Differences In Crude Protein Research Articles

An Assessment of Treated Greywater Reuse in Irrigation on Growth and Protein Content of Prosopis and Albizia

This study investigated the influence of treated greywater on growth and protein content of multipurpose (forage and ornamental) transplants, Prosopis juliflora L., Prosopis tamarugo L., and Albizia lebbeck L. Transplants of tested species were irrigated with treated greywater, diluted greywater (grey + distilled water, 1:1/by volume), and distilled water (control) for seven months. Water quality analysis showed that the concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals found in the greywater were within the acceptable range compared with Jordan Institution for Standard and Metrology (JISM) and the World Health Organization (WHO) thresholds for safe use of greywater. Escherichia coli found in the greywater were lower compared to JISM and WHO guidelines for the safe use of greywater. Irrigation with treated greywater increased shoot fresh weight by 24–39% and dry weight by 34–40% compared to diluted greywater and control. No significant difference in crude protein was noticed between water treatments. Prosopis species (P. juliflora Albizia lebbeck L. and P. tamarugo Albizia lebbeck L.) had higher shoot fresh (35%) and dry weight the same species had lower crude protein (44%) when compared to Albizia lebbeck Albizia lebbeck L. The reuse of treated greywater for landscaping or forage production alleviates the demand for water resources and reduces the pressure on wastewater treatment plants. However, considering the controversial findings of previous studies on greywater quality (especially, long-term reuse), the reuse of treated greywater needs to be considered with caution and periodic quality analyses and economic assessments are required.

Slight Increases in Salinity Improve Muscle Quality of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

Fish muscle quality is an important parameter in the aquaculture industry. In this study, we analyzed and compared the muscle quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) cultured at salinities of 0‰, 3‰, and 6‰ (GC0, GC3, GC6). There was no significant difference in crude protein and crude fat content of muscle between GC0 and GC3. Crude fat was significantly lower in GC6 compared to the other groups. GC3 and GC6 had higher hydroxyproline content, which suggested that these groups had higher collagen content. GC3 and GC6 had higher contents of free amino acids and umami amino acids than GC0, but there was no significant difference in sweet or sour amino-acid content among groups. GC3 and GC6 had better texture properties, including hardness, gumminess, chewiness, resilience, and springiness, than GC0. GC3 had the highest water-holding capacity among the groups. As the salinity increased, the diameter of muscle fibers decreased and the sarcolemma showed a thickening trend. These results suggest that a slight increase in salinity (i.e., 3‰) can effectively improve the muscle quality of grass carp.

NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF COLUMBA LIVIA DOMESTICA (DOMESTIC PIGEON) AND COLUMBA GUINEA (SPECKLED PIGEON) MUSCLE TISSUE MEAL AS POTENTIAL ANIMAL PROTEIN INGREDIENT IN AQUACULTURE

The study was conducted to examine the Nutritional characterization of columba livia domestica (domestic pigeon) and columba guinea (speckled pigeon) muscle tissue meal as potential animal protein ingredient in aquaculture. The proximate composition, some mineral contents and amino acids profile were determined in Columba liviadomestica (domestic pigeon) and Columba guinea (speckled pigeon) found in Zaria, Kaduna State. The result showed significant difference in the whole weight between speckled pigeon (282.42 ±4.54) and domestic pigeon (272.66 ±8.71), gutted weight two avian species showed no significant difference (P> 0.05), domestic pigeon (201.50±4.10) had a higher gutted weight than speckled pigeon (180.68±6.34). There was significant difference in crude protein (66.70±0.70) content compared to speckled pigeon crude protein (62.18±0.32) contents. The ash content (4.51±0.14), crude fibre (0.82±0.17) and nitrogen free extract (9.82.±0.18) of speckled pigeon was lower than that of domestic pigeon with ash content (4.78±0.22), crude fibre (1.11±0.06) and nitrogen free extract (10.47±0.32). The study further disclosed significant difference in Mg, Na and K composition between the two columbid species; however; amino acid of both species did not differ significantly (P>0.05). In conclusion, speckled and domestic pigeon muscle tissues were rich in crude protein, mineral and amino acids and, therefore, recommended for use as a valuable inclusive component as animal protein sources in aquaculture feed industries.

