Differences In Cultural Values Research Articles

Worldwide divergence of values

Social scientists have long debated the nature of cultural change in a modernizing and globalizing world. Some scholars predicted that national cultures would converge by adopting social values typical of Western democracies. Others predicted that cultural differences in values would persist or even increase over time. We test these competing predictions by analyzing survey data from 1981 to 2022 (n = 406,185) from 76 national cultures. We find evidence of global value divergence. Values emphasizing tolerance and self-expression have diverged most sharply, especially between high-income Western countries and the rest of the world. We also find that countries with similar per-capita GDP levels have held similar values over the last 40 years. Over time, however, geographic proximity has emerged as an increasingly strong correlate of value similarity, indicating that values have diverged globally but converged regionally.

'Every strategy needs to be contributing to erasing the stigma': Māori and Pacific young people talk about overcoming barriers to testing for sexually transmitted infections.

Māori and Pacific young people are disproportionately impacted by sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Access to STI screening is important to reduce transmission and reproductive health complications. Between November 2022 and May 2023, we held four wānanga (workshops) with Māori and Pacific participants (15-24years old) to find out what barriers they encounter to STI testing, and hear their ideas about how to overcome these. Participants were recruited via youth-focused community organisations in the Wellington region of Aotearoa New Zealand. Inductive thematic analysis was used to understand data generated from discussions, drawing on Māori and Pacific models of wellbeing to frame themes. Thirty-eight participants were involved in the wānanga. Barriers to STI testing related to five themes: (1) differences in cultural values and expression; (2) family/friends; (3) educational gaps; (4) psychological factors; and (5) structural obstacles. Suggested strategies to improve access to sexual health care included the need for free, flexible services, education and health promotion activities to reach young people in their spaces (e.g. church, marae, social media). Participants stressed the need for approaches to be community-based, delivered by trusted individuals using culturally appropriate messages, and saw participation in STI testing as beneficial for whānau/family and communities. To improve access to STI testing, participants described the need for free services, together with education and health promotion to improve inter-generational sexual health knowledge. Reframing messages around STIs to align with Māori and Pacific models of wellbeing was identified as a way to normalise conversations, in turn reducing the stigma surrounding STI testing.

Research on the Localization Strategy in the Remake of Film and TV Drama Taking the Japanese Remake of Journey to the West as an Example

Against the backdrop of globalization, the opportunities for cross-cultural exchanges in the cultural field are gradually increasing, and the development of film and television culture in various countries has ushered in opportunities. However, cross-cultural film and television communication also face obstacles due to the differences in cultural values and national identities among countries. In remakes, it is important to recode the stories and elements of the originals in such scope to reflect the localized folklore stories. The theme of this paper is to explore the dissemination of Journey to the West in Japan within the framework of popular culture and communication studies based on the theory of cultural localization. This paper finds that the Japanese remake of Journey to the West adopted methods of reimagining characters, incorporating traditional Japanese elements, and reflecting contemporary Japanese aesthetics to create a new local culture, and accelerated its localization through unique promotional techniques. At the same time, these approaches offer revelations of cultural transformation and pushing the boundaries of remakes.

Exploring Cognitive Dissonance among Muslim Refugees

This literature review provides an examination of the cognitive dissonance among Muslim refugees. It aims to improve the understanding of psychological challenges faced by them. The results of this study may contribute to the development of relevant interventions and policies. Based on a systematic review of relevant literature, it identifies the key factors which influence this phenomenon. The findings suggest that cognitive dissonance may occur as a result of differences in cultural values, religious beliefs, and social norms between the host country and the refugee's home country. Furthermore, the study identifies the various coping strategies used by individuals who experience cognitive dissonance. The limitations of the study are also mentioned.

THE CONCEPT OF TIME IN THE ANCIENT TURKIC WRITTEN MONUMENTS

This article discusses the concept of «time» in the language image of the world, which took place in the ancient Turkic written monument. As one of the most ancient categories of Universal, time has been studied quite actively in linguistics. The authors gave an overview of the classification of «time» made by foreign and domestic scientists in philosophical, psychological, cultural, social, literary and linguistic terms. The factological material of the study was the texts of the written monuments «Kultegin», «Bilge Kagan» and «Kull-Chor». Language means indicating that the concept of «time» in ancient Turkic written monuments is directly related to historical and political events, and the semantic types «cyclic time», «linear time» are defined in the semantic line of «time». Noting the close connection of the concept of «time» with the concept of «human age», the researchers make a comparative analysis based on the texts of the monuments of Kultegin, Bilge Kagan and Kul-Chor. It is concluded that the «human age» changes due to differences in ideology, political structure, social and cultural values. In addition, it was found that concept of «human age» occupies the largest place and is associated with the concept of «war». The article mentions the fact that the expressions of the concept of «time» with referential pronouns are abundant in ancient Turkic written monuments, that is, they are characteristic of deixist language units of «time».

