Differences In Levels Of Depression Research Articles

EFFECT OF LAUGHTER THERAPY ON DEPRESSION LEVEL IN ELDERLY IN A NURSING HOME, NORTH SUMATRA, INDONESIA

Background: Depression level among elderly remains high in Indonesia. One of efforts to decrease depression is laughter therapy, which is assumed able to lower depression.
 Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of laughter therapy on depression level in elderly at Nursing Home of Binjai Integrated Social Service Unit for the Elderly, North Sumatra, Indonesia.
 Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest posttest with control group design. Forty-two participants were selected using a purposive sampling, with twenty-one participants were randomly assigned in each group. An experimental group received one-hour laughter therapy for 3 times a week in 4 weeks, and a control group received usual care. Depression was measured using Geriatric Depression Scale-15. Data were collected from April to June 2018. Independent and dependent t-test were used for data analysis.
 Results: Findings revealed that the level of depression in elderly significantly decreased in the experimental group (p<.05), but there was no significant change of it in the control group (p=.648). Between the two groups, there was a significant difference in depression level in elderly (p<.05).
 Conclusion: Laughter therapy could reduce depression among elderly. Therefore, this therapy can be used as one of interventions in nursing practice, especially at nursing homes.

Terapi Musik terhadap Depresi pada Lansia

Depression is a mood disorder that is generally characterized by hopelessness, excessive helplessness, and lack of enthusiasm for life. Starting from stress that is not overcome, then a person can fall into a phase of depression. This study aims to look at the effect of providing music therapy in reducing depression in the elderly before and after being given a commitment. To achieve this goal, this study uses a quasi-experimental method (Quasi Experiment). The type of research design used is Quasi Experiment with one group pretest and posttest design. The sampling technique was purposive sampling where participants based on population criteria obtained a sample of 16 people. Data collection methods using tests with a scale measuring instrument namely Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) consisting of 30 item questions, observation methods and interview methods .. Based on data analysis it was concluded that the results obtained were Man Whitney Test U = 0.500 with a value of p = 0.001 ( p <0.01) where the mean ranks on the gain score is 12.44 and the sum of ranks is 99.50, this shows the difference in effectiveness of the effects of music therapy before and after treatment and to test the difference in levels of depression before and after being given music therapy using Wilcoxon Sign Rank test analysis . the results obtained z value = -2.539 with a value of p = 0.11 (p <0.01) so that it can be concluded that there are differences in changes in the level of depression in the elderly before and after given treatment.

Predicting Depression Among Jewish and Arab Israeli Women Who Are Victims of Intimate Partner Violence

This study examined whether there were differences in levels of depression between Arab and Jewish Israeli female victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) and how various personal and environmental variables contributed to depression. A total of 303 women were selected. T tests were conducted, and no significant differences were revealed. Hierarchical regressions were also conducted. Background variables (violence in childhood and employment status) and psychiatric treatment contributed significantly to the variance in depression, and a negative contribution was made by personal and environmental variables (sense of mastery and social support). The interaction between ethnic origin and psychiatric treatment was also found to be significant. The discussion highlights the theoretical contribution and implications for practice in the field.

Depression Level and Burden of Care Among Family Caregivers of Older People With Physical and Mental Disability in Makkah City KSA

AIMS: This study is aimed at examining the burden of care and depression level among the family caregivers of client diagnosed with physical or mental disability. In addition, this study purposed to test the relationship between socio-demographic factors and level of depression and burden of care. 
 
 METHODS: Study design was a descriptive survey design. Study sample was 129 family caregivers of patients diagnosed with physical and mental disabilities in Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Data collected using a pre-designed structured interviewing questionnaire including the Beck Depression Inventory scale (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) and Family Burden Interview Schedule.
 
 RESULTS: Percentage of depression level ranged from 63% among caregivers of physically disorder clients to 69% among caregivers of mentally disorder clients. Moreover, there were many factors that may increase risk of depression such as old age of caregivers, spouse and caregivers who cared for their charges four hours or more per day. There was significant difference in depression level and burden of care as regard to nature of relative illness (p <0.05). 
 
 CONCLUSIONS: Policies and programs to alleviate the burden of care and to provide social support for these family caregivers are equally important for both family caregivers and their care receivers.