Herbage accumulation, canopy characteristics, and nutritive value of tropical grasses in the Amazon biome

AbstractForage species diversification reduces risk associated with forage–livestock production. In the Amazon biome, an alternative is needed to ‘Marandu’ palisadegrass [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster] because of Marandu death syndrome. Our objective was to compare herbage accumulation (HA), canopy characteristics, and nutritive value of Marandu with two alternative grasses, ‘Guará’ (Paspalum regnellii Mez) and ‘Tupi’ [Urochloa humidicola (Rendle) Morrone & Zuloaga]. During 2 yr, grasses were clipped to a 12‐cm stubble height every 28 (rainy season) or 42 d (dry season). Annual HA did not differ across years for Guará (13.7 Mg dry matter [DM] ha−1) and Tupi (12.2 Mg DM ha−1); however, Marandu HA was 30% less in the second than the first year. Marandu had greatest annual HA in the first year (15.5 Mg DM ha−1), and Guará was superior to the other grasses in the second year (13.5 Mg DM ha−1). Tupi had the least leaf proportion among grasses in both rainy and dry seasons, and its leaf proportion was greater in the dry than rainy season (715 vs. 610 g kg−1). Greatest stem proportion was observed in Tupi and the least stubble mass occurred in Guará (2000 kg DM ha−1). When differences in crude protein occurred, Tupi concentrations (80–130 g kg−1) were less than either Guará (97–157 g kg−1) or Marandu (81–139 g kg−1). Overall, Tupi and Guará HA and nutritive value support their recommendation as alternatives to Marandu monoculture in Amazon forage‐based livestock systems.

Evaluation of nutrient content and caloric density in commercially available foods formulated for senior cats.

BackgroundCat foods marketed for senior cats (≥7 years) are available to owners. The variability in the nutritional content of these foods is unknown.ObjectivesTo measure the caloric density and caloric distribution of crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and vitamin D3 in commercially available foods for senior cats and to compare nutrient content with foods for adult cats.SamplesThirty‐one senior and 59 adult commercial nontherapeutic cat food products.MethodsDescriptive study. Crude protein, crude fiber, and crude fat were measured using Dumas nitrogen combustion, Ankom filter bag technique, and acid hydrolysis, respectively. Mineral concentrations were measured using inductively coupled argon plasma‐optical emission spectroscopy. Vitamin D3 was determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Caloric density was calculated using modified Atwater values.ResultsThe evaluated nutrient concentrations in all foods for senior cats met the values of the Association of American Feed Control Officials Cat Food Nutrient Profile for adult maintenance. Foods for senior cats had significantly higher crude fiber content when compared to foods for adult cats (P < .0001). No significant difference in crude protein, crude fat and mineral concentrations was found between foods for senior and adult cats.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceFoods marketed for senior cats are highly variable in their caloric density and nutrient content and, except for crude fiber, are similar to foods for adult cats. Veterinarians should avoid broad recommendations regarding commercially available foods for senior cats, and dietary recommendations should reflect the patient's individual needs.

Effects of Lavender (&lt;i&gt;Lavandula angustifolia&lt;/i&gt;) augmentation of alfalfa silages

The aim of this study was to determine the chemical, fermentation, and microbiological properties of alfalfa silages that were augmented with lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and to appraise their in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy for lactation (NEL) contents. Lavender flowers were added to alfalfa silages at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% of the weight of alfalfa. An unaugmented alfalfa silage was also evaluated. After 75 day of ensiling, pH, dry matter, NDF and ADF contents of alfalfa silages had decreased and OMD had increased with the addition of lavender. No significant differences in crude protein, ash, ether extract, lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid bacteria number, ME and NEL contents were detected. No butyric acid, Enterobacteriaceae, Listeria spp, sulphide reducing anaerobes, and yeasts were found in the alfalfa silages. Mould content decreased with the addition of lavender. Thus, the addition of lavender flowers to alfalfa silages may improve their quality.&#x0D; Keywords: essential oil, fermentation, nutritional value, supplement