The institutional impact on the digital platform ecosystem and innovation

PurposeThe digital platform (DP) develops through a network capability that combines technological infrastructure and resources to provide goods or services. This article investigates how institutions influence the development of the DP entrepreneurship ecosystem (EE) in a developing economy context.Design/methodology/approachAn exploratory qualitative approach based on interviews with 33 DP business executives in Nigeria was the chosen research method. The interview method took the form of face-to-face, telephone and zoom video meetings, depending on the respective preferences of the participants. The research philosophy is based on interpretivism. Hence, the collected data were analyzed thematically and interpreted to make sense of the business executives' perspectives about the DP landscape as well as its institutional enablers and barriers.FindingsThe findings reveal institutional elements that are either too underdeveloped or weak to nurture an effective DP system resulting in high cost of doing business. A key cultural challenge is obtaining an honest workforce and managers. Also, there is lack of effective policies, weak regulation, multiple taxation and foreign competition, which affects local digital firms. Although cultural diversity has several merits, differences in cultural values and languages create marketing and promotion challenges. Moreover, the low level of digital literacy between Generation Z, Millennials and others, such as Baby Boomers and Generation X, poses a significant challenge concerning customer segmentation.Research limitations/implicationsResearch on digital technologies, the complexity of platform architectures and institutional logic has attracted interest in recent years. This article explored the institutional logic influencing the development of DP ecosystem (providing knowledge about EE in a developing world context). Despite the institutional challenges, there are multiple opportunities for Nigerian DP sector to flourish in the fast-growing economy.Originality/valueThe value of this article is related to how micro-, meso- and macro-institutional forces combine to support or become barriers to the development of the DP ecosystem, especially in developing economies where digitalization is creeping into every business sector and society.

The consequences of cultural difference: the international medical graduate journey in New Zealand.

To identify how differences in cultural and professional values between New Zealand born and trained doctors and International Medical Graduates (IMGs) affect the practice and retention of IMGs in New Zealand. A mixed-method approach was used. An anonymous 42-item online questionnaire was used to compare participants' cultural and professional values. Participants were 373 New Zealand doctors, 198 IMG, and 25 doctors born and raised elsewhere but who qualified in New Zealand, a group not identified prospectively. The qualitative component used interviews with 14 IMGs to identify cultural challenges faced and with nine New Zealand doctors to identify the challenges they faced working alongside IMGs. Qualitative data were transcribed and analysed thematically. There were differences in power distance, with the medically qualified in New Zealand doctors having the highest power distance, followed by the IMGs, suggesting a preference for a hierarchical environment at odds with the New Zealand culture. Interviews found cultural differences in communication styles and hierarchy contributed to professional challenges. The cultural transition was difficult for IMGs as they received minimal support. One-third of IMGs acknowledged their behaviours did not fit well in New Zealand. Complaints about IMGs increased when they reverted to default behaviours regarded negatively by New Zealand colleagues or patients. IMGs are open to change but face a lack of orientation and cultural education opportunities, hindering integration. Residency programs must recognise this disconnect and incorporate cross-cultural programmes in the curriculum. Such programmes would assist the adaption and retention of IMG doctors.

Building business ethics awareness in diverse teaching environments

The importance of discussing ethics in business education has long been recognized. Accrediting bodies such as the ACBSP and AACSB require business curricula to include business ethics as a standalone course and/ or for it to be woven into subject matter of other courses. The premise is that, as future managers and business owners, business students need to be aware of how ethics influence and are related to decision making. An individual’s ethical attitudes and outlooks are related to values that they consider important. Values vary across individuals, and even societies. For instance, the approach of Hofstede (1991) is considered a standard for viewing cultural differences in certain values, as they apply to workplaces. Individual values have also been studied extensively (example: Rokeach, 1973). The Rokeach Values Survey is an established tool for understanding individual attitudes towards values. The Rokeach Values Survey has been used in a variety of contexts over many decades. In particular, Weber (1990, 2015) used it to study value preferences of business students, and alumni, and also link it to managerial orientations. We note that, in general. students from underrepresented groups have been under-researched, as has been their educational experiences. In this paper, we discuss the issue of integrating ethics in business teaching which responds to the experiences and attitudes of this student group in the context of business education pedagogies, and seek to link it to the Rokeach survey.