Masculinity, Mental Health, and Desire for Social Support Among Male Cancer and Infertility Patients.

By surveying men who are currently infertile (N = 251) and men who are potentially infertile (i.e., men with cancer; N = 195), the mental health consequences of reproductive masculinity, or the cultural assumption that men are virile and should be fathers, were investigated. There was no difference in depression levels between these two groups when controlling for demographic variables, suggesting that both groups of men have similar mental health needs. Since gendered notions of masculinity also suggest that men do not want to discuss their fertility health, their desire for online fertility-related social support was assessed. These findings suggest that most men do want to talk to others about fertility, which indicates that there is a need for more fertility-related social support. This research challenges some conceptions regarding masculinity, as men revealed an interest in accessing online social support related to fertility.

Positive personality: Relationships among mindful and grateful personality traits with quality of life and health outcomes

The positive personality traits/human strengths mindfulness and gratitude are attracting increasing attention in the literature. Two separate studies were undertaken to evaluate quality of life and health outcomes in individuals who are more mindful and more grateful versus those who are not mindful and not grateful. In study 1, 315 male soldiers completed standardized scales of mindfulness (MAAS), gratitude (GQ-6), general health, life satisfaction, quality of life, insomnia severity, and perceived stress. Participants were divided into three groups: a high dispositional mindfulness/gratitude group (high mindfulness/gratitude individuals), a low dispositional mindfulness/gratitude group (low mindfulness/gratitude individuals), and a moderate dispositional mindfulness/gratitude group (medium mindfulness/gratitude individuals). Data were analyzed using a series of multivariate analyses of variance. The results showed significant differences in quality of life, life satisfaction, perceived stress, mental health, insomnia, gratitude, and mindfulness among the high mindfulness, medium mindfulness, and low mindfulness groups, as well as among individuals in the high gratitude, medium gratitude, and low gratitude groups (p < 0.001). For study 2, data were collected from 432 college students (207 female) who completed the mindfulness (MAAS), self-regulation, and psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety, and stress; DASS-21) scales. The results showed significant differences in level of depression, anxiety, stress, and self-regulation among individuals in the high mindfulness, medium mindfulness, and low mindfulness groups (p < 0.001). Moreover, the results of both studies indicated that the rate and pattern of relationships between mindfulness and/or gratitude with the variables under investigation were different according to the individuals’ personality type (i.e., high/low mindfulness traits and high/low gratitude traits). Together, the results of these studies indicate that individuals with more mindful and grateful traits enjoy a higher quality of life and more physical and psychological well-being.

Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression among Mothers of Newborns Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Gaza Strip

Objective: To determine the prevalence and level of anxiety and depression among mothers of newborns admitted to neonatal intensive care units in Gaza Strip. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study including 195 mothers who’s their neonates has been admitted to NICU at the three governmental hospitals in Gaza Strip between November 2017 to September 2018. Two psychological tests were applied, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. Collected data include sociodemographic profile for mother and neonates who include characteristic of mothers, number and types of deliveries, level of education, work status and family income. In addition, characteristics of neonates, gender, gestational age and birth weight, cause of admission and length of stay. Results: The results of our study indicated that 50.8% of mothers have severe to very severe symptoms of anxiety, 38.5% of mothers have severe to very severe symptoms of depression. There was a statistically significant differences in levels of anxiety (p = 0.044) and levels of depression (p = 0.005) among mothers related to hospital. The mothers of preterm and low birth weight babies had higher levels of anxiety (p = 0.010, 0.026), but there were insignificant differences in levels of depression, while there were no insignificant differences in levels of anxiety and depression among mothers related to gender of neonate, cause of admission, and length of stay in NICU. Conclusion: The effect of different maternal and neonatal factors on levels of anxiety and depression were examined and most of them revealed insignificant differences, which means that admission to NICU as a stressful event caused elevation in levels of anxiety and depression among mothers regardless of any other factors.

Depressive Symptoms and Complications Early after Acute Myocardial Infarction: Gender Differences.