Variability in crude protein and mineral nutrient concentrations of almonds

Nuts are recognized as a healthy snack and a daily intake of 30-50 g is recommended as part of a healthy diet. However, their health benefits depend on their nutritional composition. The nutritional composition of nuts varies depending on their cultivar and post-harvest handling, and it is not always clear how much variation can be expected among nuts purchased from retail markets. We evaluated the variability in crude protein and mineral nutrient concentrations of four brands of almonds purchased from different commercial retailers. The mean concentrations of crude protein and minerals in almond kernels were: crude protein (22.31% weight), aluminium (3.90 mg kg-1), boron (18.50 mg kg-1), calcium (0.20% weight), copper (8.90 mg kg-1), iron (32.20 mg kg-1), magnesium (0.30% weight), manganese (25.60 mg kg-1), potassium (0.60% weight), phosphorus (0.50% weight), sodium (35.40 mg kg-1), sulphur (0.20% weight) and zinc (21.30 mg kg-1). Nutrient concentrations varied widely among almond samples from different brands, with the largest variations found in sodium and aluminium and the smallest variations found in crude protein and potassium. The following ranges were observed: crude protein (17.06-26.52% weight), aluminium (0.80-25.80 mg kg-1), boron (12.60-33.80 mg kg-1), calcium (0.12-0.33% weight), copper (3.90-13.60 mg kg-1), iron (17.60-64.50 mg kg-1), magnesium (0.16-0.36% weight), manganese (12.40-41.10 mg kg-1), potassium (0.43-0.78% weight), phosphorus (0.37-0.69% weight), sodium (0.20-134.30 mg kg-1), sulphur (0.11-0.22% weight) and zinc (12.50-30.70 mg kg-1). Aluminium, calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium and zinc concentrations differed significantly among brands of almond kernels but there were no significant differences in crude protein, boron, copper, manganese, potassium and sulphur concentrations. There is a need for rapid quality assessment of mineral nutrient composition of nuts before marketing and consumption. This will help in recommending quantities for consumption to meet daily health requirements.

Testis Maturation Stages of Mud Crab (Scylla olivacea) Broodstock on Different Diets

The aim of this study was to investigate how various diets influence testis maturation stages in mud crab (Scylla olivacea) broodstock. Morphological and histological assessments were performed in triplicate (10 male crabs each). Daily, subject crabs were fed a squid (Loligo sp.) and a fish (Decapterus sp.) diet at 5-10% of body weight. Diets were analyzed following methods from the Association of Analytical Communities (AOAC). In comparison to control (wild) crabs, the two diets generally did not cause significant differences (p>0.05) in body weight, carapace width and gonadosomatic index (GSI), except in the GSI of squid-fed crabs (p<0.05). At the end of the experiment, crabs that reached Stage 3 testis maturation included were 6 fish-fed individuals and 23 squid-fed individuals. Additionally, differences in crude protein and fat levels across diets influenced the nature of male gonadal development. In conclusion, a squid diet was sufficient to induce Stage 3 testis maturation in Scylla olivacea within 60 days of culture. Our results prove the usefulness in developing appropriate feeding regimes for male Scylla olivacea broodstock.

Planting Alfalfa with Cover Crops on Forage Dry Matter Yield and Nutritive Values of Alfalfa

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of planting alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) with- and without cover crops on forage dry matter yield and nutritive values of alfalfa in Kansas, USA. In the first production year 2014, dry matter yield of mono-culture alfalfa appears to be compatible or even higher than planting with certain species of winter annual forages as a cover crop. Alfalfa planted with a combination of four different multi-species winter annual forages such as oats (Avena sativa L.), oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumL.), and turnip (Brassica rapa L.) had the highest dry matter yield of alfalfa in 2014.Dry matter yield of alfalfa in 2nd production year 2015 was similar to alfalfa + oats and alfalfa + oats + oilseed radish + annual ryegrass + turnip or significantly higher than alfalfa planted with annual ryegrass, oilseed radish, and turnip together. Based on two year of data in 2014 and 2015, the highest alfalfa yield occurred when alfalfa was planted with a combination of oats, oilseed radish, annual ryegrass, and turnip. The lowest dry matter yield of alfalfa occurred when alfalfa was planted with annual ryegrass.No significant differences in crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were found when comparing alfalfa monoculture with alfalfa + oats, alfalfa + oilseed radish, alfalfa + oats + oilseed radish + annual ryegrass + turnip, and alfalfa + turnip treatments. When considering both dry matter and nutritive values of alfalfa, planting alfalfa with cover crops appears to be compatible or better practice than planting alfalfa monoculture.