The Influence of Individual Cultural Value Differences on Pro-Environmental Behavior among International Students at Korean Universities

This study investigates the influence of individual cultural value differences on pro-environmental behavior (PEB) among international students from various cultural backgrounds presently studying in Korean universities. Data was collected using an online, self-administered questionnaire from a sample of 224 international students. Analysis was performed through structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques with the help of AMOS 26 software. The results show that Hofstede’s cultural dimensions are strong predictors of private and public-sphere PEB. The results indicated that the uncertainty avoidance, collectivistic, and long-term orientation values of international students have a significant positive effect on both private and public-sphere PEB. However, power distance does not affect PEB in the private and public spheres. Notably, masculinity is negatively associated with only public-sphere PEB. This study also provides valuable practical implications for policymakers and other stakeholders to promote sustainable behavior among international students.

Examining the association between cultural self-construal and dream structures in the United States and Japan.

Cultural differences in self-construal, human relationships, and values between Western and East Asian people have been suggested. The aim of this article is to investigate cultural difference in dreamers' self-construal based on their dreams. We examined the dreams sampled via online questionnaires from 300 non-clinical participants from America and Japan, respectively. The free response for the contents of "impressive dreams in childhood" "recent impressive dreams" was categorized into the five general dream structural patterns. Besides, the participants were asked to answer the scales to investigate participants' cultural self-construal. The current results revealed the prevalence of the independent view of self in American participants and the interdependent view of self in Japanese participants. In addition, we found significant cultural differences in the dream length and structural patterns. For American dreams, the dream-ego had a clear will and strong mobility, and there were obvious ends of dream events. Conversely, for Japanese dreams, the weak agency and vague conscious of the dream-ego were shown, and others could play a main role in one's dreams. These results suggested that each characteristic of the American and Japanese samples may be influenced by the differences in self-construal or in the process of self-formation between American and Japanese cultures.

Cultural differences in maternal emotion control values and children's expressive flexibility

AbstractExpressive flexibility is the ability to express or suppress one's emotions to meet the demands of the situation. Recent work suggests that expressive flexibility is associated with better adjustment. However, few studies have focused on expressive flexibility in children. In addition, there is a dearth of research on possible correlates, such as culture, parental emotion socialization, and socioeconomic status, that may be associated with expressive flexibility competencies in children. The purpose of this study was to investigate cultural differences in children's expressive flexibility, maternal emotion control values (ECVs), and their relations to family socioeconomic status (SES) during middle childhood in a sample of European American (N = 31, M age = 9.61 years; 54.8% males), Korean American (N = 38, M age = 9.16 years; 55.3% males) and South Korean children (N = 77, M age = 9.74 years; 51.9% males). Mothers reported on demographics and their emotion control values. Children's expressive flexibility ability was assessed using a lab‐based observational measure. Multivariate analyses of covariance controlling for SES, child age, and gender suggested significant cultural differences in expressive flexibility, with the U.S. children (both European and Korean Americans) scoring higher on expressive flexibility compared to their South Korean counterparts. Results also suggested significant cultural differences regarding maternal ECVs; Korean Americans were more similar to South Koreans, both scoring higher on ECVs than European Americans. Socioeconomic status, but not maternal ECVs, were associated with children's expressive flexibility, independent of child age, sex, and culture.

Cultural differences in ethics and values during conflict resolution: A disentangling approach

Using a social motives framework, I tested two process models that linked ethical beliefs of Relativism and Idealism to conflict resolution preferences of Compromise and Forcing through social values (Face, Collectivism, Dignity, and Honor). Cultural relativity of the models was assessed across three-cultural subgroups (Confucian, Hindu, and Aristotelian). Results revealed that the process model for Idealism held across cultures as Idealism was indirectly related to Forcing through Dignity and Honor. However, the results suggested that the process model for Relativism differed across cultural groups as Relativism was indirectly related to Compromise through both Face and Collectivism for Confucian cultures, but indirectly related to Compromise through Collectivism for Hindu cultures, and indirectly related to Compromise through Face for Aristotelian cultures. By examining the relationships between ethical beliefs and social values commonly attributed to cultural differences in conflict resolution preferences, the study disentangles the culture-specific and culture-free relationships which are important to resolving interpersonal conflict.