Background:Cardiovascular disease is the first leading cause of death worldwide. Coronary heart disease is the most common manifestation of cardiovascular disease. Acute myocardial infarction is the primary manifestation of coronary heart disease. Depression is a common and predicted complication after acute myocardial infarction. Limited studies evaluated gender differences in depressive symptoms after acute myocardial infarction especially in developing countries.Objective:The study aimed to determine whether there was a difference in depression levels and rate of complications based on gender early after acute myocardial infarction.Method:This was a prospective comparative study on 230 patients (150 men and 80 women) with a confirmed diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. All participants signed an informed consent, filled sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire and the Depression Subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Clinical data were abstracted from the participants’ medical record after discharge.Results:Eighty-six participants (37.4%), 54 men and 32 women, developed 1 or more complications during hospitalization. Female patients were more depressed (14.4±3.5 vs. 8.3 ± 2.6) and developed more complications (1.9 ± 0.9 vs. 0.8 ± 0.5) than male patients did. Depressive symptoms increased the occurrence of complication by 40% and 33% for female and male patients respectively after controlling for sociodemographic and clinical variables.Conclusion:Depressive symptoms independently predicted complications after acute myocardial infarction in both men and women. The inclusion of depression assessment tools in acute myocardial infarction treatment protocols is highly recommended.

Gender Differences in Psychosocial Variables and Health-related Quality of Life of Patients with Myocardial Infarction

The purpose of this study was to examine differences and changes in fatigue, level of depression, anxiety, and stress, insomnia, social support, and HRQoL (health-related quality of life) in patients with MI (myocardial infarction) between genders over three months. One hundred and fifty patients with MI completed questionnaires at baseline. The follow-up questionnaires were answered via telephone or face-to-face at three months by 136 patients. The ANCOVA tests were used to examine differences and paired-samples t-tests for exploring changes. Differences in level of depression, anxiety, and stress (F=2.336, p=.036) and insomnia (F=3.932, p=.049) were significant between genders at the follow-up. Significant changes in all variables over three months were observed. Despite lower scores at baseline, female patients showed significantly higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress than males at the follow-up. Findings of this study suggest that intensive interventions for these psychological factors of female patients might be required up to three months.

Gender Differences in Depression Levels at Refugee Camps in Duhok City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

The difficult conditions and threats that refugees face are making a great possibility for destroying their health physically and mentally. Refugees are at risk for psychiatric morbidity, yet little is known about their serious mental health disorders such as depression. National and international studies about Iraqi refugees still not enough to understand their serious problems in everyday life in the refugee camps and the future consequences of their physical and psychological conditions. Studying the depression levels among refugees of ISIS war and comparing the severity of depression between adult males and females was to be the aim of the study. Method: A comparative study design, with a purposive sampling of total (68) adult participants, (31 males and 37 females) in the refugee camps in Duhok city, Kurdistan Region of Iraq from September, 2016 to October, 2017 and a depression questionnaire for data collection process have been used. Results: little differences between males and females levels and the severity of depression were revealed. The mild level was higher in females (57.14) percent compared with males (42.85) percent, but males have reported higher results in moderate level (53.57) percent compared to females (46.42) percent. The big difference in the sever level of depression was (80.0) percent for females compared with only (20.0) percent for males. Recommendations: psychological first aid and interventions are required for the refugees especially for the members whom lost family member(s), property, job and body parts during the war.

Comparisons of depression, anxiety, well-being, and perceptions of the built environment amongst adults seeking social, intermediate and market-rent accommodation in the former London Olympic Athletes’ Village

The Examining Neighbourhood Activities in Built Living Environments in London (ENABLE London) study provides a unique opportunity to examine differences in mental health and well-being amongst adults seeking social, intermediate (affordable rent), and market-rent housing in a purpose built neighbourhood (East Village, the former London 2012 Olympic Athletes’ Village), specifically designed to encourage positive health behaviours. Multi-level logistic regression models examined baseline differences in levels of depression, anxiety and well-being across the housing groups. Compared with the intermediate group, those seeking social housing were more likely to be depressed, anxious and had poorer well-being after adjustment for demographic and health status variables. Further adjustments for neighbourhood perceptions suggest that compared with the intermediate group, perceived neighbourhood characteristics may be an important determinant of depression amongst those seeking social housing, and lower levels of happiness the previous day amongst those seeking market-rent housing. These findings add to the extensive literature on inequalities in health, and provide a strong basis for future longitudinal work that will examine change in depression, anxiety and well-being after moving into East Village, where those seeking social housing potentially have the most to gain.