Feeding choices and impacts of extralimital giraffe on two keystone tree species in the Kgalagadi National Park

In this article we determine the effect of an extralimital megaherbivore on the reproductive potential and vegetation structure of two keystone tree species in the Auob River in the south western Kalahari Desert of southern Africa. Using spoor and dung counts we establish the presence of giraffe in three predetermined density zones by walking 50 transects across the river in each zone. We also photographed six trees from each species in each zone and use these photographs to determine browse impact on reproductive potential, canopy volume as well as the percentage dieback on the extremities of the canopy. We then perform stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis on the leaves of the trees and compare these relative to the isotope ratios of giraffe dung to ascertain dietary preference. Crude protein was determined as a guide to nutritive value. Finally, we determine both chemical and physical defences for the two species. Our results show a significant negative impact of giraffe browse on tree canopies, no significant differences in recruitment and a noticeable decrease in flowers and pods at the giraffe browse height of 2 m – 5 m. No significant differences in crude protein or condensed tannins were found but significant differences in spinescence. Giraffe are not endemic to the Auob River and our study shows that the introduction of these animals is having a negative impact on the canopies of Vachellia haematoxylon. While there are, as yet, no significant impacts on reproductive potential we speculate that this will happen with time.Conservation implications: Our study shows that giraffe are significantly impacting the canopies of two common tree species in the Auob River in the arid Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Without management intervention an increasing population of giraffe will result in substantial changes to the plant community vegetation structure of the river.

IMPACTS OF ILLUMINATION TIME AND COLOR ON TILAPIA OUTGROWTH AND FISH FLESH QUALITY

The present study was aimed to look at the impacts of illumination time and illumination color on outgrowth and activity of Nil Tilapia (Tilapia Niloticus). A commercial food was used for feeding fish during experimental period. The data obtained from the experiment were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (using SPSS program). The results indicated that illumination time (24, 16 hour and control) and illumination colors (white, red and blue) were significantly affected on fish activity. The fish outgrowth at illumination blue was higher than other illumination colors for all illumination time. The illumination blue and long illumination time (24 light hours) created the top fish percentage weight gained during feeding period (WGDFP = 52.9 g), specific growth rate (SGR = 4.08 %), daily growth rate (DGR = 17.63 %) and growth efficiency (GE = 29 %). On the other side, the blue illumination and short illumination time 16 h created weight gained during feeding period (WGDFP = 46.5 g), specific growth rate (SGR = 3.89 %), daily growth rate (DGR = 15.51 %) and growth efficiency (GE = 28 %). At long illumination time, the feed conversation efficiency (FCE) was 92, 95 and 98 % at illumination white, red and blue respectively. There were significant differences in crude protein and crude fat contents among fish exposed to different photoperiod regimes. Fish exposed to (24 h) illumination regime had significantly lower crude fat and ash than those of the other.

Effects of timber harvesting on Arundinaria spanostachya bamboo and feeding-site selection by giant pandas in Liziping Nature Reserve, China

Timber harvesting can alter understory plant diversity, abundance and composition, and in turn shape behaviors of a variety of animals. By far, little is known about the effects of timber harvesting on bamboo understory and feeding-site selection by giant pandas. Here, we investigated differences in crude protein, crude fat and tannin in Arundinaria spanostachya and feeding-site selection by giant pandas in primary and secondary forests in Liziping Nature Reserve, China. One hundred and twenty plots were established in the wild, including 30 feeding-site plots and 30 control plots in primary and secondary forests respectively. The results indicated that after timber harvesting, bamboo grows denser in secondary forests, with decreased crude protein content and increased tannin content, especially in leaves. Giant pandas exhibited distinct feeding-site selection patterns in primary and secondary forests. In primary forests, giant pandas appear to randomly forage bamboo across age groups but feed more on perennial bamboo culms (⩾3yr) and less on annual bamboo culms (⩽1yr) in secondary forests. Above findings highlight the importance of conserving the primary forests in the Xiaoxiangling Mountains, and suggest that training and acclimatization of captive individuals for release should be as possible as can conducted in primary forests without human disturbance.

Chemical and genetic diversity of high-seed-yield sorghum (Sorghum bicolor M.) germplasms.