Analisis Nilai Budaya dalam Promosi Wisata Akun Instagram @Wonderfulindonesia dan @Japantravelcom

The lack of cultural analysis research on tourism based Instagram accounts, especially in Indonesia, makes it a limitation in understanding communication studies, especially cross cultural in Indonesia. This study aims to look at the differences in cultural values resulting from cultural based Instagram account postings and tourism promotions @Wonderfulindonesia and @Japantravelcom which are based on two components of Hofstede's cultural theory which include collectivist-individualist cultural values and power distance (PD) as well as cultural dimensions in the image. mise en scene. Quantitative content analysis method was used to analyze 400 samples tested through Pearson chi square and continuity correction chi square. The results showed that the two Instagram accounts showed more individualism than collectivists in posting pictures. In the post caption, @Wonderfulindonesia shows the individualist side as opposed to @Japantravelcom. The results of the analysis of Power distance and mise en scene do not show a significant difference between Instagram account of @Wonderfulindonesia and @Japantravelcom.

Loneliness across time and space.

People feel lonely when their social needs are not met by the quantity and quality of their social relationships. Most research has focused on individual-level predictors of loneliness. However, macro-level factors related to historical time and geographic space might influence loneliness through their effects on individual-level predictors. In this Review, we summarize empirical findings on differences in the prevalence of loneliness across historical time and geographical space and discuss four groups of macro-level factors that might account for these differences: values and norms, family and social lives, technology and digitalization, and living conditions and availability of individual resources. Regarding historical time, media reports convey that loneliness is on the rise, but the empirical evidence is mixed, at least before the COVID-19 pandemic. Regarding geographical space, national differences in loneliness are linked to differences in cultural values (such as individualism) but might also be due to differences in the sociodemographic composition of the population. Research on within-country differences in loneliness is scarce but suggests an influence of neighbourhood characteristics. We conclude that a more nuanced understanding of the effects ofmacro-level factors on loneliness is necessary because of their relevance for public policy and propose specific directions for future research.

David Frank Adjaye Design Thinking

Title: David Frank Adjaye’s Design Thinking: The Unfold Cinematically Approach Design thinking is fundamental to every designer because it becomes a strategy that creatively solves design problems. Adjaye, an architect with various degrees and awards, explicitly stated that the approach used was "The Unfold Cinematically". The excellence of this approach deserves to be expressed to provide insight and inspiration, that designing is not by generalizing the form of design, because every place has its uniqueness. The method used is descriptive qualitative. Data was collected from literature studies, books, articles, and official websites that refer to Adjaye and his works. The results of this study show that this approach reflects his life journey from moving countries so that the character to respect differences in cultural values is formed. "The Unfold Cinematically" then developed into a link between the process consisting of "The Inside" and "The Outside". The conclusion is that the formation of design thinking is a process of a long life journey. Sensitivity to various conditions determines the formation of an architect’s design thinking. The approach of "The Unfold Cinematically" summarizes Adjaye’s focus on the livelihood of social activities and physical forms that are formed from the environment of values held by the community.

Conflict misperceptions between citizens and foreigners across the globe.

In a globalizing world, conflict between citizens and foreigners hinders cooperation and hampers how well the global community can tackle shared problems. Here, we study conflict between citizens and foreigners and find that people substantially misperceive how competitive foreigners are. Citizens (from 51 countries; N=12,863; 656,274 decisions) interacted with foreigners in incentivized contest experiments. People across the globe systematically failed to anticipate the competitiveness of foreigners and either competed too much or too little. Competition was poorly explained by differences in cultural values or environmental stress. By contrast, competition and concomitant conflict misperceptions were robustly accounted for by differences in the wealth of nations, institutions, and histories of engaging in international conflict. Our results reveal how macro-level socio-economic differences between countries create false stereotypes and might breed conflict.

Collaborative Online Learning across Cultures: the Role of Teaching and Social Presence

Collaborative online learning (COL) has been associated with positive outcomes, such as critical thinking, shared problem-solving skills, and deep learning. Such outcomes require pedagogies that consider students’ backgrounds, including the cultural context in which they operate. This study reflects upon the role of culture through the lens of the Community of Inquiry Framework (CoI) and the elements of social - and teaching presence. German and Thai students were selected due to cultural differences in values of power distance, collectivism, and femininity. 20 in-depth interviews on students’ experiences with COL were conducted. Findings revealed differences in perceptions of and factors influencing social- and teaching presence across the two samples. German students were hesitant to initiate contact with non-familiar classmates through digital communication tools. The use of the camera overall supported social presence but also affected Thai students negatively, who were more concerned about the judgment, and emotions of classmates. Teaching presence differed as social media and messenger applications were more readily utilized for collaboration in Thai universities. While the presence of the lecturer in break-out rooms increased Thai students' voicing behavior, German students opened up as the lecturer was absent. The possible influence of educational-, national- and cybercultures is being discussed.

