The object of this investigation was to study the plasma levels of cortisol during the day of parturition and the first two weeks post partum in primiparous zero-weaned (weaned within 12 hr after birth) and lactating sows. Fourteen primiparous sows were used. They were grouped as follows: group A, (3 sows) zero-weaned, ovulating; group B, (4 sows) zero-weaned, anovulatory; group C, (4 sows) lactating with normal litter size; group D, (3 sows) lactating with small litter size. The peripheral plasma levels of cortisol were determined by radioimmunoassay throughout the experimental period, The peripheral plasma levels of cortisol were significantly higher in the anovulatory than in the normally ovulating sows. The lactating sows had almost the same levels of cortisol as the zero-weaned sows with anovulatory estrus. There was no difference in cortisol levels between sows nursing small or normal litters. It may be concluded that elevated plasma levels of cortisol might be one of several factors inhibiting the LH surge during the first estrus after zero-weaning. No relationship was found between cortisol levels and number of suckling piglets.