This study evaluated the chemical and genetic diversity of high-seed-yield sorghum germplasms from Korea, the United States, and South Africa. We identified significant differences in the chemical contents of whole plants at the heading stage in all cultivars, including differences in crude protein, fat, fiber, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, mineral, and fatty acid contents. Our results suggest that Banwoldang is the most appropriate cultivar for roughage because of its high protein yield. We identified significant differences in the tannin, flavonoid, amylose, mineral, crude fat, fatty acid, and 3-deoxyanthocyanin contents in the whole grain from all cultivars, but not in the mineral or crude fat contents. Tannin levels were generally low. IS645 contained the highest levels of flavonoids and linolenic acid compounds, and Moktak had the highest amylose and deoxyanthocyanidin content in the grain. To assess genetic diversity, we used 10 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer sets to identify 38 alleles with 3-8 alleles per locus. Based on phylogenetic analysis of the SSR markers, the sorghum cultivars were divided into three major groups. Comparison of clusters based on chemical compositions with those based on SSRs showed that the groups formed by the three native Korean cultivars clustered similarly in molecular dendrograms. Association analysis was conducted for the 10 SSR marker; 48 chemical and growth traits were present for two marker traits (seed color and whole plant fatty acid content) with significant marker-trait associations. These markers could be used to select sorghum cultivars for breeding programs.

Differences in the crude protein fractions of lucerne leaves and stems under different stand structures

AbstractProtein degradability in forage legumes is of global importance because utilization efficiency of forage has economic and environmental consequences. However, there are no published studies on the effect of legume stand structure on differences in crude protein (CP) fractions. The main objective of the present research was therefore to investigate differences in CP fractions in leaves and stems of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) during the growing season. Stand traits were measured over 2 years, and forage was sampled at the early bud and early flower stages in the first, second and third cuts. Stems had significantly higher concentrations (in g kg−1 CP) of non‐protein (fraction A: 430 g kg−1 CP) and indigestible nitrogen (fraction C: 92 g kg−1 CP) than leaves and had lower relative content of true protein (fraction B: 478 g kg−1 CP). In the total forage (stems and leaves combined), about 80% of the variation in CP fractions was explained by year, cut and maturity. Year was the most important factor, particularly for the B fractions. Cut was the second‐most important factor; its main effect was that the relative abundance of fraction A declined from 394 g kg−1 CP in the first cut to 293 in g kg−1 CP the third cut. Maturity increased the amounts of indigestible fraction C and protein fractions B1 and B3. This was associated with the leaf weight ratio, which had an inverse relationship with maximal stem length and dry matter yield. Variation partitioning showed that 75% of CP fraction variability associated with cut, maturity and year could be explained by the evaluated stand traits. This research has highlighted the need to consider plant morphological traits when legume CP fractions are evaluated.

Comparisons of carcass and meat quality among rabbit breeds of different sizes, and hybrid rabbits

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the differences in carcass composition, meat quality characteristics, and muscle fibre characteristics among rabbits of different sizes and of different breeds. The present study was performed using 96 rabbits (12 rabbits per group) at the age of 90 days, including seven pure breeds and one commercial hybrid. The included rabbit breeds were as follows: the giant breed Moravian Blue (MB); the medium breeds Czech White (CW), Czech Spotted (CS), Czech Solver (CSo), and Moravian White of Brown Eye (MW); the small breeds Czech Black Guard Hair (CB) and Czech Gold (CG); and the hybrid Hyplus rabbits (PS 19×PS 39). The slaughter weights were significantly (P<0.001) affected by the breed. Comparisons of the dressing out percentage showed significant differences (P<0.001) among groups, and the lowest dressing out percentage was observed in the small breed CB (56.7%). The lowest values for the hind part percentage, hind leg percentage and hind leg meat percentage were in the medium breed CS (50.1%, 28.2% and 21.6% respectively). The results of the loin chemical composition assay revealed differences among the groups in crude protein (P<0.001), fat (P<0.001) and cholesterol (P<0.05) contents and in the hind leg meat differences in crude protein (P<0.001) and fat contents (P<0.05). The highest (P<0.05) loin cholesterol contents (53.4mg/100g), hind leg fat (3.59%) values were observed in the medium breed CS, which corresponded with the highest perirenal fat content (2.98%). For both types of muscle fibres (βR and αW), the smallest (P<0.001) cross-sectional areas, diameters and perimeters were found in Hyplus rabbits. Good results of CW rabbits in carcass composition show that this breed might be used for commercial production.