Exploring Regional Differences in Cultural Values : A Hybrid Thematic Analysis

Purpose : Extant research had, for the most part, confined itself to comparing cultural values at the inter-nation level. This was despite the criticism from studies such as Hofstede’s and the knowledge that most variation in culture resided within nations and not between them. Moreover, the alarming failures of cross-border mergers and acquisitions and other challenges that organizations ascribed to cultural differences pointed to the need for more utilitarian knowledge in this field. Hence, this study sought to explore the cultural differences within a diverse and developing nation, in this case, within India, that were relevant to organizations. Design/Methodology/Approach : This paper drew on 30 in-depth interviews with senior executives in multiple sectors with organizational experience in more than one region of India. Interview transcripts were analyzed with the help of open coding, followed by clustering into higher-order themes. Finally, a hybrid thematic analysis was used to develop the themes/values. Findings : Interviewed executives reported having experienced differences in cultural values when working with different regions of India. Mastery, Egalitarianism, Embeddedness, and Hierarchy were the second-order values that over two-thirds of the executives experienced as different. Originality/Value : This knowledge could be of great value, particularly to organizations outside India planning to enter or expand in India and organizations within the country planning to expand beyond their current location.

Development of Cultural Humility and Ethnocultural Empathy in Nursing Students

Objective: Differences in cultural backgrounds, values, beliefs, and practices between healthcare providers and clients can create challenges and lead to disparities, and adverse events. Healthcare providers’ cultural humility and ethnocultural empathy promote services that meet patients’ social and cultural needs. However, it is unclear how to best promote the development of cultural humility and ethnocultural empathy amongst nursing students. The transformative learning theory, developed by Jack Mezirow guided the study. Students who participate in a cultural immersion experience will report higher cultural humility and ethnocultural empathy compared to students who receive a lecture. Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest control group design. A non-randomized, convenience sample of 47 students was utilized. The ethnocultural empathy scale and the cultural humility scale were used to assess nursing student’s cultural humility and ethnocultural empathy. Open ended questions explored the meaningfulness of the experience. Data was analyzed with bivariate and multivariate analysis to compare pre- and post-intervention data and differences between groups. A thematic analysis appraised open ended question responses. Results: Students who participated in a cultural immersion experience reported significant higher cultural humility and ethnocultural empathy scores. Open ended questions reveled that the cultural immersion experience was meaningful and aided in the development of cultural humility and ethnocultural empathy. Conclusion: A cultural immersion experience was useful in promoting the development of cultural humility and ethnocultural empathy in nursing students.

CULTURE IN PERSON- AND PEOPLE-CENTERED HEALTH CARE

Background: Person- and people-centered medicine (PCM) underscores the importance of accounting for culture and cultural values.
 Objective: The objective of this article is to clarify the concept of culture and describe misleading or faulty ways of understanding this concept in averting blind-spots for culture in person- and people-centered health care.
 Method: Drawing on the conceptualization of PCM, the philosophy of values, values-based Practice, and principles of anthropology, misleading or faulty ways of understanding the concept of culture are identified by meeting criteria of conflation, confusing contingency as if necessity, being too narrow, or contracting blind-spots.
 Results: Six ways of understanding the concept of culture are identified that may undermine person-centered practice. These may be corrected by understanding culture as necessarily constituted by a set of shared practices underpinned by values. So understood, this clarifies the distinction between culture and group identity, and that: subcultures and counter-cultures are proper cultures; symbols, language, and geographic locality are contingent qualities of culture; culture is subject to change and not fixed by history or an individual’s group identity; and that culture is readily ascribed to others/foreigners owing to blind-spots for one’s own culture.
 Conclusion: By averting too narrow an understanding of culture and overcoming one’s blind-spot for one’s own cultural values, the clinician may recognize and account for culture and cultural values in person-centered health care. When the differences in cultural values bring about conflict or potential alienation in the interpersonal relationship, the differences need to be subjected practically to a process of dissensual decision-making, accounting for the uncommon ground within a safe space created by common ground and consensus.