DEPRESSION AND LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG EMPLOYED AND UNEMPLOYED MARRIED WOMAN IN TURKEY: A GENDER BASED RESEARCH CONDUCTED IN A TRADITIONAL SOCIETY

Expectations based on gender roles are very important in explanation of women's mental problems, just as it is important regarding the discrimination in the division of labour. In this particular study we were investigating the difference in levels of depression and life satisfaction among married employed and unemployed women. We presented theories and explanations as well related researches in this area and employed a quantitative research in order to find out whether employment of married women affects their levels of depression and life satisfaction. The research was conducted in Ankara - Turkey, using two scientific scales; The Satisfaction with Life Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory. We posted and explained five hypotheses in detail. However, the basic attempt was to answer the following research questions: Does employment affect married women’s rates of depression and life satisfaction? Is there any difference between working and nonworking married women in regard to depression and life satisfaction? The research results showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between depression and life satisfaction, and there is a negative correlation between depression and life satisfaction in general. Therefore if there is an increase on depression levels, decrease is expected on the level of life satisfaction and vice versa. According to the research results; there is a significant difference between employed and unemployed women on life satisfaction.

Self-esteem links with anxiety and depression at one community adolescent sample

IntroductionAnxiety and depression is becoming an increasingly important public health issue. The adolescents’ population is among affected seriously.ObjectivesThe objectives of the study was to investigate the level of anxiety, depression and self-esteem among adolescents and explore links between.MethodologyParticipants were 99 adolescents randomly selected in school, aged between 12 to 19 years (M = 14.88; SD = 2.09); in terms of gender composition, there were girls 41.1% and boys 58.9%. The measures used included the Albanian versions of depression self-rating scale for children, the revised children's manifest anxiety scale, and the rosenberg self-esteem scale. All data has been analysed by SPSS 21 and Excel 2007.ResultsResults showed that clinical significant levels reported 10.3% of participants for anxiety and 22.4% for depression. With low self-esteem scored 16.3% of participants. Self-esteem is significantly negatively correlated only with depression (r = -.433, P &lt; .00). Mann-Whitney Test didn’t found significant differences in anxiety based on self-esteem levels. Mann-Whitney Test found significant differences in depression levels based on levels of self-esteem (Mdlowself-esteem = 15; n = 16; Mdnormalself-esteem = 10; n = 81) as adolescents with low self-esteem had significantly higher depression as compared to adolescents with normal self-esteem (z = -2.876, P &lt; .004).ConclusionsFindings suggested that self-esteem and depression links are present but not links self-esteem and anxiety. It is important to investigate these relationships in future research aimed identification/interventions programs.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

A predictive model of anxiety and depression symptoms after a lower limb amputation

BackgroundPatients with Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) show high levels of depression and anxiety symptoms. The loss of a limb is undoubtedly a devastating experience and several studies have shown that anxiety and depression symptoms are a common reaction after a lower limb amputation (LLA). However, no study has focused on the immediate emotional reactions to LLA as a personal factor based on the ICF Model. ObjectiveThis study focused on the characterization of anxiety and depression levels, before and after surgery, differences in levels of depression and anxiety before and after surgery and the predictors of anxiety and depression one month after surgery, in a sample of patients with DFU. MethodsThis was a longitudinal study with 179 patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and DFU indicated for amputation, screened for the presence of anxiety and depression symptoms during the hospitalization that preceded amputation and one month after surgery, during a follow-up consultation. ResultsThe results showed a significant effect of anxiety and depression symptoms at pre-surgery in the prediction of anxiety and depression symptoms one month after LLA. Patients showed higher levels of anxiety than depression symptoms at pre-surgery, although anxiety significantly decreased on month after surgery. Both anxiety and depression symptoms contributed to depression after LLA, although anxiety at pre-surgery was the only predictor of anxiety at post-surgery. ConclusionsTailored multidisciplinary interventions need to be developed providing support before and after an amputation surgery, in order to reduce anxiety and depression symptoms and promote psychological adjustment to limb loss.

