation of developed, developing and least developed countries in terms of causes under-5 child mortality (U5CM) determined by World Health Organization and to identify the similarities or differences of under-five mortality. Methods: Child mortality rates per 1,000 live births between 2000 and 2017 years in between different age groups (0-27 days and 1-59 months) by causes (disease-specific) were obtained from World Health Organization for a total 15 countries including developed, developing and least developed countries. Regression analysis was performed to identify which causes have more impact on child mortality. In addition, the relationship between diseases was calculated using Euclidean distance, and diseases were clustered using k-means clustering algorithm for each country. Results: As a result of mathematical and statistical analysis, it was seen that causes of child mortality have a significant relation with the development level of country where a child was born. Conclusions: It has been observed that the causes of child mortality in countries with different levels of development vary depending on different factors such as geographical conditions, air quality population and access to medicine.