English

Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) is a small size multipurpose tree of approximately 5 to 10 m in height which is cultivated all over the world. The study was conducted in the Guinea Savanna and the semi-deciduous forest zones of Ghana in December 2011 to compare the nutrient levels of MO leaves from the two agro-ecological zones. Leaf samples were collected from three randomly selected districts in each ecological zone for proximate and chemical analysis of some macro and micro nutrient. The results show no significant difference in crude protein and carbohydrate levels of MO leaves from the two ecological zones, however MO leaves from the semi-deciduous forest zone recorded a slightly higher mean crude protein value of 26.54% than the Guinea savanna value of 25.65%. MO leaves from the semi-deciduous forest and the Guinea Savanna recorded mean calcium values of 1880 and 1474.33 mg per 100 g of leaf powder, respectively. The comparison of mean values of potassium and iron of MO leaves showed no significant difference between MO leaves from the two ecological zones. The research concluded that agro ecological zonation had no significant effect on the levels of most nutrients in MO leaves. Key words: Moringa oleifera, ecological zone, Guinea Savanna, semi-deciduous forest, nutrients.

Effects of fertilization and tillage system on growth and crude protein content of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): An alternative forage crop

A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of fertilization and tillage on growth, yield and quality of quinoa crop (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). The agronomic performance and nutritive value of quinoa was analyzed in order to define alternatives to local forages for dry-season feeding of ruminants in the Mediterranean region. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with two replicates, two main plots [conventional tillage (CT) and minimum tillage (MT)] and sub-plots (fertilization treatments: control, cow manure, inorganic fertilization 100 kg ha-1 (N1) and inorganic fertilization 200 kg ha-1 (N2)). The results indicated that quinoa growth was influenced by both tillage and fertilization. The lowest height and dry weight were found under MT. Moreover, the lowest height and dry weight (8205 kg ha-1 and 8020 kg ha-1 for CT and MT, respectively) were found under control treatment (no-fertilization). Concerning the nitrogen content there were no significant differences between CT and MT systems. In addition, the highest quinoa nitrogen content was observed for N2 treatment (200 kg N ha-1). Moreover, the highest nitrogen content was measured at 150 DAS. Concerning the crude protein content, there were no significant differences between CT and MT systems. In addition, there were significant differences in crude protein between fertilization treatments. The greatest value was observed for N2 treatment. Moreover, the highest crude protein yield (2481 kg ha-1 and 2356 kg ha-1 for CT and MT, respectively) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were found under N2 treatment. In addition, ash was not influenced by both tillage systems and fertilization treatments. Data indicate that quinoa crop could be used as alternative to legumes for protein production to feed ruminant animals.

Effect of harvesting interval on biomass yield and nutritive value of five tropical forage legumes (Aeschynomene histrix ‘BRA 9690’, Canavalia brasiliensis ‘CIAT 17009’, Stylosanthes guianensis ‘CIAT 184’ and ‘Composite’ and Vigna unguiculata ‘CIAT 1088‐4’) in Lao PDR

AbstractForage legumes have the potential to provide high quality feed to small land‐holder farmers’ swine production, but forage management schemes that ensure both quantity and suitable quality as a swine feed are needed. Five forage legumes (aeschynomene [Aeschynomene histrix ‘BRA 9690’], canavalia [Canavalia brasiliensis ‘CIAT 17009’], stylo ‘CIAT 184’ and ‘Composite’ [Stylosanthes guianensis ‘CIAT 184’, ‘Composite’] and vigna [Vigna unguiculata ‘CIAT 1088‐4’]) were grown during 2009–2010 in Lao PDR, and subjected to three harvesting interval treatments (21, 30 and 45 days). The yield and chemical composition of these legumes were determined. Stylo ‘Composite’ produced the highest average dry matter (DM) yield, followed by stylo ‘CIAT 184’, aeschynomene, canavalia and vigna. Harvesting every 45 days produced higher DM yields than the other treatments. Differences in crude protein (CP) content between species and treatments were small with stylo ‘CIAT 184’ and stylo ‘Composite’ having the lowest values. CP content was highest with the shortest harvesting interval, while the opposite was true for the fiber content (crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber). All legumes produced a higher DM yield with a higher CP content in the wet season than in the dry season. The array of essential amino acids in relation to requirements for growing swine was excellent for all forage legumes except for canavalia. In conclusion, stylo (‘Composite’ and ‘CIAT 184’) and aeschynomene can be recommended for use by swine land‐holder farmers in Lao PDR.