PERBEDAAN TINGKAT KECEMASAN DAN DEPRESI PADA MAHASISWA SISTEM PERKULIAHAN TRADISIONAL DENGAN SISTEM PERKULIAHAN TERINTEGRASI

THE DIFFERENCE LEVELS OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN COLLEGE STUDENTS OF TRADITIONAL LECTURE SYSTEM WITH INTEGRATED LECTURE SYSTEM Titis Hadiati Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University ABSTRACT Background: There are many factor affect levels of anxiety and depression, one of them is the lecture system. It tends to be an increase in cases of psychiatric disorders among students and students at higher education level. One of the most frequent psychiatric disorder found mainly in young adulthood is anxiety and depression. Aim: To determine differences in levels of anxiety and depression in college students of traditional lecture system and integrated lecture system. Methods: This study was a descriptive analytic with cross sectional design. The sample is 368 students of Medical Student of Diponegoro University consisting of 178 samples in batch 2012 and 190 samples in batch 2013. The level of anxiety among respondents was measured using questionnaires Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale and the level of depression among respondents was measured using questionnaires Zung Self-rating Depression Scale. The analysis was used Chi-square. Results: Statistical analysis showed there is no significant difference in anxiety levels (p = 0.432) and there is no significant difference in depression levels (p = 0.693) between the college student of traditional lecture system and integrated lecture system. Conclusions: Differences in levels of anxiety and depression levels based lecture system has no meaningful value. Keywords: anxiety, depression, lecture system, traditional, integrated.

Relación entre niveles de depresión y lesiones deportivas en jugadores de fútbol y fútbol sala

&lt;p&gt;El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar si existen diferencias en los niveles de depresión entre futbolistas lesionados y futbolistas no lesionados. Los participantes fueron 219 jugadores de fútbol y fútbol sala, con edades comprendidas entre los 16 y los 34 años, con una edad media de 22,07 (±4,7). Para registrar las lesiones se utilizó un protocolo basado en la definición y sistema de registro de lesiones utilizado por la FIFA; para evaluar la depresión se utilizó la escala de depresión del cuestionario DASS-21. Se ha utilizado un diseño descriptivo-transversal. Los resultados indican que los futbolistas lesionados puntuaron más alto que los no lesionados en la variable depresión, aunque estas diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas.&lt;/p&gt;

Peer Group Support untuk Menurunkan Tingkat Depresi pada Lansia di UPT PSLU Blitar

Indonesia has entered an era where the population structure is elderly and estimated that in 2020 the number of elderly reach 28.8 million (11.34%) peoples with a life expectancy of 71.1 years old. As people getting old, aging and physical changes are unavoidable. This changes can lead to mental disorders. Depression is one of the many common mental disorders in the elderly due to aging. Based on data in Canada, 5-10% of elderly living in the community are depressed, while those living in the institutional environment of 30-40% have depression and anxiety. One effort that can be done to deal with depression in the elderly is to use intervention Peer Group Support. Methods: This research used Pre-Experiment with the one group pre-post test design. The total sample was 30 respondents taken by purposive sampling. The data were analyzed by Paired T Test,with significance value of 0.05. Results:based on test result of the paired t test, there was differences in level of depression before and after peer group support (p=0,001). Discussion:with the provision of peer group support interventions,it could reduce the level of depression in the elderly at UPT PSLU Blitar.

Correlation between depression and eating attitudes and behaviors among those who performed regular physical activities&lt;p&gt;Düzenli fiziksel aktivite yapan bireylerde depresyon ve yeme tutum davranışları ilişkisi