Relating sensory characteristics with biochemical analyses of hays fed to horses

s / Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 33 (2013) 321-399 346 Nutrition: Oral Presentations Relating sensory characteristics with biochemical analyses of hays fed to horses S. Julliand , C. Omphalius , M. Orard , O. Parodi , C. Villot , H. Warren , and V. Julliand 4 1 Lab to Field, France, 2 AgroSupDijon, France, 3 Alltech Bioscience Centre, Ireland, 4 Uranie NCA, AgroSup Dijon, France Forages form the basis of horse diets. However in the field, forage nutritive value calculated from biochemical analyses is not commonly used. Horse people evaluate forage quality as “good” or “bad” based on their own quality indicators. The present study aimed at comparing the nutritive value of hays with their sensory characteristics using a descriptive analysis. Twenty hay buyers (equine breeders, trainers, owners and riding school proprietors) were interviewed. While trainers, owners and riding school proprietors said that they looked firstly at the origin of the hay, breeders focused on timing of harvest. All buyers looked at organoleptic qualities as the second major indicator. Among organoleptic qualities, odour and colour were the most frequent indicators mentioned.Twenty-one meadow hays originating from 12 different administrative regions of France were then collected for sensorial and biochemical analyses. For each hay, 2 kg were randomly hand-sampled from one opened bale in 10 different locations. Part was sent for biochemical analysis and part was used for sensorial analysis.The sensorial descriptive analysis was run in three separate workshops with 54 untrained subjects to sort hays by appearance, odour or texture. Subjects were asked to group hays by similarity of view, smell or touch and then to describe the groups with their own qualifying terms (with a maximum of five terms per group).Multidimensional scaling analyses were carried out in order to provide a hierarchical clustering of hays based on their description similarities and to map each group of hays in correlation with the associated description terms. Appearance was separated into four statistically distinct groups and described as “grassy-dark-green”, “mixedthin”, “heterogenic-medium”, “yellow-strawy-moldy”. Odour characteristics were also separated into four groups: “dry-smell of farm-persistent”, “sweet-pleasant”, “spicyaromatic-flowered”, “unpleasant-acid-moldy-smell of urine”. Texture characteristics were separated into three groups: “matted-long-pleasant-soft-homogeneous”, “un -pleasant-strawy”, “mix-short-lightened”.Hay digestible energy (DE) varied from 1.56 to 2.32 Mcal/kg DM and crude protein (CP) from 63 to 163 g/kg DM.The appearance “grassy-dark-green” group had a higher DE than the “yellow-strawy-moldy” group (p<0.05). Predictive energetic values for “yellow-strawy-moldy” hays were lower (p1⁄40.001) than for “grassy-dark-green” hays (1.7 versus 2.1 Mcal/kg DM, respectively).The odour “sweet-pleasant” group appeared higher than the “unpleasant-acid-moldysmell of urine” group with respect to DE (p<0.05). Predictive energetic values for hays that smell “sweetpleasant” were higher (p1⁄40.005) than for other hays (2.1 versus 1.8 Mcal/kg DM, respectively).No significant difference has been noticed for DE among the texture groups. Additionally, no significant difference in crude protein appeared among the groups.This study shows a link between appearance and odour of hays and their DE, which needs further investigation.

Blue mussel meal as feed attractant in rapeseed protein-based diets for turbot (Psetta maximaL.)

Antinutritional factors in rapeseed products have been identified to reduce feed palatability and growth performance of turbot. Therefore, we evaluated the potential of blue mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) meal as feed attractant in rapeseed protein-based diets for turbot. Triplicate fish groups received isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets with fish meal (FM) protein replacements of 50% or 75% by rapeseed protein concentrate (RPC 50, RPC 75). These diets were supplemented with 0%, 2%, 4% or 8% of blue mussel meal. In contrast with RPC 50 diets, fish fed with RPC 75/0 showed significantly reduced daily feed intake (DFI) and specific growth rate (SGR). With increasing mussel meal inclusion, RPC 75 diets resulted in increased DFI and SGR, suggesting mussel meal as attractant in rapeseed proteinbased diets for turbot. Feed conversion was unaffected by any treatment. Protein productive value and apparent digestibility coefficients were unaffected by either RPC or mussel meal inclusion. With regard to the whole body composition, no differences in crude protein, crude lipid and ash content could be determined. Haematological characteristics were unaffected among the treatments indicating good nourished and unstressed fish. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the utilization of blue mussel meal improved the palatability of rapeseed protein-based diets for turbot.