The current study aimed at identifying correlational status between depression level and eating attitudes and behaviors among those who performed regular physical activities. The study designed in descriptive model was done with relational screening model. The sample of the study was composed of 294 individuals who performed regular physical activities at least three days a week in Afyonkarahisar Province. The data of the study were collected using a questionnaire consisted of Personal Information Form, Eating Attitudes Scale and Beck Depression Inventory. The data were processed with SPSS. The distribution of the data was assessed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. As a result of test; it was seen that the data did not follow a normal distribution and thus were analyzed with non-parametric tests. For the data analyses; descriptive statistics, Mann Whitney U-Test, Kruskal Wallis H- Test and Spearman Correlation coefficients were employed.According to the findings, it was found that those who performed physical activities regularly had no depression and had normal eating behavior in the 72.45%' s of the individuals and abnormal eating behavior detected in the 27.55% of the individuals. Besides; it was found that there was statistically significant difference in eating attitudes and behaviors in terms of sex variable but there was not statistically significant difference in depression level in terms of sex variable. As for sports history; there was no statistically significant difference in eating attitudes and behaviors while there was statistically significant difference in depression levels.As a result; it was detected that there was a positive relationship between depression levels with eating behavior and attitudes in the individuals who performed regular physical activity. ÖzetBu çalışmanın amacı düzenli fiziksel aktivite yapan bireylerin yeme tutum davranışları ile depresyon düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Bu çalışma betimsel araştırma türü olup, ilişkisel tarama yöntemi ile yapıldı. Örneklem grubunu Afyonkarahisar ilinde haftada en az 3 gün düzenli fiziksel aktivite yapan 294 birey oluşturdu. Araştırma verileri; kişisel bilgiler, Beck Depresyon Envanteri (BDE) ve Yeme Davranışları Testinden (EAT-26) oluşan anket formu ile elde edildi. Veriler SPSS paket programında değerlendirildi. Verilerin analizinde öncelikle tanımlayıcı istatistikler yapıldı. Verilerin Dağılımı Kolmogorov-Smirnov testi ile değerlendirildi. Test sonucunda verilerin normal dağılım göstermediği saptanmış olup, verilerin analizinde parametrik olmayan testlerden, Mann Whitney U-Testi ve Spearman korelasyon katsayısı kullanıldı.Araştırma sonucunda düzenli Fiziksel Aktivite (FA) yapan bireylerin %72,45’inde “normal yeme davranışı, %27,55’inde ise “anormal yeme davranışı” olduğu saptanmıştır. Bireylerin % 79,93’ünde depresyon olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Cinsiyet’e göre bireylerin yeme davranışlarında farklılık olduğu (p&lt;0,01), ancak depresyon durumlarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca spor geçmişlerine göre bireylerin yeme davranışlarında bir farklılık olmadığı, depresyon düzeylerinde ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık olduğu belirlenmiştir (p&lt;0,05).Sonuç olarak; düzenli FA yapan bireylerin depresyon düzeyleri ile yeme davranışları arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğu belirlendi.

Mood and anxiety disorders in patients with cardiac arrhythmias from Lublin City and its province – pilot study

Introduction. Co-existance of heart problems with mood and anxiety disorders creates the vicious circle of activation of autonomic nervous system, somatic symptoms and unpleased emotions, on which patients focus their attention. Due to this process emotional arousal may influence electro-stability of the heart. Aim. Aim of the study was the investigation and detailed specification of mood and anxiety disorders patients living with cardiac arrhythmia according to their place of dwelling. Material and methods. The study was carried out among 75 patients with cardiac arrhythmias, from Lublin City (group I) and Lublin’s province (group II). Anxiety was measured with the IPAT Anxiety Scale Cattell, emotional control with Courtauld Emotional Control Scale – CECS by Watson, Greer and BDI – Beck Depression Inventory. Sociodemographic questionnaire gathered data concerning sex, age, place of living, level of education, maintenance and occupational situation. Results. The conducted research revealed that there is a statistical difference in depression level, no statistical difference however, between levels of anxiety and emotional control in patients with cardiac arrhythmias from Lublin City and its province. Moreover, the coexistence between specific types of arrhythmia and elements of anxiety structure was stated. Conclusions. In conclusion, should be stated that there is no difference in emotional pattern between rural and urban patients with cardiac arrhythmias. However, rural patients presents slightly increased levels of anxiety and all its components, as well as emotional control. Level of depression however, clearly differentiates both groups. Depression and free floating anxiety disorder is higher in rural citizens.

SNS 이용시간에 따른 청소년의 우울 및 충동성 차이

The present study sought to identify the differences in levels of depression and impulsivity depending on hours on SNS among Korean adolescents. Data for this study was collected from the responses of 1,008 of middle and high school students in Seoul in 2014. The upper 33%(N=364) and the lower 33%(N=319) of students who reported to spend lots of time on SNS were extracted from the total data to constitute two groups for analysis. The sample was analyzed utilizing SEM to compare depression and impulsivity levels of the upper group with those of the lower group while controlling for gender. In conclusion, there was a significant difference in level of depression and impulsivity between the two groups. The upper group that spent more time on SNS displayed higher levels of depression and impulsivity. The result of this study means that the more time the adolescents spend on SNS the more likely the adolescents are to be depressed and impulsive.